“双一流”建设背景下大学教师的学术忠诚:内涵、意义与激励机制

“双一流”建设的核心是提升学术水平,提升学术水平的根本在于大学教师。在一定的知识与能力基础上,大学教师的精神和状态是影响其学术产出与水平的关键性因素,也是可变性因素。其中,最根本的是他们要专一于学术,尽心尽力于学术。因此,要推动“双一流”建设,就需要呼唤大学教师的学术忠诚,加强学术忠诚激励机制的建设营造学术氛围,激发学术自觉;保障学术权力,彰显主体地位;提升社会地位,增加职业认同;舒缓工作压力,保证学术从容;维护学术公平,树立良好学风;加强监督治理,防治学术失范。     

To Be or Not to Be an Academic: The Academic Professional Intentions of PhD Students and Influencing Factors

Abstract

Using survey data on academic PhD students, influencing factors for PhD students’ academic career intentions are explained from the perspectives of individual features and the academic labor market. The study found: (1) There is a diversification of PhD employment, with nearly one-third of academic PhDs going to nonacademic organizations; (2) female PhDs tend to favor stable academic professions, and rural and low-income PhD groups are more inclined to choose employment in academic organizations to become academic elites and realize upward social mobility; (3) PhD students who identify with academic majors tend to choose academic professions, but a considerable portion of top quality PhDs go to nonacademic organizations; (4) academic interests and enthusiasm are important influences on choosing an academic profession; (5) worsening job environments in academic institutions and weakening professional attractiveness had a cooling effect on the academic employment intentions of PhDs.     

试论研究生学术精神的内涵 及其价值评估

精神作为一种意识层面的存在,具有强大的能动作用,良好的精神涵养是个体及社会群 体发展进步的强大支撑。其中,学术精神则是推动研究生学术能力发展、实现学术道德素养逐步养 成的一个内核。研究生学术精神作为一种完整的精神体系,其内容丰富、外延深远。研究生学术精神 的基本内涵是:求真务实的探索精神、刻苦勤奋专业的态度、学术研究的独立与自由、学术批判与创 新;研究生学术精神的内在价值则主要体现在:促进研究生人格的自我完善;增强研究生学术规范 意识,提升学术道德水平;有利于国家后备学术人才的培育与开发     

Academic Profession in Academic Organization

An analysis of the properties of university organization will tell us about important aspects of academic life, but only an analysis of the academic profession will give us the whole story of academic work. External and internal life in academia is a function of the interplay between academic organization and academic man(woman). It is vital to an understanding of academic life to recognize the distinction in perspective between the organization and the individual, because academic organization is mainly passive whereas academic man(woman) is active. The two entities—the university and the academic profession—are fundamentally dissimilar from an action perspective. What academic man(woman) is—rational, evaluative, coordinating, goal oriented—the university cannot be; and what the university as an organization amounts to—satisfying a "garbage-can" model's properties—would spell disaster for academic man(woman). What unites the university and the academic profession is that both entities have to act in an environment that is at the same time dynamic and heterogeneous. Both the university organization and the academic profession face an environment the distinctive trait of which is a constantly shifting heterogeneity. The university may attempt to define and erect stable input and output functions vis-à-vis its environment only to discover that plans have to be remade and decisions adjusted to the ongoing march of events, which the university can neither control nor even adequately predict. What creates a hazardous situation for the university as an organization is what academic man(woman) thrives on; since the perspective of the academic profession is the understanding of the environment and not the accomplishment of organizational goals, adaptation becomes that much easier; a stable and homogeneous environment would mean that the flow of stimuli for new knowledge would slow down and there would not be such a variety of needs for research. What separates the two entities—the university and the academic profession—is the basic difference in the conditions for action.     

研究生学术行为失范的内源性因素分析

研究生学术行为失范的内源性因素主要是学术能力的欠缺,表现在学术积累厚度不足、学术训练强度不够、学术交流质量不高等方面。对此,研究生应重视学术积累、提高积累效率,树立学术信心、勤于学术训练,培养学术交流能力、注重学术交流效果。这样,既有利于强化研究生的学术能力,也有助于减少研究生的学术失范行为。     

教授治学的条件、困境与出路

教授治学主要包括教授的教学育人、学术研究和学术事务管理三方面内容,它体现了大学的学术本质,对大学发展意义重大。影响教授治学的因素包括教授的学术水平、学术道德与学术责任等内在条件和学术资源、学术制度与学术文化环境等外在条件。我国大学教授治学存在诸多现实困境,保障教授治学的基本出路是完善教师的引进与培养使用制度,保证教授治学的内在条件;加大学术资源投入,营造自由宽松的学术文化环境;制定和落实与学术有关的法规制度,彰显教授学术权力;完善党委领导下的校长负责制,建立学术与行政分工治理的体系。     

