A Cross-grade Comparison to Examine the Context Effect on the Relationships Among Family Resources,School Climate,Learning Participation,Science Attitude,and Science Achievement Based on TIMSS 2003 in Taiwan

This study aimed to examine whether the relationships among family resources, school climate, learning participation, science attitude, and science achievement are different between primary school students and junior high school students within one educational system. The subjects included 4,181 Grade 4 students and 5,074 Grade 8 students who participated in TIMSS 2003 in Taiwan. Using structural equation modeling, the results showed that family resources had significant positive effects for both groups of learners. Furthermore, a context effect for the structural relationship between school climate, learning participation, and science achievement was revealed. In the primary school context, Grade 4 students who perceived positive school climate participated in school activities more actively, and had better science performance. However, in the secondary school context, learning participation had a negative impact and led to lower science achievement. The implications about this result in relation to the characteristics of the two educational contexts in Taiwan were further discussed.     

Evaluation of the Effects of the Medium of Instruction on Science Learning of Hong Kong Secondary Students: Students’ Self-Concept in Science

A longitudinal study has been conducted to explore the impact of a new language policy for Hong Kong secondary schools on science learning. According to this policy, only schools that recruit the best 25% of students can teach science in English, the students' second language, while the other schools have to teach science in Chinese, the students' native language. The study involved a student cohort of 100 schools starting from S1 for three years. The outcome of science learning is conceptualized as consisting of students' achievement and self-concept in science. This paper reports the possible effects of English-medium instruction (EMI) and Chinese-medium instruction (CMI) on students' self-concept in science, as measured by students' responses to a questionnaire. Comparing with the CMI students, the EMI students showed higher self-concepts in Chinese, English and Mathematics, but a lower self-concept in science. This finding suggests that the EMI students might experience greater learning problems in science than in other subjects, probably because science learning involves abstract thinking and the mastery of scientific terminology which make a high demand on language proficiency. The EMI students showed a greater interest in learning science than the CMI students, indicating that they were more academically oriented. The EMI students, however, formed a lower perceived self-competence in science than their CMI peers, despite that they performed better in the science achievement test than many of the CMI students. This perception supports the view that using English for instruction may have negative effects on science learning. It is also consistent with the observation that the EMI students perceived science as more difficult to understand and learn than the CMI students.     

The Relationships Among Scientific Epistemic Beliefs,Conceptions of Learning Science,and Motivation of Learning Science: A study of Taiwan high school students

This study explores the relationships among Taiwanese high school students’ scientific epistemic beliefs (SEBs), conceptions of learning science (COLS), and motivation of learning science. The questionnaire responses from 470 high school students in Taiwan were gathered for analysis to explain these relationships. The structural equation modeling technique was utilized to reveal that the students’ absolutist SEBs led to reproduced COLS (i.e. learning science as memorizing, preparing for tests, calculating, and practicing) while sophisticated SEBs were related to constructive COLS (i.e. learning science as increase of knowledge, applying, and attaining understanding). The students’ reproduced COLS were also negatively associated with surface motive of learning science, whereas the constructive COLS were positively correlated with students’ deep motive of learning science. Finally, this study found that students who viewed scientific knowledge as uncertain (advanced epistemic belief) tended to possess a surface motive of learning science. This finding implies that the implementation of standardized tests diminishes Taiwanese high school students’ curiosity and interest in engaging deeply in science learning.     

韩国补课如何影响数学成绩？——基于TIMSS 2019数据的双层线性模型分析

韩国中小学生普遍补课,背后的关键假设是补课有利于提高学习成绩,但是补课和成绩的关系究竟如何,目前尚无定论。此外,补课的作用可能因条件而异,有必要更加细致地考察补课对不同群体的作用。本研究基于“国际大型数学与科学趋势研究”（TIMSS）2019八年级测评数据,采用双层次线性模型进行分析,发现韩国八年级学生补课时间越长,数学成绩就越好。在此基础上,如果学生所在学校平均补课时间长,学生成绩将额外增加;这种作用可被该校学生的整体家境组成所部分解释。学生补课时长与成绩的关系既不因学校而异,也不因其学业水平的高低而异;但是学生家庭经济与文化资本越薄弱,补课久与成绩提升的关系越大。本研究还发现,校内数学教师的教学水平能够在一定程度上中和补课与成绩的关系,但是这种作用比较有限。韩国已然形成补课主导的教育生态,补课对成绩有顽强的预测力,其背后反映的是学生与家长在学业竞争中胜出的需求无法在公办教育中得到满足;反过来,韩国的补课市场提供了更加多元化、个性化的教育。     

