美国大学终身制教师专业发展模式初探

终身制教师的专业发展日益成为美国大学校园关注的焦点。本文从教师专业化的角度出发,论述了美国大学终身制教师的心理、生理、教学、科研方面存在的问题和美国大学针对这些问题实施的可选性计划、规定性计划、联合性计划等三种教师专业发展模式,最后提出了制定终身制教师专业发展的原则及建议。     

Transformational Journey of Educators in Technology: A Study of Tenured Business Faculty

ABSTRACT

Recent statistics show faculty in higher education question the value and legitimacy of online education as a viable educational format and are, therefore, less accepting of online degrees. The focus of this study was on business faculty and online education through the theoretical framework of transformative learning. Specifically, tenured faculty members who were initially resistant to teaching online – changed their perspective – and came to value and teach online business curriculum. To examine this phenomenon, a survey was distributed to business faculty worldwide. Qualified responses were received from 206 survey participants. The findings suggest that while business faculty, including those tenured, are resistant to teaching online and prefer to teach in a face-to-face environment, a perspective change toward teaching online resulted after spending time reflecting on various factors considered key to a successful entry to online teaching.     

Examining the Influences on Faculty Departure Intentions: A Comparison of Tenured Versus Nontenured Faculty at Research Universities Using NSOPF-99

This empirical research examines the predictors of intended departure for tenured vs. nontenured full-time faculty at research and doctoral institutions across an array of disciplines. What are the characteristics of those who intend to leave their institutions? Do tenured and nontenured faculty show different patterns of intended departure? And what are the implications for institutional policy and practice? This study proposes a theoretical model of faculty turnover intentions and tests the model on two groups of faculty surveyed in the 1999 National Study of Postsecondary Faculty (NSOPF-99). Using Structural Equation Modeling, we find both similarities and differences in the dynamics of intended departure between the tenured and nontenured faculty populations.     

Tenured and non-tenured school principals in Greece: a historical approach

This study deals with the question of tenure/non-tenure of the Greek school principals and its possible impact on their role in the light of the international influences. In developing our theoretical perspective, we draw on the tenure/non-tenure discourse and the centralised bureaucratic and new public management model. After examining the relevant legislation issued from 1836 up to 2015 by following the qualitative content analysis, we find out that in the 1836–1981 period, tenure had become an integral part of the centralised educational system. Since 1981, the introduction of decentralised policies along with the abolition of tenure has resulted in the renewal of the same politics. By linking in a direct way the tenure/non-tenure topic with the international policies, we support the view that in the Greek centralised educational system, school principals have limited power to bring about effective changes at schools regardless of their tenure/non-tenure status.     

Faculty Agency: Departmental Contexts that Matter in Faculty Careers

In a modern context of constrained resources and high demands, faculty exert agency to strategically navigate their careers (Baez 2000a; Neumann et al. 2006). Guided by the O’Meara et al. (2011) framework on agency in faculty professional lives, this study used Structural Equation Modeling to investigate which departmental factors (perceptions of tenure and promotion process, work-life climate, transparency, person-department fit, professional development resources, and collegiality) influenced faculty agentic perspective and agentic action. Results showed that faculty perceptions of certain departmental contexts do matter in faculty career agency, such as work-life climate, person-department fit, and professional development resources. These contexts have a particular influence on faculty agentic perspective. Results also showed a large effect of agentic perspective on agentic action. The study has important implications for administrators regarding departmental role in faculty agency and contributes to the growing body of literature on faculty sense of agency in academe.     

Commentary:

The author comments on a number of the perspectives contained in the paper by Webb, Widseth, and Ramirez. He argues for conceptualizing campus consultations in the context of the following elements: continuity, clarity, comprehensiveness, credibility, collarboration, cooperation, coordination, comprehension, and collegiality. The author offers some examples of how to function in a constructive consultative role that addresses the health and welfare of campus student life.     

Faculty and Technology: Implications for Faculty Training and Technology Leadership

The purpose of this study was to explore the factors affecting ICT adoption process and the implications for faculty training and technology leadership. Respondents represented a wide range of academic and professional positions. They identified themselves as Assistant, Associate, and Professor as well as Instructional Designer, Director of Technology, Information Manager, eLearning Manager, Assistant Department Chair, Associate Vice President of Academic Affairs and Consultant. The respondents identified Organizational Support, Leadership, Training and Development, and Resources as the predominate themes affecting Information and Communication Technology (ICT) adoption process in higher education. Evidence from this study offers insights on how higher education administrators and technology leaders could help their faculty and staff to implement appropriate ICT tools and practices to improve student learning.     