学业焦虑与学习成绩关系的元分析——基于中国中学生研究数据

学业焦虑是学生在学业情境中较为常见的消极情绪状态。本文运用元分析方法探究中国中学生学业焦虑与学习成绩的关系状态及其影响因素。研究发现，学业焦虑与学习成绩之间的关系显著，学习成绩获取途径和学科类型对二者之间的关系有显著的调节作用。主效应显著的研究发现支持学业情绪控制价值理论和认知动机理论的核心观点，同时提示教育工作者不能忽视学业焦虑对学生学习成绩的负面影响，建议通过培养学生的健康人格、指导家庭教育方式、改革成绩排名方式、建立同辈互助小组等举措帮助学生减少学业焦虑。学习成绩获取途径的调节效应显著，提示教育研究者在开展相关研究时，最好根据学生成绩单上报告的学习成绩进行科学计算；学科类型的调节效应显著，提示教育工作者在开展中学生学业焦虑干预时，应该重点关注英语和数学两门学科。     

中学生学业自我效能感对学习拖延的影响：学习倦怠的中介效应

以贵州省391名中学生为有效被试,采用学习拖延问卷、学习倦怠量表和学业自我效能感问卷对其进行调查,探讨中学生学业自我效能感、学习拖延与学习倦怠之间的关系。结果表明：中学生的学业自我效能感与其学习拖延、学习倦怠存在显著负相关;学业自我效能感能显著负向预测中学生的学习拖延和学习倦怠;身心耗竭、学业疏离和学习倦怠总分在中学生学业自我效能感与学习拖延之间均起着部分中介作用。     

学术自由与学术规范对我国切实性问题的思考

学术自由与学术规范,是学术活动的两大基础,缺一不可。我国目前学术界的问题,恰恰在于存在着相互矛盾着的两个方面:一方面是自由不够,规范泛滥;另一方面是规范不够,自由泛滥。两方面相加的结果,大大损害了我国的学术事业。为此,必须加强制度建设和道德建设,构建符合我国国情的学术自由与学术规范。     

加强高校学术道德规范建设研究

通过对学术道德失范原因分析入手,提出了当前加强学术道德规范建设的措施建议,即着力加强学术道德教育和提高自律能力的长效机制;完善学术道德制度建设,净化学术环境;坚持学术打假,德法兼治;强化舆论监督机制的建设以达到净化学术环境的目的。     

Academic hardiness as a mediator for the relationship between school belonging and academic stress

Academic stress is a commonly reported affective state by high school students that can be accompanied by unwanted and unhelpful short- and long-term implications including a low sense of school belonging. Understanding how academic stress may be alleviated or managed by students is an essential consideration for all schools concerned with student well-being. This study aimed to examine the relationship between academic stress and sense of school belonging, as well as the mediation effect of academic hardiness. Four hundred and five high school students from six schools in Tehran (Iran) were recruited in the study. Data analyses with Structural Equation Modeling revealed that a sense of belonging to school (β = −.38, p < .01) and academic hardiness (β = −.40, p < .01) were significant predictors of academic stress. Bootstrapping analysis showed that academic hardiness acted as a mediator between a sense of belonging to school and academic stress. The findings elucidate the underlying mechanism in how low school belonging may lead to academic stress in high school students. Creating a culture of school belonging and teaching and supporting skills related to academic hardiness should be key considerations for all schools seeking to reduce academic stress experienced by their students.     

Re-framing student academic freedom: a capability perspective

The scholarly debate about academic freedom focuses almost exclusively on the rights of academic faculty. Student academic freedom is rarely discussed and is normally confined to debates connected with the politicisation of the curriculum. Concerns about (student) freedom of speech reflect the dominant role of negative rights in the analysis of academic freedom representing ‘threats’ to academic freedom in terms of rights which may be taken away from a person rather than conferred on them. This paper draws on the distinction between negative and positive rights and the work of Sen (1999) to re-frame student academic freedom as capability. It is argued that capability deprivation has a negative impact on the extent to which students can exercise academic freedom in practice and that student capability can be enhanced through a liberal education that empowers rather than domesticates students.     

略论刘文典的学术思想

分析了刘文典整体学术思想与学术贡献,将其学术思想的主要观点概括为4个方面：①重视实证,“一字之微,徵及万卷”;②主张学术救国,研究应该经世致用;③主张中西学术互相沟通;④在学术发展上刘文典坚决支持“百家争鸣”.认为他的学术理念和学术实践是中国学术史上的一笔宝贵财富.     