Becoming a Learning Organization: New Directions in Science Education Research at the National Science Foundation

The Education and Human Resources (EHR) Directorate at the National Science Foundation has been examining its role in supporting the development of new approaches to science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) education. This article explores what it means to be scientifically literate, what it takes to become a learning organization, how the EHR Directorate is working towards becoming such an organization through rigorous self-study, and how EHR can best manage its large portfolio of awards that support investigations in STEM education to enhance their collective value to researchers, policymakers and educators. Several elements of the self-study process are described, and the implications for the Directorate as well as for the field of researchers in science education are explored.The views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the opinions of the National Science Foundation.     

Students' Perceptions of the Effectiveness of the World Wide Web as a Research and Teaching Tool in Science Learning

Students often make little linkage from lesson to lesson on what they learn in the regular classroom. Having them take responsibility for what they are learning is one way of having them think and connect these thoughts together. This qualitative study looks at the use of the World Wide Web (WWW) as a research and teaching tool in promoting self-directed learning in a group of 15 year old students. The perceptions of students on the effectiveness of the World Wide Web in assisting them with the construction of knowledge on Photosynthesis and Respiration are reported and discussed in this paper. The study showed that the students found that the WWW had a number of positive effects on their learning including motivation for independent learning. However, the unedited and unstructured nature of the WWW meant that many of the sites they visited had information that was too difficult to understand and that time was required to improve technical and critical thinking skills to search effectively. The teacher's role as facilitator and guide was crucial to the success of their learning.     

基于网络自主学习与课堂教学结合的“土壤肥料学”教学改革与实践

引导大学生进行网络环境下的自主学习是高等教育的未来发展趋势。由于“土壤肥料学”课时不断压缩,完全由教师课堂讲授难以取得较好的效果。开展基于网络自主学习与课堂教学相结合的“土壤肥料学”教学改革,即在教师引导下,充分利用上课前5~10分钟和三段式课堂教学,可以提高教学效果。     

基于学生发展的学习评价

分析了学生发展的学习评价的特点,提出了将学习评价贯穿于学习过程始终,实现评价与教学的统一,实施差异教学和异步评价,实行多主体评价,要注意评价目标和内容的多元化等构建学习评价体系的建议。     

学习科学视阈的深度学习

学习科学重新揭示了学习的本质和规律,它与深度学习紧密相联。学习科学视阈的深度学习是学习者遵循学习原理,在学校场域中对以重要概念为核心的知识进行理解性和创新性学习的有效学习过程。深度学习的典型机制主要有生长机制、颉颃机制、建模机制、互动机制和表达机制等。深度学习需要全面引导,但关键是课程与教学的重建。深度学习在核心素养的培育、课程和教学的变革等方面给予我们诸多启示。     

科学教育的反思与对策

新中国成立以来特别是二十世纪八十年代以后,我国科学教育得到前所未有的发展。然而在巨大的成就后面,也存在着许多问题。这些问题的存在直接影响了我国科学教育事业的自身发展,同时也制约着效能的发挥。本文着重剖析我国学校科学教育、社会科普教育网络以及科学教育理论体系等方面存在的问题,并提出相应的改革和发展的对策。     

Comparing Models of Nature of Science Dimensionality Based on the Next Generation Science Standards

Instruments measuring understanding of the nature of science (NOS) are required if educational institutions intend to use benchmarks or examine the effects of interventions targeting students’ NOS development. Compared to other constructs, NOS understanding is complex, having been the subject of debate among scholars in both its substance and its dimensionality. This complexity invites challenges in defining what is to be measured. Drawing from the perspective that policy reform documents provide pragmatic consensus-based definitions of NOS, this study investigated how well the dimensionality described in the NOS component of the Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS) framework matched the empirical structure of data collected from a set of secondary-school students’ responses to an NOS instrument comprising multiple-choice and Likert-scale items. Using multidimensional item response modeling to compare structures of NOS dimensionality, we found that treating NOS as comprising multiple dimensions—as defined by the themes in the NGSS NOS framework—resulted in a better fitting model than when treating NOS as a single dimension. The multidimensional model also had fewer poorly functioning items and revealed NOS profiles that otherwise would have been masked in a model treating NOS as a single dimension. These results provide support for the NOS NGSS framework and contribute to the ongoing discussion about the dimensionality of NOS.     

