道德教育中的编码、解码与抵制:提升德育有效性的分析

中小学道德教育低效是一个难以破解的教育与社会问题。西方文化研究中斯图亚特.霍尔的"编码""解码"理论为我们洞悉德育过程提供了有效工具。以此理论分析,德育过程可以分为3个阶段":德育编码""、德育话语形成"和"德育解码"。其中德育解码的正当与否直接关涉到道德教育的效果,德育解码的具体意义生产是由德育话语与学生的先行经验及两者之间的匹配性所决定的。为了提高道德教育的有效性,教师应该更多地了解学生的生活世界,教师所进行的德育编码需要从价值内容上进行实质性反思,而且德育编码所形成的德育话语要对学生具有亲和性,从而减少道德教育中事实存在的抵制现象。     

基于编码解码理论的高校学生资助宣传符号体系构建

将霍尔的编码解码理论与当下高校文化话语体系相结合,探究霍尔理论与中国高校大众文化语境的新思路,特别是结合新媒体语境下大众文化话语体系,考察高校资助信息宣传"文本"的形成过程,以及受众依据家庭经济实际情况与"文本"意识形态之间的对抗、冲突、妥协的过程,并用符码化的信息运作模式探究高校学生资助宣传的新路径,挖掘资助信息符码的多重含义,对高校学生资助宣传体系的构建框架和意义进行深度思考和完善。     

生命道德教育的作用机理与现实诉求

在技术时代与现代社会,传统德育式微,生命道德教育的当代意义空前凸显。而实践中生命道德教育遭遇了难以深化的困顿,为此,梳理生命道德教育的作用机理具有必要性。利用斯图亚特·霍尔的编码理论,可以把生命道德教育过程分为三个阶段,即"编码""话语形成"与"解码",这三个阶段分别都对教师实施生命道德教育提出了内在要求。基于如上机理,分析提高生命道德教育实效性的现实诉求,教师应提升自身的生命道德教育编码意识与能力,注重考察学生的先行经验,积极推动师生间平等而开放的对话。     

主叙事的质疑过程:后现代主义的“戏仿”策略——从琳达·哈琴的观点出发

"戏仿"从西方传统文学技巧到当代艺术中的文化策略,其本身的概念内涵随着历史语境的变化而产生了流变。琳达·哈琴在对"戏仿"概念进行词源学和政治学的考察后,结合后现代主义语境对其进行了重新定义。琳达·哈琴将"戏仿"置入话语系统和"编码-解码"过程,分析语境对编码考与解码者意图的意义,从而更有利于将文本之外的因素引入解码过程,以丰富文本话语的意义。在解码过程中,"戏仿"通过"双重文本"的引入显示差异,消解主体,是对主叙事进行质疑的过程。     

自然语言中副语言的逻辑处理

毋庸质疑,语言交际都遵循"信息编码→信号→传递→接收→信息解码"的通讯模式.在这五个环节当中,作为终极端的"信息解码"其结果并不是由显性的语符唯-决定的,而是由"信息解码",者(受话者)根据自己的经验、理解力、社会共有知识等诸多因素对接收到的信息进行分析重构而最终确定的.     

英语名词照应及其语篇功能

名词照应是指称理论中照应的一种,根据该名词与先行语的语义关系,可将名词照应归为复指、同义或近义、内包、抽象与具体、整体与局部、形式与内容、行为与结果七种关系类型。名词照应有重要的语篇功能,对语篇写作时恰当编码和阅读时准确解码至关重要。     

信息焦点模式与语篇听力理解策略

日常外语教学过程中英语语篇听力理解训练的目的主要有两个,一是训练学生信息处理能力;二是训练学生在表达类似信息时对语言的选择。前者是学生的解码能力的培养,后者是学生的编码能力的培养。听力过程中信息解码的处理取决于学生对于关键词汇、词组所传递的信息的把握,而这些信息便是信息结构框架中的焦点信息。本论文试图探讨小句信息焦点的一般分布规律及其在英语语篇听力训练中的作用。     

言语交际容错阈与语言文字规范化

言语交际中存在编码语义所指错误而解码无误的现象,是因为编码错误在容错阈之内;容错阈的大小既与解码者的语言素质高与低有关,也与编码错误的显与隐、广与狭有关;当一种编码错误非常广泛,已进入"全民容错阈"时,应该就是被语言文字规范化"容错"的对象。     

儿童“日常数学”的研究进展

儿童日常数学经验是儿童正式数学能力获得的基础.近年来,随着人们对幼儿教育生活化理解的日益加深,儿童日常数学经验的获得问题开始引起国内学者的广泛关注,相关研究日渐增多,主要集中在三个领域:什么是日常数学、儿童日常数学能力的发展水平和特点、影响儿童日常数学能力获得的因素.本文拟从上述三方面对国内目前的研究进行小结和梳理.     

