Analytics of Organized Spontaneity: Rethinking Participant Selection,Interaction Format,and Milieu for Academic Forums

In an effort to enhance the odds of “organized spontaneity,” this article advances analytics for selection of participants, format of

interaction, and milieu within which the interaction occurs. The analysis proceeds in a two-part process. First, three creative environments far removed from the present-day academic forums—18th-century French salons, the 18th-century London coffeehouses, and Mensa—are examined to generate analytical distance from our current practices. Second, with these three locales in the background, current practices are analyzed and the following thoughts are offered for deliberation: (1) Low threshold to entry is not necessarily a bad thing. (2) Creative environments require an artful mix of homogeneity and heterogeneity. (3) Sociality, which is essential for a creative environment, limits the extent to which a disagreement can be pushed. (4) The selection–format–milieu interaction greatly shapes the character of what gets produced in a creative environment.     

Participation, Remediation, Bricolage: Considering Principal Components of a Digital Culture

Within media theory the worldwide shift from a 19th-century print culture via a 20th-century electronic culture to a 21st-century digital culture is well documented. In this essay the emergence of a digital culture as amplified and accelerated by the popularity of networked computers, multiple-user software, and Internet is investigated in terms of its principal components. A digital culture as an underdetermined praxis is conceptualized as consisting of participation, remediation, and bricolage. Using the literature on presumably “typical” Internet phenomena such as the worldwide proliferation of independent media centers (indymedia) linked with (radical) online journalism practices and the popularity of (individual and group) weblogging, the various meanings and implications of this particular understanding of digital culture are explored. In the context of this essay, digital culture can be seen as an emerging set of values, practices, and expectations regarding the way people (should) act and interact within the contemporary network society. This digital culture has emergent properties with roots in both online and offline phenomena, with links to trends and developments predating the World Wide Web, yet having an immediate impact and particularly changing the ways in which we use and give meaning to living in an increasingly interconnected, always on(line) environment.     

Participation,Remediation, Bricolage: Considering Principal Components of a Digital Culture

Within media theory the worldwide shift from a 19th-century print culture via a 20th-century electronic culture to a 21st-century digital culture is well documented. In this essay the emergence of a digital culture as amplified and accelerated by the popularity of networked computers, multiple-user software, and Internet is investigated in terms of its principal components. A digital culture as an underdetermined praxis is conceptualized as consisting of participation, remediation, and bricolage. Using the literature on presumably “typical” Internet phenomena such as the worldwide proliferation of independent media centers (indymedia) linked with (radical) online journalism practices and the popularity of (individual and group) weblogging, the various meanings and implications of this particular understanding of digital culture are explored. In the context of this essay, digital culture can be seen as an emerging set of values, practices, and expectations regarding the way people (should) act and interact within the contemporary network society. This digital culture has emergent properties with roots in both online and offline phenomena, with links to trends and developments predating the World Wide Web, yet having an immediate impact and particularly changing the ways in which we use and give meaning to living in an increasingly interconnected, always on(line) environment.     

Crookes,carbolic and cattle plague

Forging a scientific career in 19th-century Britain was difficult for most middle-class scientists. Despite his discovery of thallium in 1861 and later distinction as an experimental physicist that led him to the Presidency of the Royal Society (1913-1915), William Crookes (1832-1919) never obtained one of the limited number of academic or official positions. Scientific journalism and commercial activities were eventually to bring him financial security, but before that he was an opportunist willing to try his hand at anything that would win him national publicity. This is illustrated by his intervention in the great cattle plague epidemic that swept the UK between 1865 and 1866.     

