Patterns of interaction between a mother and her Down's syndrome child: A single case ethological study

The study reports the analysis of a mother/child interaction sequence. Its focus is on the mother's teaching strategies. The child was presented with two tasks. The first task was new and not previously experienced by the child; the second task was one that had been experienced. The mother's teaching of the tasks was videotaped and analysed. The material was analysed according to ‘on task’ behaviours. The results indicated that:

1. (a) both the mother and child were able to maintain a continuous communication sequence;

2. (b) the mother structured both tasks, but structured the new task more, and allowed some flexibility in the old task;

3. (c) the language used by the mother was ‘restricted';

4. (d) in responding to her child's behaviour, the mother made more use of verbal cues and used fewer non‐verbal cues

     

A meta-analysis of the relationship of child sexual abuse to HIV risk behavior among women

OBJECTIVE: This study is a meta-analysis of the literature exploring the relationship between child sexual abuse (CSA) and HIV risk behavior among women. Four outcome variables were tested: unprotected sex; sex with multiple partners; sex trading; and adult sexual revictimization. METHOD: Forty-six studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in the analysis, and separate meta-analyses were performed for each of the four dependent variables described above. RESULTS: Using the correlation coefficient r as an effect size estimate, results indicate an average effect size of .05 for the unprotected sex meta-analysis (N = 16 studies), .13 for the sex with multiple partners meta-analysis (N = 23 studies), .12 for the sex trading meta-analysis (N = 23 studies), and .17 for the adult sexual revictimization meta-analysis (N = 21 studies). We conducted a test of three potential moderator variables (source of sample, definition of CSA based on type of contact, and definition of CSA based on maximum age of victim). Results did not support the hypothesis that these three variables explain a significant amount of variability in effect sizes with one exception: Studies that define CSA more broadly to include adolescent victims (e.g., victims up to 17 years of age) had larger and more homogenous effect sizes for the sex trading meta-analysis than those that defined CSA as having occurred at younger ages. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest a small positive relationship between CSA and subsequent HIV risk behavior among women that varies as a function of how CSA and HIV risk behavior are operationalized.     

A study of the relationship between child abuse and drug addiction in 178 patients: Preliminary results

Social histories and demographic data were collected on 178 patients—101 in the United States and 77 in Australia—in treatment for drug/alcohol addiction. The purpose of the study was to determine the degree to which a correlation exists between child abuse/neglect and the later onset of drug/alcohol addiction patterns in the abuse victims. The questionnaire explored such issues as family intactness. parental violence/abuse/neglect, parental drug abuse, sibling relationships and personal physical/ sexual abuse histories, including incest and rape. The study determined that 84% of the sample reported a history of child abuse/neglect.     

Classroom management of situated group learning: A research study of two teaching strategies

Although peer-based work is encouraged by theories in developmental psychology and although classroom interventions suggest it is effective, there are grounds for recognising that young pupils find collaborative learning hard to sustain. Discontinuities in collaborative skill during development have been suggested as one interpretation. Theory and research have neglected situational continuities that the teacher may provide in management of formal and informal collaborations. This experimental study, with the collaboration of the science faculty in one urban secondary college, investigated the effect of two role attribution strategies on communication in peer groups of different gender composition in three parallel Year 8 science classes. The group were set a problem that required them to design an experiment to compare the thermal insulating properties of two different materials. This presents the data collected and key findings, and reviews the findings from previous parallel studies that have employed the same research design in different school settings. The results confirm the effectiveness of social role attribution strategies in teacher management of communication in peer-based work.     

Dual earner households in Britain after the birth of the first child: Some findings from a major research study

Unlike many European countries, the employment careers of the great majority of British women are interrupted at childbirth, a situation which leads to downward occupational mobility and a substantial loss of earnings over women's life time. Findings are presented from a major longitudinal British study of two groups of first time mothers: those who returned to work and those who stayed at home at the end of maternity leave. The paper questions whether a dual full-time working life style leads to egalitarianism in the household. It concentrates on two issues: the nature and significance of mothers' financial contribution and the distribution of childcare and housework.     

西南少数民族地区“女性领导力行动研究”案例分析

针对偏远少数民族地区缺乏女校长的现象,中英西南基础教育项目开展了"女性领导力行动研究",探索了通过制度创新、女性领导力培训等方法进行女性领导力建设的成功经验,为更好地思考女性领导力的内涵及其价值提供了启示。     

A study on the measurement of job-related stress among women academics in research universities of China

This study intends to gain an understanding of the sources of stress among women academics in research universities of China. Studies have shown that, compared with their male counterparts, women report higher level of stress in work/family conflicts, gender barriers and career development. Based on the results of this study, the following conclusions can be drawn about their particular stress experiences. Firstly, women academics perceived the demands for career development as highly stressful. The main career challenges for them include the need for renewing knowledge, lack of research productivity, and slow career progress. Secondly, gender related barriers increased pressure on women academics. These barriers are difficulties in getting into male-dominated networks, social stereotypes of women, and gender discrimination in promotion. Finally, women academics experienced more difficulties in fulfilling both academic work and family roles. The main conflict situations pertained to “performing both work and family roles very well,” “children’s education and future” and “lack of time to satisfy personal interests and hobbies.”     

