浅谈甘孜藏区的政教联盟制度

佛教从西藏传入甘孜藏区以后,于公元10世纪末便形成了以甘孜藏区为佛法弘传中心之一的佛教传播区域。由于甘孜藏区独特的地理位置、历史环境、加之教派林立、无一教派独尊的宗教格局和历代统治者实施同中有异的政策等因素,使得在甘孜藏区众多土司和教派人物中从来没有出现一个“德高望重”、身兼宗教领袖与政治领袖的服众的土司和教派人物来支配整个甘孜藏区,自然甘孜藏区除德格地区的政教关系极近似于西藏外,其它地区均出现了与西藏不尽一致的政治组织形式——“政教联盟”制度。     

简述清初蒙古和硕特部对西藏七十五年的统治

藏族是一个崇信佛教的民族,藏族佛教在历史的演变与进程中形成了各个不同的教派,而这些教派为了各自的利益在很大一方面会寻求一个政权的庇护。格鲁派在它的发展初期为了打击反对它的一些教派及政权时,选择了蒙古和硕特部为依靠,在藏族历史上奠定了它的地位。而同时和硕特部得到了它相应的权力,成为统治西藏的执行者,统治西藏长达75年之久,对藏族与蒙古族间的文化、宗教、经济间的关系起到了决定性的作用,使蒙藏间的关系紧密联系在一起。     

明代科考复试述略

科举考试的复试起于唐宋,明代沿袭其旧,而未形成制度,系偶一为之。明代科考复试类别,约略有三：一是处于政治考量,二是出于党派斗争和纠正弊端,三是出于表明清白而自请。同时,明代科考复试有一定的程式,如考试官选任、试题的选取、以及考试地点、时间、监考、阅卷、裁定等,都是临时决定,与乡会试程式不同。复试之举虽有一定的威慑力,但也很难以从根本上杜绝科考弊端的产生和蔓延。     

印度教派冲突与政治斗争

近年来,印度教派冲突接连不断.教派冲突早已越出宗教内部的范围,而与政治斗争交织在一起.不仅教派组织与政党关系密切,政党代表教派利益,而且教派主义与民族分离主义相结合,直接影响着印度政局的稳定和民族团结,甚至影响着与周边国家的关系.     

关于明代西海蒙古的哆啰土蛮部

从明代中期开始,大批东蒙古部落不断进入青海地区,形成以西海即青海湖为中心的“西海蒙古”,成为明代东蒙古一个重要分支。但具体来说,西海蒙古也并非由某一单一派系的的部落组成,各部落在不同时期实力上的优劣也不尽相同,所起的作用自然相异。本文所要探讨的哆啰土蛮部则是后期西海蒙古的核心部落,而且又在十七世纪初西藏教派斗争中发挥了相当重要的作用。     

试论古格时期藏传佛教诸教派在阿里地区的弘传与纷争

藏传佛教后弘期之初,在古格王室的大力扶持下,佛教从上部阿里地区开始弘传,阿里地区一度居于全藏宗教文化的领先地位。同时,后弘期前期也是西藏佛教发展史上一个极具活力的时代,宗派竞起,精彩纷呈。在这一过程中,卫藏地区后来居上,各教派在卫藏地区相继创立,并传入上部阿里地区。其中,止贡噶举派成就特别突出,得到西藏西部的古格、普兰、拉达克等地方政权的支持,成为阿里地区主导教派。15世纪初,格鲁派在卫藏地区兴起并迅速传入阿里,得到古格政权的大力扶持,成为古格境内的主导教派;另一方面,拉达克政权则开始转而成为主巴噶举派的信徒,双方在宗教派别的信奉上渐生分歧,格鲁派与主巴噶举派的矛盾日益增加,以致双方冲突不断,直至古格政权崩溃。     

思想政治教育过程本质的反思与研究视角

思想政治教育过程研究没有与思想政治教育研究做出明确区分,存在过于泛化的问题,它不同于对思想政治教育进行空间性、静态的系统结构分析,而是时间性、动态的过程分析。已有研究抓住了思想政治教育过程的实践本质,甚至意识到了实践的双重类型,即对象性实践与交往实践,但未把这种意识发展为双重研究视角,仅从对象性实践所隐含的观察者视角出发把思想政治教育过程视为控制过程,从而未能从参与者视角出发理解为交往过程。     

