New product introduction and product tenure: What effects on firm growth?

This study contributes to the recent empirical literature on the innovation-firm performance relationship by investigating the effect of product introduction on firm growth in a sample of Italian firms from 2000 to 2006. We adopted a novel approach that exploits the interpretative content of the tenure of the last product introduced (i.e., the number of years since its first introduction) as an additional variable into the explanatory scheme of firm sales growth rate. This variable aims to capture peculiar characteristics of new goods, such as their novelty and complexity. The estimated results confirmed the relevance of this model specification and helps in understanding the reason why previous studies have failed to find a statistically robust relationship between product innovation and growth. Moreover, we found the following: first, the release of a new product enhances growth opportunity among multiproduct firms; second, product development promotes the growth of firms belonging to sectors with stronger commitment to research and development; and third, new product development enhances firm growth substantially in those sectors that absorb externally originated patents.     

Foreign direct investment in industrial research in the pharmaceutical and electronics industries—results from a survey of multinational firms

This paper examines motives, location characteristics, inter-temporal characteristics and modes of entry for foreign direct investment (FDI) in research and development (R&D). The paper is based on a detailed empirical survey of laboratory sites established by 32 large multinational companies domiciled in 5 countries. Findings indicate that FDI in R&D has risen considerably over the last 40 years and that firms invest in R&D sites abroad in order to augment their knowledge base or in order to exploit it. The former motive leads to establishment of facilities primarily close to universities while the latter type leads to establishment of facilities close to existing manufacturing facilities and markets. The paper also finds that greenfield investments are the dominant mode of entry and that firms establish multiple R&D sites in their home countries before investing in such sites abroad.     

风险投资背景、持股比例与初创企业研发投入

利用创业板上市公司数据,本文研究了风险投资背景、持股比例对初创企业研发投入的影响。研究发现:风险投资的支持促进了企业研发投入,不同背景风险投资对企业研发投入的影响不同;政府背景风险投资对企业研发投入无影响,民营和外资背景风险投资对企业研发投入有积极的促进作用,其中外资是最有效的投资者;风险投资的整体持股比例未能增加企业的研发投入,但外资背景风险投资的持股比例对企业研发投入有着显著的正向影响。进一步的分析表明,民营与外资背景风险投资构成了增强企业研发的有效联合投资,风险投资的早期进入和充分孵化均促进了企业的研发投入。     

政府科技投入对高校科技支出影响的实证研究——基于GMM估计的动态面板数据分析

构建动态面板数据模型,利用广义矩估计方法 (GMM)解决模型中可能存在的内生性问题,采用2002—2008年全国30个省区的面板数据,实证分析政府科技投入对高校科技支出的影响。结果表明,政府对高校的科技拨款对高校科技支出有明显的促进作用,并存在滞后效应;政府对企业的R&D资助以产学研等方式影响高校科技支出,存在显著的引致作用;政府对高校和企业的科技经费资助对高校科技支出产生显著的杠杆效应。     

直辖市“双一流”高校专利合作与知识流动研究

考察我国直辖市"双一流"高校的专利合作网络演化,为提升直辖市的科技创新合作效率,提升科技创新能力和城市创新综合竞争力,为技术创新主体选择技术合作伙伴、探究地区间、高校间知识流动提供经验、启示。本文运用合作强度Salton指数、专利引用、绝对合作频次等,以Patentics和国家知识产权局专利数据库为工具,获取直辖市"双一流"高校合作专利数据,构建高校间的专利合作矩阵,采用合作网络可视化分析,梳理直辖市"双一流"高校专利合作网络,揭示网络环境下高校科技创新和知识流动的特征及趋势,给出提升高校专利合作的建议。结果表明:直辖市"双一流"高校校际专利合作的强同城倾向,清华大学、北京大学、复旦大学是京沪两地的专利合作核心高校。清华大学、上海交通大学、天津大学专利申请量居前三,清华大学、上海交通大学的专利被引量居前,清华大学、上海交通大学、天津大学为专利合作的核心高校,对知识流动影响深刻。不足之处在于专利只能部分反映高校间的技术创新合作,合作申请只是技术合作的一部分,还包括科技论文合作和成果转化。     

Venture finance,small firms and public policy in the UK

During the tenure of the current Conservative administration, public policy in Britain has very much favoured the smaller firm. This policy emphasis appears to be based on a belief in the superior job creating potential and innovatory capacity of smaller firms over their larger counterparts. Evidence presented in the paper shows that small firms have, indeed, made an important contribution to innovation in the UK and that their share of significant British innovations has increased significantly since the mid-1970s. An important aspect of small firm policy in the UK has been the introduction of several schemes designed to increase the flow of capital into the small firm sector, with special emphasis being placed on venture capital. The first of these schemes, the Loan Guarantee Scheme, has directed capital from the banks into over 14,000 small firms. The second scheme, the Business Expansion Scheme, has increased significantly the overall flow of venture capital and has biased investments towards start-up and early stage financing. These two schemes, together with the establishment of an Unlisted Securities Market, have provided some impetus to the development of private sector venture capital in Britain, which is growing apace. Essentially, the public sector schemes have underwritten the costs of entry to the venture capital market of both individual and institutional investors. In other words, they have had an important catalytic effect in stimulating the growth of private sector venture capital industry which is now the largest in Europe.     