The cross-cultural generalizability of a new structural model of academic self-concepts

Prior research on the structure of academic self-concepts has demonstrated academic self-concepts to be domain-specific and hierarchically organized, but has largely failed to support the hypothesis that general academic self-concept is at the apex of the hierarchy. The present study investigates a new multidimensional nested-factor model of academic self-concepts that incorporates both domain-specific and general academic self-concepts, and the position of general academic self-concept at the apex of the self-concept hierarchy. Data were obtained from representative samples of 15-year-old students in 26 countries (total N = 106,680). Results showed that the nested-factor model provided a good fit to the data in each of the 26 countries, and that general and domain-specific academic self-concepts were meaningfully related to gender as well as to student achievement. Moreover, it emerged that the relationships between academic self-concepts and these student characteristics may differ substantially depending on whether the model applied does or does not account for the influence of general academic self-concept on domain-specific measures of academic self-concepts.     

A preliminary research on middle school students’ academic subjective well-being and its major influential factors

This study is conducted with self-developed questionnaire on 910 middle school students, aimed at describing middle school students’ academic subjective well-being and exploring its influential factors. Results show that (1) Academic subjective well-being of middle school students is generally low and there exist differences in different schools and grades. Students from non-key middle schools have lower academic subjective well-being than those from the key schools. Grade 2 students in both junior and senior middle schools have the lowest academic subjective well-being. (2) Factors directly affecting middle school students’ academic subjective well-being are academic experience and the present academic achievements · · with the former playing a major role. (3) Factors indirectly influencing middle school students’ academic subjective well-being are social pressure and expected academic achievements, both of which influence students’ academic subjective well-being through students’ academic experience or their present academic achievements. __________ Translated from Educational Research and Experiment, 2004:4     

Re‐negotiating autonomy and accountability: The professional growth of developers in a South African institution

Abstract

This paper considers the professional growth of academic developers from a South African perspective. Locating themselves within broad political, institutional, academic and student dynamics, academic developers attempt to influence interpretations of quality, professional autonomy and accountability, academic literacy and Africanization. Capacity‐building in academic development which is aligned with teaching and learning processes within institutions and supports institutional transformation and redress, is emphasized. Using an interactionist model of participation between developer and those participating in development initiatives, the authors focus on both the contestable notion of the term ‘development’ and the need for authentic engagement between academic and academic developer.     

高校教师聘任的制度设计——基于学术职业管理的研究

高校教师职业是学术职业,高校教师聘任的制度设计,要遵循学术职业的特点。在教师聘任的制度设计中,要根据学术发展的需要设置岗位;根据学术职业的特点,将"有固定期限"聘任和"无固定期限"聘任作为一种制度设计,建立学术职业"准入"制度;根据学术自由的要求,在评价考核中,采取发展性评价,改进学术评议机构,保证学术评议的独立性;根据学术平等的要求,采用集体合同与契约合同相结合的办法,依法规范教师聘用合同;根据学术公正的要求,建立一个"中立"的、组织健全的争议处理机构,协调教师之间、教师与学校之间的争端,维护教师的权益,推进学校的发展。     

浅析东江传统学术风尚的特点

东江学术思想源远流长,学术人才辈出.悠久的学术历史,形成了东江地区独特的学术风尚.东江传统学术风尚的特点表现在:学术思想的包容开放、学术精神的开拓创新、学术关怀的经世致用、学术人格的刚正独立、学术研究的地方特色、学术倾向的人文重视等方面.     

博士生的学术经历、学术志趣与科研能力增长的关系

博士生的学术经历和学术志趣对科研能力增长的重要作用已得到实证研究的支持,不过很少有研究能够综合考察不同方面的学术经历以及学术志趣对科研能力增长的预测作用。基于1286份博士生调查数据进行相关探索,结果发现：（1）博士生的学术志趣对科研能力增长的正向预测作用最大,超过了前沿涉猎、导师指导、课程学习等学术经历的预测作用;（2）导师指导是对博士生学术志趣正向预测作用最大的变量;（3）与人文社科博士生相比,理工科博士生的学术志趣与科研能力增长具有更强的关联;（4）学术志趣在前沿涉猎、导师指导、课程学习等学术经历与科研能力增长之间存在中介效应。上述结果支持了学术志趣在博士生学术训练中的重要性,而导师在博士生学术志趣的激发方面扮演着关键角色。     

学术自由的构成要件:法律权利的视角

作为一项法定的基本权利,学术自由由权利主体、权利客体和权利内容共同作用并构成了一个自洽的权利关系系统.依据宪法与法律规定,以法律权利为视角,学术自由的主体包括公民、法人及其他群体或组织、外国人,学术自由的客体包括学术活动和学术性事务,学术自由的内容包括学术研究自由、学术表达自由和学术性事务决策自由等.