焦竑学术交谊二题

焦竑是明代嘉靖、万历年间以博学多识而名于世的学者之一。在他广泛的学术交往中,李贽和徐光启是较为重要的两位学者。焦竑帮助李贽修订《藏书》《续藏书》等重要著作,在传播李贽的学说上,作出了贡献。焦竑与徐光启学术交往的基础,是二人在学术思想上都主张学以致用。在政治见解和政治态度上,焦竑和徐光启也有许多相通之处。从他们的学术交往中,可以体会到他们各自的学术特点和学术情怀。     

元朝帝师制度及其对元代政治的影响探微

出于进军四川解除后顾之忧与西藏的合作,最终演变为帝师制度。这一制度的确立首次把西藏地区纳入中国行政版图,成为中央政府直接统治的一部分。并通过对西藏的有效地统治,推动了西藏与内地政治、经济、文化联系与交流。但同时,帝师的尊崇地位和宣政院的特权以及在全国范围内势力膨胀的藏传佛教,对元代政治产生了深刻影响。尤其元后期,帝师、宣政院官员破坏纲纪,祸乱朝政,成为元代迅速灭亡的主要原因之一。     

明代宦官中的非汉族成分

明代宫廷中有为数众多的宦官来自于少数民族和外国，从一个侧面反映着明代与周边民族地区和国家的密切交往。宦官政治的背景下，这部分宦官在宫廷中的地位和影响也颇引人瞩目。     

卡思卡特城堡

It is worthy of noting that, whilst Crookston Castle witnessed the earlier and happier portion of Mary's variegated life,     

不同的吃喝玩乐

一、吃和喝吃苹果 eat an apple, 吃药 take medicine,吃糖 have some sweets,吃饭 have one's meals,吃馆子 dine out,吃惊 be surprised/     

漏洞百出的教育

Many college freshmen arrive woefully unprepared to do college work, and as disadvantaged populations continue to grow, the share of the American work force that has made it through college is expected to plummet. Many experts blame that educational failure not just on high schools but also on colleges. School & College, a special report by The Chronicle, looks at efforts to fix the system. What reforms would better prepare students for college? What should schools and colleges be doing differently? How should state and federal officials help?     

只要努力,不要后悔

There are numbers of crossroads on our long and unpredictable life journey where we totally have no idea about which direction to choose. No matter what our decision is, we should not turn back, but face the music and go ahead instead. I am this kind of girl who always does try without regretting, one example is how I dealt with my love.     

浅谈移民问题

Migration occurs behind a variety of reasons and has a great effect on the whole world. People may migrate in order to improve their economic situation, or in order to escape civil strife, persecution, and environmental disasters. The impact of migration is complex, bringing both benefits anddisadvantages. This paper briefly talks about the causes of migration, the allocation of benefits, and the ways in which individual countries and the international community deal with this important subject.     

Sister Carrie, an Adherent of Desires

Sister Carrie is one of the most controversial characters in American literature.Thought as a "fallen woman" firstly,she was defined as a "new woman" by some critics later. However, by digging into the motivaton behind the whole process of Carrie's "success", the relationship between Carrie and her creator (the author), the social conditions of then American, it can be found that Carrie has never been free-standing on her thought and she has never found her real-sdf even after becoming a famous actress. In a society dominated by mass consumerism Carrie is only an adherent of her own desires. She also is a representative of all those country girls flooded into cities, a symbol and a sacrifice of the urbanization of America in a time countryside was overcome by cities.     

Improvement of one-cycle controller by use of proportional integral differential controller

1.IntroductionOne-cyclecontrolmethod,whichwasproposedaboutonedecadeago[1],hasbecomeanattractivemethodinspecialfieldssuchaspowerfactorcorrection[2-6],switchingamplifiers[7,8],etc.Themainideaofthiscontrollerisbasedonintegrationofdiodevoltageinone-cycleandforcesittobeexactlyequaltothereferencevalue.Themainadvantageofthiscontrollerisitsrealtimeabilitytorejectthevariationofinputvoltage[1].Despitethisgreatability,ithasnogoodperformancesinrejectingofloaddisturbanceandfollowingreferencecommands.Espec…     

库克斯顿城堡

城堡, 是欧洲典型的建筑之一, 每个城堡都有一个美丽的传说或是一段历史。从本期开始, 我们将推出“城堡之旅”, 带各位读者去浏览、观赏欧洲各地的城堡, 开始一段文化与历史的旅途!     

胡主席在印度,我却在中国

Today, Sunday morning, I sit thinking and typing at my computer. My thoughts are in my homeland, India and my body is in China. The body is here and mind there for a good reason. Mr. Hu is president and I am resident and both are in each other's countries (what a difference the absence of one small letter makes!). Mr. Hu will return in a few days and I will stay on longer.