大数据环境下图书馆个性化服务研究

文章在描述大数据研究背景及其特点的基础上,分析大数据对图书馆信息推送、参考咨询、学科服务,好书推荐等个性化服务的影响,总结大数据在图书馆个性化服务及图书馆管理中的应用,针对数据分析的平台、成本问题、用户隐私等关键问题展开讨论。     

Of frogs and men: the origins of psychophysiological time experiments, 1850-1865

Towards the end of the 1840s, Hermann von Helmholtz began to investigate experimentally the propagation of stimuli within nerves. Helmholtz's experiments on animals and human subjects opened a research field that in the following decades was intensively explored by neurophysiologists and experimental psychologists. Helmholtz's pioneering investigations justify the central place he occupies in accounts of the history of modern psychophysiology. Studying the concrete experimental settings and their local contexts shows how deeply the work of scholars such as Helmholtz is embedded in the history of culture and technology. In particular, the rapidly growing technologies of electromagnetism, which gave rise to telegraphy and electric clocks, facilitated the time measurements of 19th-century physiologists and psychologists.     

基于DC、CDLS、FRBR的地图元数据规范比较研究

为了探讨现有地图元数据规范的特征, 对基于DC、CDLS、FRBR的地图元数据规范进行对比分析, 发现三者在著录对象、著录对象的关系揭示、元素组成等方面存在异同, 对地图的描述与揭示各有侧重。认为, 应加强各种地图元数据规范自身的完善、加强不同规范间的互操作性, 同时建立对现有规范的评价与完善机制。     

Relics,replicas and commemorations

Several replicas of Watson and Crick's demonstration model of DNA built at the Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge in 1953 exist, but where is the original? Once the object of intense discussion but soon superseded by more refined models built at King's College London, it slowly fell to pieces and was eventually disassembled. Twenty years after it was first constructed, some of its pieces resurfaced at Bristol. By that time, the value attached to the original incarnation of the double helix had changed substantially, and the Science Museum in London commissioned a replica of the model, with some of the original parts built into it. The model was hailed as 'the nearest there is to the original'. It has since served as prototype for further replicas. Meanwhile the spidery model of DNA has become the ultimate icon of 20th-century life sciences, and more pieces supposedly belonging to the original continue to appear at auction.     

Sicily or the Sea of Tranquility? Mapping and naming the moon

In their race to provide the ultimate guide to the moon, two 17th-century astronomers proposed lunar maps and nomenclatures that they hoped would gain international currency. But the names we use today were those proposed by the Jesuit, a friend of Galileo's persecutors, in a book whose purpose was to refute the Copernican system once and for all. We now believe that Riccioli was wrong about the universe, but why do we still use his nomenclature? The keys to this foundational visual debate in astronomical image-making are the moon maps themselves.     

基于XML和ASP.NET的教学资源信息平台设计与实现——以长沙航空职业技术学院为例

分析了现有各级教学资源信息化工作中出现的问题。通过调研,提炼出教学资源信息平台的主要业务功能需要。在此基础上提出了基于XML和ASP.NET的教学资源信息平台设计方案,并详细论述了基于SOA的用户身份验证、基于XML的教学资源规范化描述以及XML文档在SQL Server中的存储方式和读写访问等实现过程中的关键技术。     

地理信息系统在矿产资源勘查领域中的应用

地理信息系统(GIS)是近年发展起来的综合处理和分析空间数据的一种技术系统.与现代地球及其相关科学日益增长的需求相适应,以处理地球上任何具有空间方位的海量信息为特征,具定量、定时、定位等优点,近10年来已在地质矿产勘查中得到广泛应用.一个区域各种地质资料(图形、图像、文字、逻辑、数值)的GIS分析实际上代表该区域现阶段较为客观的总认识.目前,野外收集资料、数据建库、GIS分析等尚存在规范化、标准化等问题,GIS本身解决诸多专业性较强地质问题的能力亦不足.但GIS的进一步发展与完善必将使地质矿产勘查进入一个数字化的新时期.     

"Protoplasm...is soft wax in our hands": Paul Kammerer and the art of biological transformation

Paul Kammerer's career ended in scandal in 1926 over tampering with his evidence for "Lamarckian" evolution--the infamous midwife toad. But although Kammerer's conclusions proved false, his evidence was probably genuine. In any case his arguments were not simply for Lamarckism and against Darwinism, as the theories are understood today. If we look beyond the scandal, the Kammerer story shows us a great deal about early 20th-century biology: the range of new ideas about heredity and variation, competing theories of biological and cultural evolution and their applications in eugenics, new kinds of laboratories and professional roles for biologists, and changing standards for documenting experimental results.     

