This view of science: Stephen Jay Gould as historian of science and scientific historian,popular scientist and scientific popularizer

Science historian Ronald Numbers once remarked that the two most influential historians of science of the 20th century were Thomas Kuhn and Stephen Jay Gould. All historians are deeply familiar with Kuhn's work and influence, and most know of the remarkable impact Gould has had on evolutionary theory through both his professional and popular works. But little attention has been paid to the depth, scope, and importance of Gould's r?le as historian and philosopher of science, and his use of popular science exposition to reinforce old knowledge and generate new. This paper presents the results of an extensive quantitative content analysis of Gould's 22 books, 101 book reviews, 479 scientific papers, and 300 Natural History essays, in terms of their subject matter (Evolutionary Theory, History and Philosophy of Science, Natural History, Paleontology/Geology, Social Science/Commentary), and thematic dichotomies (Theory-Data, Time's Arrow-Time's Cycle, Adaptationism- Nonadaptationalism, Punctuationism-Gradualism, Contingency-Necessity). Special emphasis is placed on the interaction between the subjects and themata, how Gould has used the history of science to reinforce his evolutionary theory (and vice versa), and how his philosophy of science has influenced both his evolutionary theory and his historiography. That philosophy can best be summed up in a quotation from Charles Darwin, frequently cited by Gould: 'All observation must be for or against some view if it is to be of any service'. Gould followed Darwin's advice throughout his career, including his extensive writings on the history and philosophy of science.     

人文社会科学研究中科学精神发展的历史趋势

科学精神是人文社会科学研究的必然属性,不是自然科学的专利。这可以从人文社会科学发展链条得到证明。在古希腊,自然哲学研究诞生了科学精神,逻辑和理性由此产生。从文艺复兴时代起,人文社会学科研究中的现代科学精神逐渐形成。进入现代,在科学与人文的互动中现代科学精神成为人文社会学科发展中不可或缺的因素。     

推进科学政策的决策科学化——解读美国科学政策学建设工作

长期以来,科学政策研究缺乏系统化的理论框架和研究方法体系,导致科学政策的决策过程缺乏有效支撑。美国白宫科技政策办公室自2005年开始,大力倡导并积极推进科学政策研究的学科发展与建设。在美国及国际学界积极响应和参与下,目前已经取得了阶段性成果,2011年5月《科学政策学手册》正式发布。该文基于对美国科学政策学的建设工作的解读,介绍了科学政策学的建设过程和科学政策学的主要内容,探讨了美国积极推进科学政策学发展的启示,并提出了提升我国决策科学化的建议。     

Turning science to account: Chicago and the general science movement in secondary education, 1905-1920

In the second decade of the twentieth century a new subject appeared in American high schools, aimed at providing citizens with an understanding of the essential nature of scientific thinking. "General science," as it was called, was developed and promoted by an emerging class of professional educators who sought to offer a version of science that they believed would both excite public interest and prove useful in the everyday lives of the masses of students streaming into the rapidly expanding institution of secondary education. It was to be a course with real utility that would transcend the boundaries of the specialized, abstract disciplinary subjects like chemistry and physics-subjects with identities tied to the practices and standards of the colleges and universities, which had long exerted control over the content of secondary schooling. This essay recounts the origins of general science and, in particular, examines how the intellectual and material environment of the city of Chicago at the turn of the century influenced the course that was produced and widely adopted in school programs across the United States.     

科学迷信现象与科普法

有关“废伪”之争已归于平淡,使我们能够开始冷静而深入的思考。其实就“伪科学”一词引发的科学界的种种现象和争论,怎一个“废伪”能解决得了。更深入的是人们把目光指向了科普界指导思想体系。这不得不提到迷信与科学。     

科学发展观视野中的科技发展

科学发展观的确立,对我国科学技术提出了更高的要求,也为我们在新时代认识科学技术提供了一个更为宽广的视角。科学包括社会科学与自然科学。自然科学、社会科学的协同进化及其生态化发展取向,是落实科学发展观的重要支撑力量。同时,科学发展观也用于克服我国科研工作中存在的不足。     

以人为本科学发展稳步推进科技援藏工作不断深入

支援西藏是党中央的重要战略决策，是实现西藏跨越式发展，巩固和促进民族团结，实现各民族共同繁荣和社会和谐的重要举措。广东省委、省政府从讲政治的高度，对援藏工作非常重视，专门进行了部署。     

以人为本科学发展稳步推进科技援藏工作不断深入

支援西藏是党中央的重要战略决策,是实现西藏跨越式发展,巩固和促进民族团结,实现各民族共同繁荣和社会和谐的重要举措.广东省委、省政府从讲政治的高度,对援藏工作非常重视,专门进行了部署.     

