初中生座位安排与学习动机、课堂师生互动的关系

为探讨初中生座位安排与学习动机、课堂师生互动的关系,采用学习动机量表、课堂师生互动问卷和教室座位一般问卷,对300名初中生进行调查。结果表明：处于优势区的初中生在学习动机、内部目标对象和任务价值得分上显著高于弱势区的初中生;座位调换周期大于一个月对初中生内部目标定向、任务价值和课堂师生互动有显著影响;座位调换周期大于一个月,座位区域与内部目标定向、任务价值和课堂师生互动存在显著相关,课堂师生互动与学习动机、能力把握信心和学习控制信念存在显著相关;课堂师生互动对学习动机回归效应显著,座位安排对学习动机与课堂师生互动的关系产生中介影响。     

Network-related teaching and changes in classroom seating

The extent to which teachers make changes in classroom seating reflects, in part, the degree to which they value promoting positive peer relationships in the classroom. We assessed the frequency with which teachers made both minor (i.e., involving only 2–3 students) and major (involving half or more students in the class) changes in classroom seating. We tested whether the frequency of seating changes was linked to teachers' beliefs about promoting positive peer relationships, their attunement to child- or peer-reports of peer victimization, and their concern about bullying at the school. Participants were 37 fourth-grade teachers and their students (N = 677). The frequency of major seating changes was negatively associated with teachers' peer-focused classroom seating (PFCS) beliefs and to their attunement to student peer victimization. Minor seating changes were positively associated with PFCS beliefs for teachers with low or average attunement to peer victimization; however, teachers highly attuned to peer victimization made fewer minor seating changes regardless of their PFCS beliefs. Implications for research and practice are discussed.     

Characterizing Mathematics Classroom Practice: Impact of Observation and Coding Choices

Large‐scale observational measures of classroom practice increasingly focus on opportunities for student participation as an indicator of instructional quality. Each observational measure necessitates making design and coding choices on how to best measure student participation. This study investigated variations of coding approaches that may be feasible in large‐scale studies, and the ramifications of these variations for drawing inferences about instructional quality. Using data from classroom videos, we found that decisions about whether to keep track of individual students in the coding, observe multiple contexts in the classroom (e.g., whole‐class and small‐group discussions), and capture nuances of student participation changed the resulting characterizations of classroom practice. Most importantly, simplifying the coding approach did not fully capture and even misrepresented the level and nature of student participation in many classrooms.     

构建自主-互助学习型课堂的实践研究

自主-互助学习型课堂改革了原有的课堂结构,它要求教师将课程目标、课程内容转化为师生之间、生生之间互动的行为,转化为学生多样化的自主参与方式,变先教后学的教学方式为先学后教的教学方式,变教师是主宰为学生是主人。自主-互助学习型课堂面向学生的认知差异,使每个学生在课堂上生动起来,提高了学习效率和质量,培养了学生的自主创新精神和独立思考能力,为减轻学生负担,提高学习效率和质量提供了经验和启示。     

略论课堂教学的空间格局

课堂教学的空间格局直接影响着教学信息交流的方式和交流的范围。“身田式”的课堂编排格局是班级授课制的产物,最适宜于大班教学,是我国目前课堂教学的基本形式。随着教学改革的深入,“秧田式”的弊端越来越明显。我们应根据教学需要。选择多样性的课堂教学空间格局,以便让每一位学生都有平等参与课堂教学的机会,使每个学生的主体性、积极性都能得到充分发挥。     

Classroom talk: co-constructing a ‘difficult student’

Background: Research on teacher–student relationships has focused logically on classroom talk. Investigations of classroom talk range from broad consideration of the structures of such talk to a somewhat narrower focus on the interpersonal dimensions of such talk, and their consequences for student achievement and motivation.

Purpose: This study explores a relationship that the teacher defined as ‘difficult’, and attempts to understand, through analysis of classroom talk, how the complexities of full-class discussion contributed to the manifestation of a difficult relationship.

Sample: The analysis focuses primarily on one teacher and one student in a 31-student, grade seven (age 12–13) English/Language Arts class. The study was conducted in a seventh-grade language arts/social studies block class in Midwest Middle School (a pseudonym), a middle school of around 700 students in a mid-sized suburban community in the Midwest, USA.

Design and methods: The study draws from nine weeks of participant observation, isolating classroom episodes between the teacher and the specific student with whom she had a ‘difficult’ relationship. Interactions were transcribed and then analysed, using a mixed approach which drew upon research methods from conversation analysis (CA), classroom discourse analysis and Goffman's discussion of participation frameworks.