The relationship of the WISC-R and WRAT: A study based upon a selected population

So as to compare predicted achievement based upon WISC-R IQs and observed achievement by the WRAT standard scores, both instruments were administered by the same school psychologist to 282 urban students referred for psychological evaluation. The correlations obtained, even on this nonrandom population, were substantial, significant (p < .001), and should be useful to school psychologists in statistically relating intelligence test scores to school achievement.     

Creating and comprehending the fantastic: A case study of a child from twenty to thirty-five months

Maureen Crago collaborated with Hugh Crago on their longitudinal studyPrelude to Literacy: A Preschool Child's Encounter with Picture and Story. Since then, she has been in private practice as a psychotherapist. She is currently reexamining the rich store of observation on whichPrelude was based for a series of articles that widen and deepen the focus of the original study.     

Treatment integrity and acceptability with families: A case study of a child with school refusal

This article describes a graduated re-entry behavioral intervention implemented over an eight week period to treat a child with school refusal who would run away from school if taken there against his will. A multi-method evaluation procedure was used. Baseline data were collected over a five day period documenting school attendance and running away behaviors. In addition, a comprehensive psychological test battery was administered to the child, and clinical interviews conducted with the child's parents and teacher were used to develop the most appropriate treatment program. Based on these data, an initial graduated exposure to school combined with positive reinforcement for staying in school was chosen. As the intervention proceeded the greatest concern became the need to minimize the reinforcing impact of the child's mother on the child's school refusal. The intervention was eventually changed to a rapid exposure to school. By the third week of the intervention, the child was attending school all day for five consecutive days. He maintained this attendance record for the remainder of the treatment program. Follow-up data collected at bi-weekly intervals for a seven month time period until the end of the school year and follow-up for the first two months of the next school year showed stable and continued efficacy of the intervention, with no reoccurrence of refusal to attend or remain at school once he had arrived. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Race/ethnicity and the start of child care: A multi-level analysis of factors influencing first child care experiences

Early childhood education and care experiences play an important role in children's development and school readiness with, in general, sustained exposure to high quality, center-based care leading to positive outcomes. Hispanic parents have been shown to be less likely than others to place their children in center-based care, particularly when children are very young—a pattern that contrasts African American parents’ tendency for earlier use of center-based care. This paper examines child care choice from a contextual perspective. Using a multi-level modeling approach, we consider ethnicity and race, at the individual and neighborhood levels, in relation to the age at which children first participate in non-parental care and the type of care they first experience. Using data from the ECLS-K, the 1990 Census and other contextual sources, we demonstrate that Hispanic parents’ later use of care is explainable by economic and work participation factors at the family level, while neighborhood proportion of Hispanic individuals is associated with delayed entry into child care. In contrast, the observed early use of care among African American families persists after accounting for economic and work factors, and appears independent of differences in neighborhood context. Limitations and implications for policy and practice are discussed.     

听障儿童鼻音功能低下矫治个案研究

为探讨鼻音功能低下患儿鼻腔共鸣障碍的矫治训练的有效方法。实验对一名鼻音功能低下的听障儿童进行鼻腔共鸣障碍矫治训练,采用捏鼻试验监测患儿鼻音功能并且采用单一被试法对鼻腔共鸣障碍矫治前后的鼻流量数据进行统计分析,以监测训练效果。经矫治后患儿捏鼻试验发鼻音时鼻翼两侧有明显振动感,矫治前后鼻流量值差异有显著统计学意义(P<0.01)。鼻腔共鸣法、增加鼻音训练对于鼻音功能低下有很好的疗效。     

How to avoid burnout: A study of the relationship between burnout and worker,organizational and management characteristics in eleven child abuse and neglect projects

In conclusion this study affirms the hypothesis that burnout occurs when a constellation of factors--relating to worker, organizational and management--interact to create an alienating work environment. It suggests that solutions to the problem of worker burnout and performance require a systematic assessment of each of these areas to determine how and in what ways they contribute to burnout in any one particular agency. Further study and investigation that focuses on the interaction among worker, organizational and management characteristics is needed to affirm what common practices in social agencies lead to burnout and interfere with performance. Thereby, developing a relevant theory of management for social agencies that deals effectively with a high degree of uncertainty In the work task, that meets the needs and expectations of a professional manpower, and that can respond to changing and often hostile environmental conditions.     

师范大学生志向水平与主观幸福感的关系研究

目的:考察师范大学生志向水平与主观幸福感之间的关系.结果:(1)师范大学生志向水平不存在显著的性别、家庭来源、专业类型差异,存在显著的出生类别差异,独生子女的志向水平显著地高于非独生子女;(2)不同志向类型学生在总体幸福感及幸福感的精力、对生活的满足和兴趣、忧郁或愉快的心境、对情感和行为的控制等因子上的得分差异显著,志向高远型大学生的总体幸福感得分较为显著地高于志向一般型和志向低落型;(3)志向水平与总体幸福感及幸福感因子的精力、对生活的满足和兴趣、忧郁或愉快的心境、对情感和行为的控制存在极其显著的正相关.结论:师范大学生志向水平人口变量的差异总体不显著,不同志向类型师范大学生的主观幸福感差异显著;志向水平与主观幸福感存在显著的正相关.     

研究型大学的本科质量观研究

研究型大学本科质量观研究是当前高等教育理论与实践研究中的重点、难点和前沿问题.从探究研究型大学的本质特征出发,从研究型大学的人才现、培养目标观、课程观、教学观、教学管理观和质量评价观六个方面对研究型大学的本科质量观做了探索性的研究.