以特色产业为龙头以科学普及为支撑全面提升藏族地区科学文化素质

西藏与四川地处近邻，自古有“川藏一家”之说，西藏同志一直视四川为其大后方，对加强川藏科技经济合作交流充满着希望与激情。自1996年第一次科技援藏工作座谈会以来，我省一直重视科技援藏工作。由于四川特殊的地理位置和省情，科技援藏一直是我省科技工作的重点。四川科技援藏工作不仅要直接援助西藏，     

以特色产业为龙头以科学普及为支撑全面提升藏族地区科学文化素质

西藏与四川地处近邻,自古有"川藏一家"之说,西藏同志一直视四川为其大后方,对加强川藏科技经济合作交流充满着希望与激情.自1996年第一次科技援藏工作座谈会以来,我省一直重视科技援藏工作.由于四川特殊的地理位置和省情,科技援藏一直是我省科技工作的重点.     

Academic careers, patents, and productivity: industry experience as scientific and technical human capital

We examine career patterns within the industrial, academic, and governmental sectors and their relation to the publication and patent productivity of scientists and engineers working at university-based research centers in the United States. We hypothesize that among university scientists, intersectoral changes in jobs throughout the career provide access to new social networks and scientific and technical human capital, which will result in higher productivity. For this study, the curriculum vitae of 1200 research scientists and engineers were collected and coded. In addition, patent data were collected from the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. The overarching conclusion from our analysis is that the academic scientists’ and engineers’ research careers we studied are quite different than characterized in the research productivity literature that is a decade or more old. The wave of center creation activity that began in the early 1980s and continues today has resulted not only in greater ties between universities and industry, but also markedly different academic careers.     

Centres of decision in french science policy: The contrasting influences of scientific experts and administrators

Immediately after the war (between 1945 and 1954) the most dynamic element of the French scientific community was constantly demanding that centres of decision be established, capable of initiating and coordinating research policy. During the period after 1958 when the main decision-making structures of French science police were introduced, large numbers of ‘experts’ from the scientific community played an important part in the agencies coordinating science policy, or occasionally even in the centres of decision (Ministries, Délégation Générale à la Recherche Scientifique et Technique etc.). The role and influence of the committees of experts gradually diminished, however, after 1967, and scientists left more and more of their influence in the hands of the Administration. The reasons behind this phenomenon and its consequences are analysed here. It should be particularly emphasized that this development has led to neglect of the long-term view which is indispensable to any science policy. A final conclusion is that scientists have only occasionally set a real political debate in motion on the long-term objectives of a science policy.     

加强科技网络建设推进科技援藏工作

按照科技部《关于进一步加强科技援藏工作的若干意见》的要求，我厅以改善西藏科技条件为重点，开展科技援藏工作，取得了初步的成效。     

加强科技网络建设推进科技援藏工作

按照科技部《关于进一步加强科技援藏工作的若干意见》的要求,我厅以改善西藏科技条件为重点,开展科技援藏工作,取得了初步的成效.     

集成科技资源积极做好科技援藏工作

全国第二次科技援藏工作座谈会召开以来,江苏省科技厅认真落实会议精神,一方面积极推动会议签约项目的组织实施,及时做好项目的启动论证、资金安排与组织协调等工作;另一方面,切实加强两地的科技交流与合作,不断探索新形势下科技援藏工作的新途径、新渠道、新形式,努力推动拉萨科技事业又好又快地发展.现将科技援藏工作的有关情况汇报如下:     

集成科技资源积极做好科技援藏工作

全国第二次科技援藏工作座谈会召开以来,江苏省科技厅认真落实会议精神,一方面积极推动会议签约项目的组织实施,及时做好项目的启动论证、资金安排与组织协调等工作;另一方面,切实加强两地的科技交流与合作,不断探索新形势下科技援藏工作的新途径、新渠道、新形式,努力推动拉萨科技事业又好又快地发展。     

台湾五十年（1895～1945）农业科研述要

自１８９５年台湾沦为日本殖民地,到１９４５年台湾光复,共５０年,其间,日本在台湾设立了大批农业科研机构,进行各种农业资源调查,农业试验研究等活动,直接为其殖民经统计服务。该文从农业科研机构,农事调开,品种改良,其他农事试验研究等方面,对其进行了择要论述。     

The making of an entrepreneurial science: biotechnology in Britain, 1975-1995

Monoclonal antibodies played a key role in the development of the biotechnology industry of the 1980s and 1990s. Investments in the sector and commercial returns have rivaled those of recombinant DNA technologies. Although the monoclonal antibody technology was first developed in Britain, the first patents were taken out by American scientists. During the first Thatcher government in Britain, blame for the missed opportunity fell on the scientists involved as well as on the National Research and Development Corporation, which had been put in place after World War II to avoid a repeat of the penicillin story, when patent rights were not sought. Instead of apportioning the blame, this essay suggests that despite past experiences and despite the new channels that were in place, Britain was not in a "patent culture" in the 1970s. It traces the long and painful process that made a commercial attitude among publicly funded British research scientists and in a civil service institution like the Medical Research Council both possible and desirable. In this process the meaning of the term "public science" also changed dramatically.