Results: Analysis suggested that the difficulty of the relationship between teacher and student was less the result of particular behaviours on the part of either participant and more the result of complications of interaction in full-class discussions.

Conclusions: In effect, the teacher, the particular student and the other students cooperated to create a difficult relationship. Despite that difficulty, however, other decisions the instructor made in structuring the classroom environment mitigated those complications, allowing the student to feel some success in the class and to continue to attempt to participate successfully in full-class interactions.     

Effects of Classroom Structure on Student Achievement Goal Orientation

Abstract

The authors assessed how classroom structure influenced student achievement goal orientation for mathematics. Three elementary school classes were assigned randomly to 1 classroom structure condition: token economy, contingency contract, or control. Students in each condition were required to set individual achievement goals on a weekly basis. The authors assessed differences in goal orientation by comparing the number of learning vs. performance goals that students set within and across classroom structure conditions. Results indicated that students in the contingency-contract condition set significantly more learning goals than did students in other classroom structure conditions. No significant differences were found for performance goals across classroom structure conditions. Within classroom structure conditions, students in the contingency-contract group set significantly more learning goals than performance goals, whereas students in the token-economy condition set significantly more performance goals than learning goals.     

Webcasts promote in-class active participation and learning in an engineering elective course

This paper describes the design and outcomes of an educational intervention undertaken to improve the quality of delivery of a fourth-year engineering elective course – Industrial Wastewater and Solid Waste Management at the University of Queensland. The objective was to increase the level of active participation of students in planned active-learning classroom activities, including whole-class discussions and small group project-type work. According to a flipped classroom model, new online material in the form of webcasts was proposed to students before class. Students reacted very positively to the webcasts: the percentage of students viewing the webcast before planned workshop sessions ranged between 80% and 92% over the five weeks of the intervention. Enhanced engagement led also to increased attendance (85–92% at workshop sessions), and remarkable active participation in class (half of observed teams were ～80% active). Remarkably, team performance as quantified by their report marks linearly correlated with the level of active participation in class.     

Re-negotiating the discourse of lower track high school students

The purpose of this study was to examine how lower track science students would understand shifts in standard classroom discourse patterns. The researcher videotaped his daily efforts to renegotiate the lower track classroom environment to become more representative of a scientific community. This paper is an analysis of the implicit obstacles inherent in shifting class discussions to classroom arguments examining tentative hypotheses. Students have inserted struggles for social status into classroom arguments about scientific ideas making it difficult to separate in a group discussion when the evidence convinced a student or whether the social politics of the class had persuaded her. As a result of changing classroom rules for participation, engagement, and collaborative inquiry, students' abilities to argue scientifically were changed. Despite these shifts students continued to insert their own interpretations of argumentation, social norms, and strategies for active re-negotiation of the teacher's agenda for the construction of scientific classroom discourse.     

基于微课的翻转课堂在五年制护理生理学教学中的应用

探讨在五年制护理专业运用基于微课的翻转课堂教学模式实施的效果。选取五年制护理学生作为观察对象,随机分为对照组和实验组,分别采取传统的讲授式教学模式和基于微课的翻转课堂教学模式。实验发现,实验组考试成绩明显高于对照组成绩;实验组学生对新教学模式较容易接受,各项基本能力和技能都得到了一定的提高。五年制护理专业的学生应用基于微课的翻转课堂学教模式,学生成绩大幅度提高,提升了学生自主学习能力和和生理学教学质量。     

Teachers Avoiding Learners' Avoidance: Is it Possible?

Dealing with learners who prefer to take the back seat and avoid classroom participation can be every teacher's nightmare. This lack of participation may cause teacher frustration, and possibly the only way to reduce this lack of participation is to access the concept of avoidance strategy. Avoidance strategy is the abandonment of a classroom task by learners due to causes such as the task difficulty, topical knowledge, shyness, anxiety, face-saving, fear of negative evaluation, and peer pressure. This article provides an enhanced understanding of the notion of avoidance strategy, presents factors resulting in avoidance behavior, and offers strategies teachers can employ to reduce student use of avoidance behaviors. Reducing student anxiety, motivating learners, teacher support, group work, and pushing toward production are among the possible paths that may help reduce avoidance strategy use in the classrooms.     

Student participation in whole-class discourse: individual conditions and consequences for student learning in primary and secondary school

Students’ participation in whole-class discourse is an important feature of classroom learning. Within socio-cultural research, two explanations for this connection can be emphasised: students’ engagement and teacher-student verbal interaction. We suggest a video-based coding scheme that can be specifically connected with each theoretical strand by distinguishing between student-guided and teacher-guided participation. The aim is to explore the conditions (student characteristics) and consequences (student learning) of both types of classroom participation. The results of two video studies with standardised pre- and post-assessments – one in secondary school mathematics (932 students, 40 classes) and one in primary school science (681 students, 35 classes) – emphasise both the relevance of students’ prior knowledge for participation in whole-class discourse and the role of student-guided participation in learning.     