基于小波域的DVC到HEVC快速转码研究

分布式视频编码是一种编码端复杂度低、解码端复杂度高的新型视频编码技术,HEVC则是编码端复杂度高、解码端复杂度低的新一代视频编码标准。通过视频转码技术将分布式视频编码和HEVC中高复杂度的运算转移到转码器,可实现一种编、解码都简单的视频编码框架。同时,针对在转码过程中需要对重建的视频帧进行HEVC重编码,提出利用分布式视频的关键帧解码生成WZ帧的编码单元四叉树划分,以降低分布式视频编码到HEVC转码的复杂度。实验结果表明,该转码方案与级联转码方案相比,在几乎不降低视频质量的前提下,极大地降低了转码计算复杂度和时间,提高了转码效率。     

New concepts of play and the problem of technology,digital media and popular-culture integration with play-based learning in early childhood education

Technology, digital media and popular culture form an important aspect of young children’s life-worlds in contemporary post-industrial societies. A problem for early childhood educators is how to most effectively integrate these aspects of children’s life-worlds into the provision of play-based learning. Traditionally, research has considered barriers to teacher uptake of technologies in the early years, or teacher beliefs and attitudes about using technologies with young children. An alternative perspective focuses on children’s play as the foundation for early childhood curriculum provision and argues that what is needed instead are ‘new’ concepts of play more appropriate for explaining children’s contemporary play experiences in post-industrial societies. This article examines the influence of a new concept of play called ‘web-mapping’ on teachers’ curriculum practices in early childhood education, and finds that, according to Vygotsky’s ideas about explicit and implicit mediation, new concepts of play are likely to provide a fruitful avenue for addressing the ‘problem’ of technology, digital media and popular-culture integration in early childhood education.     

Silencing the everyday experiences of youth? Deconstructing issues of subjectivity and popular/corporate culture in the English classroom

This paper investigates the influence of popular/corporate culture texts and discourses on the subjectivities and everyday social experiences of young people, and the extent to which such influences are critically analysed in the English classroom. I present two levels of synthesised information using data analysis born of a mixed-methods postgraduate research project with a group of 15- and 16-year-old high school students in Perth, Australia. First, I argue that popular culture texts position young people to assume subjectivities that are heavily informed by the ideologies and discourses of popular/corporate culture. Moreover, I argue that young people's social currency is often defined by the extent to which individuals demonstrate an alliance to such ideologies and discourses, and that individuals who deviate from popular norms experience subjugation and exclusion within peer and social settings. Second, I deal pedagogically with subject English and areas of it that hold relevance in terms of the integration and analysis of ‘the popular’. I argue that many students feel their teachers are ‘out of touch’ with the everyday realities of young people and their popular culture influences, and that there is a lack of commitment by teachers to critically analyse popular culture texts in the classroom. The paper concludes by arguing that such failures risk producing students whose everyday experiences are silenced and who are denied the critical learning spaces necessary to deconstruct the ways they are positioned to adopt certain subjectivities. Moreover, critical and progressive pedagogical praxis need to be further deployed by educators in order to effectively analyse the relationship between youth subjectivities and popular/corporate culture discourses.     

Hymns,prayers and Bible stories: the role of religious literacy practices in children’s literacy learning

This paper examines the role of religious literacy practices such as hymns, prayers and Bible stories in the context of literacy teaching in primary schools in England. Drawing on data collected through a classroom ethnography of a year 1 class (five and six-year-olds) conducted in a Catholic primary school in 2013 and 2014, I suggest that religious literacy practices contribute to children’s literacy learning in various ways. They focus children’s attention on a text’s meaning, not on decoding, as other literacy lessons do. They do not privilege rational thinking but afford more emotional and bodily experiences of meaning-making. These practices also offer opportunities for collaborative engagements with literacy, supporting learning through participation. My findings suggest that educators, researchers and policy-makers should pay greater attention to the range of literacy practices children engage with and how they contribute to their literacy learning.     

Mischief-making of one kind/and another: unruliness and resistance in rural preschoolers' free play

While many contemporary popular cultural discourses in the USA recognise and commodify children as distinct persons engaging in the middle-class project of expressive individuation, much public and early educational policy has simultaneously intensified the control and regulation of children, children’s culture and children’s bodies and emotions in early education settings. Prout suggests that late modern schooling might be characterised by ‘practices directed at greater surveillance, control and regulation of children’ (304). This ethnographic study of a group of three-, four- and five-year-old children in a rural New England community preschool setting explores rural children’s lived experiences resisting control and navigating contradiction through unruly, mischievous games and free play. This unruliness is situated in the context of escalating academic demands in early childhood education and resistant rural community culture(s).     