基于脑科学视角的建构主义学习模式

近年来,脑科学的研究成果对教育产生了深刻的影响,而基于脑科学的视角认识建构主义学习模式,是在脑科学的指导下对学习进行的研究,为反思“个体差异”、“情景化”和“意义建构”等概念提供了新的理解框架,揭示了学习必须符合大脑活动的客观规律才能取得成效的道理.     

基于大规模学业水平测试的科学学习困难学生特点分析

本研究利用大规模学业水平测试数据,分析8年级学生科学学习困难的基本特点。研究发现:女生的科学学习困难发生率高于男生;学习困难的女生的科学成绩略高于男生;多数学生的科学学习困难会在生物、物理、地理等多个学科领域同时发生;科学学习困难学生内容和认知各个维度上的成绩是与正常学生的差距大致相同,他们对科学问题的回答倾向于基于经验和直觉,并表现出科学能力低下的特点。     

The Effect of Guided-Inquiry Instruction on 6th Grade Turkish Students' Achievement,Science Process Skills,and Attitudes Toward Science

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of guided-inquiry approach in science classes over existing science and technology curriculum in developing content-based science achievement, science process skills, and attitude toward science of grade level 6 students in Turkey. Non-equivalent control group quasi-experimental design was used to investigate the treatment effect. There were 162 students in the experimental group and 142 students in the control group. Both the experimental and control group students took the Achievement Test in Reproduction, Development, and Growth in Living Things (RDGLT), Science Process Skills Test, and Attitudes Toward Science Questionnaire, as pre-test and post-test. Repeated analysis of variance design was used in analyzing the data. Both the experimental and control group students were taught in RDGLT units for 22 class hours. The results indicated the positive effect of guided-inquiry approach on the Turkish students' cognitive as well as affective characteristics. The guided inquiry enhanced the experimental group students' understandings of the science concepts as well as the inquiry skills more than the control group students. Similarly, the experimental group students improved their attitudes toward science more than the control group students as a result of treatment. The guided inquiry seems a transition between traditional teaching method and student-centred activities in the Turkish schools.     

基于CAS理论的科技创新主体学习模式研究

为了研究科技创新系统,引入了复杂适应性系统（Complex Adaptive Systems,简称CAS）这一理论,探讨了科技创新主体的学习动力和学习模式,以及由此引发的管理启示.     

城乡科学学习困难学生学业相关因素分析

本研究利用大规模学业水平测试数据,分析8年级学生科学学习困难学生学业相关因素的特点。研究发现:城乡学生科学学习困难检出率没有差异,但科学学习困难检出率的性别差异因城乡而异。城乡科学学习困难学生的学业相关因素水平与正常学生的差异因城乡和性别不同也有不同。师生关系是学生科学学习困难最有效的预测因素,并不随城乡、学生性别而异。家庭社会经济地位对科学学习困难的预测作用亦不能排除。     

PISA与TIMSS中有关数学评价的比较分析

PISA与TIMSS是近年来较为活跃的两个国际评价项目,它们在评价的目的、使用的评价框架以及试题的形式等方面有所不同,但其中又包含一定的相似的成分,对二者异同的分析将有助于我们进一步认识数学课程实施及数学素养评价的要素和关键。     

概念转变学习：一种基于建构主义的科学教学模式

建构主义认为，科学概念的学习就是学生由前概念向科学概念的转变过程。西方学者对此做了大量的研究。本文着重分析了概念转变学习的内涵、支持条件、途径和模式，以及促进前概念转变为科学概念的教学策略。     

TIMSS（2007）科学测试认知维度分析及其启示

国际数学和科学趋势研究（The Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study,简称TIMSS）是当前国际上比较著名的学生学业评价项目之一。TIMSS测评由背景问卷和测试题目两部分组成,其在科学认知维度方面呈现三个认知水平。本文以TIMSS2007中的一些试题为例,分析TIMSS测试题目的特点,并认为TIMSS对我国科学课程的学生学业评价具备如下启示：科学课程的学生学业评价应当发挥评价的监测与导向功能,应关注学生多方面能力的发展,应当以心理测量学为指导。     

学科交叉融合视阈中科协与社科联组织的战略合作

当今时代,科技革命的思潮涌动并日益改变着经济社会发展方式,变革着人们的生活方式,自然科学与社会科学交叉融合的势头渐猛。在我国现行科学工作体制中,科协与社科联组织分别承担着不同的职能,这难以适应科学交叉融合的发展趋势。为此,各级科协与社科联组织要勇于打破固有体制机制的束缚,加强战略合作,签署合作协议,建立健全联席会议工作机制,协同推进自然科学与社会科学的交叉融合,服务区域经济社会发展。