课堂教学的有效提问时机

提问是课堂教学的重要组成部分,是教师为达到教学目标,与学生之间进行沟通,有效调控课堂,互相进行反馈与交流的重要中介。学会有效提问是教师必需的教学技能之一,是教师开启学生心智、促进学生思维、增强学生的主动参与意识的基本控制手段。教师要学会有效地进行提问,在短暂的课堂45分钟内抓住有效的提问时机,充分进行有效教学。     

课堂教学的有效提问时机

提问是课堂教学的重要组成部分,是教师为达到教学目标,与学生之间进行沟通,有效调控课堂,互相进行反馈与交流的重要中介。学会有效提问是教师必需的教学技能之一,是教师开启学生心智、促进学生思维、增强学生的主动参与意识的基本控制手段。教师要学会有效地进行提问,在短暂的课堂45分钟内抓住有效的提问时机,充分进行有效教学。     

Classroom Ecology and Acquaintanceship

Earlier research has established that students sitting in the front of the room are more academically oriented than those in the rear. The present study assesses the possibility that students sitting in the rear are more socially oriented. This was tested by determining the number of full names of other students known by students in five university lecture classes. As predicted, students in the rear half of the room knew more full names than did those sitting in the front. Further research is needed to identify effective reinforcers for students who voluntarily select the back areas of the classroom.     

Student Engagement in U.S. Urban High School Mathematics and Science Classrooms: Findings on Social Organization, Race, and Ethnicity

   This paper reports results of intensive field work in urban high school mathematics and science classrooms based on research with students attending eight high schools located in large, disparate urban sites across the U.S. During the course of our observations and interviews we recorded students’ activities as well as their impressions of classroom processes over the course of a week in each classroom using the Experience Sampling Method (ESM). ESM allows students to record information about their classroom experiences at intervals during daily mathematics and science classroom lessons. We measured levels of student engagement and examined relationships between student engagement and an array of predictors. We take a social organizational approach to interpreting classroom processes, examining the extent to which classroom activities influence student perception of class and communication among students and how these intervening factors affect student engagement during on-going classroom activities. Results suggest that there is variation between group members’ reactions to classroom activities. Specifically, as an example, Latino Students in Chicago, Miami and El Paso were far more engaged and responsive to classroom lessons during the time they spent in small problem-solving groups during class. Student Engagement in High School Mathematics and Science. Kazuaki Uekawa is affiliated with the American Institutes for Research, Washinton DC, USA. Kathryn Borman and Reginald Lee are affilated with the The University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA. Address correspondence to Kazuaki Uekawa, American Institutes for Research, Washinton DC, USA; e-mail: kuekawa@air.org     

学生话语的内涵和重要性:课程与教学的转向

新课程改革背景下,不断强调学生的主体性和参与性的重要性,因此倾听学生的话语变得越来越必要。但当前,学生话语在课程改革与课堂教学实践中处于"失语"的状态,学生的话语权严重缺失。因此,学生作为学习的主体,应该让他们积极参与到课程与教学的实践中来,促使传统的课程改革与课堂教学实践发生新的转向,最终促进学生的发展。     

Theoretical triangulation as an approach for revealing the complexity of a classroom discussion

In this paper we explore the value of theoretical triangulation as a methodological approach for the analysis of classroom interaction. We analyze an excerpt of a whole‐class discussion in history from three theoretical perspectives: interactivity of the discourse, conceptual level raising and historical reasoning. We conclude that using theoretical triangulation enables us to relate the perspectives of the teacher, the students and the domain to each other, which provides us with deeper insight into the complex phenomenon of classroom interaction. The analyses reveal the complexities the teacher faces when trying to elicit and promote collaborative knowledge construction and the dilemma of promoting student participation, on the one hand, and deepening the quality of reasoning, on the other.     

BYOD支持下的高校课堂交互研究

针对高校传统课堂师生互动不足、学生参与度低等问题,提出利用BYOD支持高校课堂教学。在概述BYOD、课堂交互概念的基础上,分析BYOD支持下课堂交互优势,通过具体案例应用解析如何运用BYOD支持课堂交互。教学实践证明,BYOD教学可以增加师生互动、提高学生课堂参与度和学习效果。最后,提出转变教学观念、重视教学设计、增强学校网络建设等策略,为一线教师开展课堂活动提供参考。