Reviewing a Curriculum: First Steps

This survey of 8–12 middle school year leaders' and deputy heads' attitudes to both year leader and deputy headship roles identified the particularly distinctive properties of each. A further analysis revealed, for both roles, a common core of behaviours and, for each role, areas of positive behavioural congruence. These findings tend to suggest the absence of role conflict between year leaders and deputy heads in this type of school with a year group organizational structure.     

Faculty dynamation: Guided empowerment

Dynamation is the integrative process whereby the sum total of all learning, knowledge, experiences, and feelings are brought to bear on productive, creative action and problem solving. In this paper, we describe some of the benefits of dynamation, outline a general approach to it-including the importance of friendship (the core of the empowerment process)- and explain several key incentives that will encourage faculty, through dynamation, to engage in growth activities. Throughout the article we discuss ten techniques developers can use. Our focus is on informal facilitator-enhanced (guided) empowerment. That is, we look at growth that is likely to result when developers work with faculty with the goal of growth, change, and development.Richard L. Weaver II is a professor in the Department of Interpersonal and Public Communication at Bowling Green State University. Darrell Mullins is an assistant professor in the Communication Department at the University of Wisconsin at Whitewater. Howard W. Cotrell is an associate professor in the Instructional Media Center at Bowling Green State University. Thomas A. Michel is an assistant professor in the Graduate School of Business at Fordham University, Bronx, New York.     

Faculty Learning Matters: Organizational Conditions and Contexts that Shape Faculty Learning

This study explored the relationships between faculty scholarly learning, faculty teaching learning, institutional support, faculty demographics, disciplinary groups, working conditions, and career outcomes such as retention, productivity, satisfaction, and career agency. We found that the stronger the scholarly learning faculty members reported, the more institutional and unit support they perceived for learning, the more satisfied they were, the less likely they were to intend to leave their institution, and the more career agency they reported. Similarly, we found that faculty members who reported more learning related to teaching reported a decreased intent to leave the institution and increased career agency. We draw implications for the development of work environments that support scholarly and teaching learning.     

美国终身教授制的争议及发展走向

美国教授终身制在维护学术自由方面发挥了重要作用，但在实施过程中也存在一些问题。为此，美国各界就终身教授制的存废问题展开了激烈的争论，并从不同的角度提出了多种改革方案，其中终身教授聘后评议制正浮出水面，逐渐为高教界所接受和采纳。     

Systemic Change: Critically Reviewing the Literature

Systemic change has become a floating signifier for any broad-scale change that an author wishes to suggest is current and worthy of federal funding consideration. For whatever political reasons, the term systemic change has become misused and misunderstood. This study looks critically at the sort of literature being promulgated under the rubric of systemic change. After an exhaustive ERIC search, the data suggest that most studies are theoretical rather than field-based, conservative in their definition of change, and non-systemic in both theory and practice. Suggestions for those interested in pursuing research under the rubric of systemic change are provided. Résumé Le fait que le terme de «changement systémique» soit devenu un signifiant flou, utilisé pour des changements à n’importe quelle échelle est fréquent et mérite qu’on s’y arrête. Pour certaines raisons politiques, ce terme est devenu mécompris et utilisé à mauvais escient. Cette étude passe en revue de façon critique la littérature présentée sous la rubrique «changement systémique». Une recherche exhaustive dans la banque de données ERIC (recherche en éducation) laisse à penser que la plupart des études sont de type théorique plutôt qu’empirique, conservatrices dans leur définition du changement et non systémiques dans leur approche tant théorique que pratique. Des suggestions sont faites à ceux qui souhaiteraient utiliser la rubrique «changement systémique» dans leurs recherches. (Traduction: Catherine Cusin, CSRE, Aarau / Suisse)     

Faculty evaluation: A prickly pair

In this exploratory study reviewing an institution's faculty evaluation process, we found support for the judgmental aspects of appraisal, but a desire for greater focus upon development. The institutional culture supports a combined approach to the evaluations. Although this diminishes the focus of both forms of evaluation, it serves both the faculty and the institution.