Social Exclusion and the Hidden Curriculum: The Schooling Experiences of Chinese Rural Migrant Children in an Urban Public School

Since 2001, the Chinese government had passed a series of policies known as ‘the two primary responsibilities’ to allow the rural migrant children to attend urban public schools. However, what the migrant children actually experienced in and after negotiating access to these schools deserves serious attention from educators, scholars and policymakers. Based on prolonged ethnographic fieldwork in a Beijing public school, this study demonstrated three key aspects of exclusions in migrant children’s schooling experiences, namely, (1) access to school, (2) in-class participations and (3) peer interactions, and examined the ‘hidden curriculum’ in the existing school practices that prevented migrant children from integrating successfully in the urban school settings. We found that academic performance lay at the root of social exclusions, but the local educators’ perceptions of migrant children as outsiders, the urban-oriented school curricular and urban children’s involvement (vis-à-vis migrant children’s little involvement) in the extracurricular activities at school as well as the paid supplementary trainings outside school together formed the ‘hidden curriculum’ that led to the marginalization of migrant students in the urban school system.     

Young children learning about well-being and environmental education in the early years: a funds of knowledge approach

Early childhood educators currently provide content focused learning opportunities for children in the areas of well-being and environmental education. However, these are usually seen as discrete content areas and educators are challenged with responding to children’s interests in popular-culture inspired food products given these influence their consumption of energy-dense, nutrient-poor and highly packaged food in the early childhood setting. This paper reports preliminary findings from a pilot randomised trial examining the interconnectedness of sustainability, well-being and popular-culture in early childhood education. Planning, assessment documentation and summaries from twenty-four learning experiences implemented by six educators over a six-week period were analysed using a deductive approach. Twenty well-being and environmental education topics were identified and shown to be generated by the educators when considering the children’s ‘funds of knowledge’ on popular-culture inspired food products. We argue that topics derived from children’s engagement with popular-culture may help educators to create an integrated approach to curriculum provision. This may impact child weight and facilitate obesity prevention and environmental sustainability as children create stronger connections between these content areas and their everyday choices and practices.     

Film as Moral Education

Stanley Cavell was the first to account for the transformation of theory and criticism brought about by reflection on popular culture and its ‘ordinary’ objects, such as so‐called mainstream cinema. However, Cavell is less concerned with reversing artistic hierarchies than with the self‐transformation required by our encounters with new experiences, and with the moral education they provide. According to him the value of a culture lies not in its ‘great art’ but in its transformative capacity, the same capacity found in Emerson's ‘moral perfectionism’. This new accent on examining the educational value of films as public occurrences of ethical theorising points towards the analysis of linguistic and aesthetic expression in a larger corpus works of ‘popular culture’, hence to going beyond Cavell's focus on the classical Hollywood movie.     

The force of habit: channelling young bodies at alternative education spaces

This article develops a novel conceptual framework for examining the (re)formulation of habits in education spaces. It is based on the premise that education spaces are key sites for channelling and intervening in children’s habits, to various ends. The article focuses on the ways educators at alternative education spaces in the United Kingdom seek to (re)formulate children’s habits. In some cases, they do so to combat social exclusion, dealing with some of the most vulnerable children in the UK’s educational system. Drawing on the habit-theories of Ravaisson and Dewey, and commensurate post-human, more-than-social approaches to childhood, the article proposes a two-fold conceptualisation of habit: as ‘(re)calibration’ and as ‘contagion’. The article draws on empirical examples taken from 10 years’ research across 59 alternative education spaces in the United Kingdom. Developing recent educational scholarship on bodies, emotions and affects, it develops an expanded, post-human notion of ‘collective’ habits that might offer a conceptual language for challenging and imagining alternatives to the perceived problems of the neoliberal educational mainstream. However, the article closes by posing some critical questions for further scholarship about why educators might specifically choose to intervene into children’s habits – not least in terms of inclusion and social justice.     

The influence of teachers on the development of political radicals: a case study of members of the Scottish Socialist Party

While there is a wealth of literature on radical adult ‘popular’ education for change, most of it looks forward and speculates on the educational processes best able to help ‘the oppressed’, ‘excluded’ or ‘disadvantaged’ become critically‐aware ‘subjects’ of social change. Within a critical education framework, recent research looked in the opposite direction, identified adult activists already critically‐aware and worked backwards through their life histories to find the educational experiences seen as most influential in their development. Examining questionnaire responses, this article analyses how members of the Scottish Socialist Party perceived the influence exercised by their teachers, from primary to tertiary education, in the development of their beliefs and identity as activists. Comparisons are made with research in ‘active citizenship’. The research suggests there is more potential for radical education within the formal sector than is often believed and teachers contribute to this process in sometimes contradictory ways. The findings feed into debates in the UK and other countries, particularly in Latin America, about where popular educators should direct their energies, within state structures or outside, in social movements.