Forms and fallacies of memory in 19th-century psychology: Henry Holland,William Carpenter and Frances Power Cobbe

Mid-19th-century mental scientists were intrigued by the phenomenon of memory, and self-reflexively applied associationist ideas to emerging concepts of unconscious mental reflex to explore it. They emphasized that the ‘consciousness of agreement’ between present and past states of consciousness was the basis of a coherent, well-managed identity. But they were also fascinated by forms of latent or unconscious memory, and they recognised that the analysis of memory lay at the heart of the study of consciousness itself, and the interconnections between the brain as a set of physiological processes and the mind responding to them. Here I contrast how two key figures in the emerging field of mental science - Henry Holland and William Carpenter - explore the interconnections between the act of recollection and the working of memory, and how their analysis of the limits of memory is taken up by Frances Power Cobbe.     

Parents and children: ideas of heredity in the 19th century

The concept of heredity played a powerful role in structuring 19th-century debates over sickness, morality, class, race, education, social change and evolution. But there was very little agreement as to which qualities were heritable and how new hereditary variants were acquired. In consequence, notions of heredity existed in a wide variety of forms, expressing anything from extreme determinism and a belief in the incorrigibility of individuals, social and racial groups, to unleavened optimism, and a faith in ultimate human perfectibility. This article explores these rich hereditarian discourses to convey an impression of a century that was at least as preoccupied with the concept of biological inheritance as we are today.     

Controlling Smart Devices in the Home

Domestic appliances have replaced much human labor in the home. But how human do we want these devices to be, and how much autonomy do we want to give them? To throw some light on these questions, first the use and limitations of conversational agents (natural language interfaces) are discussed. Then some aspects of the experience of families living in a smart house are described, and compared with that of employers of servants in 19th-century Britain. On the basis of this research it appears that people do not want household devices to be very human, and do not want to give them much autonomy. Designers are recommended to observe two rules: Smart domestic devices should put people firmly in control and should as far as possible be unseen and unheard.     

Painting and the rise of volcanology: Sir William Hamilton's Campi Phlegraei

The art lover and collector Sir William Hamilton became one of the keenest and most knowledgeable observers of volcanic activity in 18th-century Italy. Hamilton's enthusiasms are reflected in the illustrations of the Campi Phlegraei, produced under his direction. While some of Pietro Fabris's gouache paintings project the volcano as an unfathomable and sublime force, others depict it as an accessible and almost measurable phenomenon. The artwork in Campi Phlegraei marks the moment in the development of a visual style for geology, when the painterly has not yet disappeared, but has started to give way to the new ‘geognostic’ mode.     

Linnaeus' herbarium cabinet: a piece of furniture and its function

The Swedish 18th-century naturalist Carolus (Carl) Linnaeus is habitually credited with laying the foundations of modern taxonomy through the invention of binominal nomenclature. However, another innovation of Linnaeus' has largely gone unnoticed. He seems to have been one of the first botanists to leave his herbarium unbound, keeping the sheets of dried plants separate and stacking them in a purpose built-cabinet. Understanding the significance of this seemingly mundane and simple invention opens a window onto the profound changes that natural history underwent in the 18th century.     

元数据自动生成技术研究

本文首先分析了元数据自动生成技术的可行性，接着对自动生成方法进行了阐述，包括元数据提取技术、元数据收割技术、元数据分面技术和其他技术；然后介绍了MGR、MWP和WWLib三个相关的国际研究项目，并比较研究了较有影响力的元数据自动生成工具Klarity和DC.dot，以及功能更为强大的CORC系统；最后对该技术作了总结和展望。     

Reform in the garden

English gardens powered by steam engines offer an intriguing view of how technological and scientific progress was naturalized in the landscape of 19th-century Prussia, and in Prussian culture, during the early years of industrial modernization. One such garden is Peacock Island, in the Havel River near Potsdam. A product of the reform era that preceded and followed the Napoleonic Wars, it expressed the goal of Friedrich Wilhelm III and his government to enter into the British system of factory production and world trade. Modern science, as represented especially by Alexander von Humboldt, played a prominent role.