Knowledge and MNC's entry mode choice——A different framework from transaction cost

The literature suggests that protection of knowledge from the threat for opportunism is a primary mover for the choice of entry mode.However,the knowledge construct is oversimplified in the literature on entry mode.The combination of different types of knowledge held by a firm reduces the risk of misappropriation and the threat of opportunism is often unimportant in entry mode decisions.Based on these discussions,a new conceptual knowledgebased model of entry mode choice is devoloped.In this model,the kn...     

Mergers and acquisitions: Their effect on the innovative performance of companies in high-tech industries

This study examines the post-M&A innovative performance of acquiring firms in four major high-tech sectors. Non-technological M&As appear to have a negative impact on the acquiring firm's post-M&A innovative performance. With respect to technological M&As, a large relative size of the acquired knowledge base reduces the innovative performance of the acquiring firm. The absolute size of the acquired knowledge base only has a positive effect during the first couple of years after which the effect turns around and we see a negative effect on the innovative performance of the acquiring firm. The relatedness between the acquired and acquiring firms’ knowledge bases has a curvilinear impact on the acquiring firm's innovative performance. This indicates that companies should target M&A ‘partners’ that are neither too unrelated nor too similar in terms of their knowledge base.     

探索构建和谐社会下高校科研管理体制

高校的科学研究已经成为衡量高校综合实力的主要标志之一,随着和谐社会的建立,高校科研管理体制需要进行改革和优化。本文主要论述了和谐社会下建设新型科研管理体制的重要性,探索了建立新型科研管理体制的相关内容。     

Knowledge systematisation,reconfiguration and the organisation of firms and industry: The case of design

The paper explores two pathways that are crucial for making knowledge economically useful – knowledge systematisation and knowledge reconfiguration – and analyses how their interplay enables the emergence of a new business function or activity. Knowledge systematisation is the abstraction and diffusion of operative principles to the effect of expanding to broader remits practices that had been initially conceived for a narrow purpose. Knowledge reconfiguration involves the conversion and formalisation of these novel practices within existing firm and industry organisation. Using the design activity as a lens, and drawing on primary and secondary interviews and archival data on the home furnishing sectors in Italy, our case study articulates the processes that facilitate the abstraction of general rules from novel practices and the changes that are necessary, both within firm and industry organisation, to foster their diffusion.     

2011年中期全省组织机构发展动态分析

组织机构代码信息是重要的政务信息资源。对组织机构代码数据库进行开发利用是政务信息资源开发利用的重要部分。本文以全省组织机构代码数据为分析对象,对数据库中2011年上半年新成立的组织机构从增长趋势、机构类型、经济行业、企业规模等方面进行统计分析,为各级政府管理部门进行经济管理提供决策支持,为各行业的经济组织制定发展战略提供信息服务。     

中国企业基础研究偏好异质性的影响因素分析

中国企业的基础研究投入与发达经济体的企业存在较大差距,被认为是制约产业核心技术能力发展与突破性创新的重要原因,因此探究中国企业开展基础研究的影响因素具有重要的理论与政策意义。本文通过分析北京中关村科技园区2005—2015年的企业调查数据,发现从事基础研究的企业在劳动生产率、规模、成立时间、资本密度等特征方面系统性区别于不从事基础研究的企业;企业人力资本水平对从事基础研究倾向性和基础研究强度具有显著的正向影响;研发补贴能够有效促进企业从事基础研究,同时国有企业更倾向于开展基础研究。企业基础研究偏好的异质性反映出,处于不同技术能力阶段的企业具有差异化的研发战略和吸收能力。     

What determines technological hits?: Geography versus firm competencies

The centrality of firms vis-à-vis regions underlines a general contrast between two models of producing innovations. This paper uses a new database composed of 4262 European chemical patents applied by 693 firms during 1987–1996 to compare the relative effect of firm and regional characteristics on the production of technological “hits” (highly cited patents). By using extensive controls, the main finding of the paper is that technological hits in the “traditional” chemical sectors are explained only by R&D intensity at the firm level and the scale of the research projects. Firm competencies, particularly technological specialisation, are still important in biotechnology. However, the distinct feature of the biotechnology model is that localised knowledge spillovers also matter.     

我国六省市服务业的区位分布与地区专业化

本文在新经济地理学关于行业空间发展理论的基础上,选取了我国经济最发达的六个省市,即上海、山东、江苏、浙江和广东为研究样本,基于LQ指数、RCA指数和K-spec指数对其整体服务业及其分行业的区位分布与地区专业化状况进行研究,发现:(1)六省市在整体服务业方面的地区差异有扩大趋势,分行业来看,传统服务行业的省际差异在缩小,一些新兴的尤其是知识密集型的服务行业方面的省际差异呈现扩大趋势;(2)北京市和上海市的整体服务业以及分行业的地区专业程度都很高,而且集聚趋势也很明显;(3)江苏省和浙江省在大部分服务行业上的产业结构基本相同。     

价值网络共生对企业绩效的影响研究:一个有调节的中介模型

在探讨价值网络形成及运行机理的基础上,深入分析价值网络共生对企业绩效的影响机制,运用多元线性回归和Bootstrap方法对所构建的理论模型进行了实证研究。结果表明,价值网络共生对企业能力和企业绩效均具有显著的正向作用,进一步地,价值网络共生通过企业能力对企业绩效产生影响;网络位势不仅显著调节价值网络共生与企业能力、价值网络共生与企业绩效的直接效应,而且对企业能力在价值网络共生与企业绩效之间的中介效应具有显著调节作用。据此,结合当前产业发展背景,为促进我国企业高质量发展提出了对策建议。     

Bulding ambidexterity through creativity mechanisms: Contextual drivers of innovation success

Do creativity methods consistently produce a significant net effect on innovation? Are the impacts of creativity methods related to operating context? Based on an ambidexterity perspective, we examine the effectiveness of different creativity methods on overcoming the tensions of the innovation process at individual and team levels. Drawing on European Union Community Innovation Survey (CIS2010) data collected from 23,537 firms, we estimate causal effects of creativity on innovation through a multivalued treatment effect methodology. Our results show that implementing ambidexterity in creativity methods increases the firm´s propensity to innovate and to introduce a market novelty. However, the effect on firm turnover is not always clear. Also, we detect that ambidexterity is more effective in firms that are large in size, have high levels of R&D investment and operate in manufacturing sectors. We discuss the implications of these findings for practice and for future research.     

央地政治关联对企业环境违规的异质性影响

企业环境违规事件频发,这些事件的起因成为公众和政府关心的重要问题。基于政治关联的不确定论,探讨中央与地方两种不同级别政治关联对环境违规的异质性影响,并分析反腐败和市场化程度对这一关系的调节作用。本文基于2004—2017年民营企业的非平衡面板环境监管数据进行实证分析。结果表明,中央政治关联能显著降低企业环境违规行为,地方政治关联则会助长企业环境违规行为;反腐败显著强化了中央政治关联对环境违规的抑制作用,但对地方政治关联与企业环境违规关系的调节作用不显著;市场化程度显著削弱了地方政治关联对环境违规的助长作用,弱化了中央政治关联对环境违规的抑制作用。研究结论扩展了不同层级的政治关联以及企业环境违规行为领域的研究。     

What a firm produces matters: Processes of diversification,coherence and performances of Indian manufacturing firms

Economic growth and development of a country involves the accumulation of knowledge and dynamic capabilities. Past research has begun to investigate capability accumulation and macro-economic development of countries and sectors, and the role of new products in these processes. In this work, we focus on the firm-level process of capability accumulation and diversification in a developing country, namely, India. First, we explore the drivers of firm diversification strategies, and the effects of diversification upon firm performance in terms of profitability and sales growth. Second, we look at the idiosyncratic characteristics of different products, trying to identify the synergies of a product line with respect to the overall product basket of the firm – i.e. the “coherence” of its diversification patterns. We observe that the future performance of firms crucially depends on the interactions between the products they produce.     

Do University policies make a difference?

The purpose of this paper is to examine whether the technical universities have been more successful in facilitating the spillover and commercialization of knowledge. We compare the impact of technical and general universities on the performance of knowledge-based firms. Based on a unique data set consisting of publicly held high technology firms, the empirical evidence suggests that, in fact, firm performance is not influenced by the type of university. Technical universities do not have a differential impact on firm performance from more general universities.     

The birth of a new industry: entry by start-ups and the drivers of firm growth: The case of encryption software

The paper analyses the birth of the encryption software industry (ESI), a new niche in the software industry. Using a Chandlerian perspective, this work reports the main facts about firm entry and growth, with a particular focus on start-up strategies and actions.Since scale economies do not play a major role in ESI, the paper investigates the different sources of firm competitive advantages.This work shows that innovation and product differentiation, along with investments in co-specialised assets, are variables strongly correlated to young firm probability to survive and grow. In doing so, we have collected highly detailed information on product introduction, US patents granted, worldwide alliances and biographical data of firm founders.