Flights of fancy: Science, reason, and common sense

Barry R. Gross was professor of philosophy at York College of The City University of New York and held high positions in both the National and New York Associations of Scholars. Professor Gross delivered this address to the New York Academy of Sciences conference “The Flight from Science and Reason” on 31 May 1995. This address is reprinted with permission from the proceedings of that conference, published as Volume 775 of theAnnals of the New York Academy of Sciences.     

历史小说《纽约》中谱系的多元文化性

爱德华·拉瑟福德在2009年出版的历史小说《纽约》以梵.迪克和马斯特家族为线,时间跨度达400年。其错综复杂的姓氏谱系来源广泛,反映了各个时期、各个民族、各个人种等文化多元现象,特别是在小说中的一章《爱丽丝岛》里,蕴涵了《纽约》的宏大历史背景下的身份政治和多元文化特性,移民的阶级、性别和种族在纽约这座大都市里显示了个体的差异性和不平等境遇,但强调平等、无差别待遇和文化共存的多元文化主义最终有了强大的生命力。     

十九世纪五点区移民构成研究（1800-1860）

五点区是纽约历史上臭名昭著的社区。这里可以说是纽约的缩影,来自世界各地的人们汇集在这里,从事不同的职业。五点区最早是纽约本土人的地盘,经过数十年的移民潮以及纽约市向外围扩张,中下层收入的人们在这里谋生,他们之中有勇敢的爱尔兰人、精明的犹太人、谨慎的德意志人、技艺精湛的意大利人、勤劳的黑人等等。作为新来者,他们和美国的主流社会必定格格不入。当时的美国上层认为,五点区是一个肮脏龌龊的地方。事实上,五点区为各个国家人民的交流提供了舞台,它的存在繁荣了纽约乃至整个美国的文化。     

Supporting Two Households: Unaccompanied Mexican Minors and Their Absences From U.S. Schools

This article illustrates simultaneous household participation in the lives of undocumented, unaccompanied Mexican teenage minors in New York City and its impact on their school attendance. Emigrating without parents, some Mexican youths arrive to enter into the labor market, not school. Unable to assume monetary dependence, these youths’ absences from New York classrooms is driven by financial participation in their natal households in Mexico and current New York City households. Drawing from fifty-three interviews with Mexican teenagers in Mexico and New York City, this article explores how these youth laborers learn to, understand and fulfill monetary obligations to two households.     

纽约全球城市地位的确立及其面临的挑战

随着经济的全球化,全球城市体系出现了新的格局,居于该体系顶端的就是全球城市。跨国公司的总部和生产服务业高度地集中于全球城市中。20世纪80年代以来,由于纽约市跨国公司总部的集中和生产服务业的强势发展,使其成为一个名副其实的全球城市。纽约全球城市地位的确立,为纽约市的发展注入了新的活力。全球城市地位的确立和生产服务业的独大也为纽约市的发展提出了严峻的挑战,能否应对这一挑战将对纽约的发展前景产生深远的影响。     

20世纪纽约移民与社会重构

20世纪以来，随着美国的崛起和移民政策的调整，亚非拉移民人数增多，从而导致纽约市人口结构的诸多变化，非白人人口比例上升，移民年轻化、女性移民比例增加及移民受教育程度提高。这些变化引起纽约少数族裔为适应社会而斗争，并促使有组织的族裔团体和纽约人特性的形成。他们在冲突中求生存，在竞争中求发展，为纽约社会重构作出了巨大贡献。     

Book reviews

Black, Edwin and Kerr, Harry P., American Issues Harcourt, Brace, and World, 750 Third Avenue, New York 17, New York. 1961, paper, $2.25.

Wrage, Ernest J. and Baskerville, Barnet, American Forum, Speeches on Historic Issues, 1788–1900. Harper and Brothers, 49 East 33rd Street, New York 16, New York. 1960.

Simmons, Harry, Executive Public Speaking Techniques. Chilton Company—Book Division, Philadelphia 39, Pennsylvania. 1959, $5.00.

Jones, E. Einston, A Guide to Effective Speech. Longmans, Green and Company, 119 West 40th Street, New York 18, New York. 1961, $3.75.

Smith, Joseph F. and Linn, James R., Skill in Reading Aloud. Harper and Brothers, 49 East 33rd Street, New York 16, New York. 1960, $5.75.     

Communication with feeling: Emotion,publicness, and embodiment

AN EMOTIONAL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. Edited by Peter Stearns and Jan Lewis. New York & London: New York University Press, 1998; pp. 476. $22.50.

ANOTHER SELF: MIDDLE CLASS AMERICAN WOMEN AND THEIR FRIENDS IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY. By Linda W. Rosenzweig. New York & London: New York University Press, 1999; pp. 225. $35.00.

BATTLEGROUND OF DESIRE: THE STRUGGLE FOR SELF CONTROL IN MODERN AMERICA. By Peter Stearns. New York & London: New York University Press, 1999; pp. 434. $28.95.

CRYING: THE NATURAL AND CULTURAL HISTORY OF TEARS. By Tom Lutz. New York & London: W.W. Norton & Company, 1999; pp. 352. $25.95.

EMOTIONS IN SOCIAL LIFE: CRITICAL THEMES AND CONTEMPORARY ISSUES. Edited by Gillian Bendelow and Simon J. Williams. London & New York: Routledge, 1998; pp. 336. $29.99.     

Diplomas for learning, not seat time: the impacts of New York Regents examinations

Economic theory predicts that improvements in signaling of achievement generated by external exit examination systems will (1) result in students learning more and this in turn will (2) enable them to get better paying jobs. Since New York State had the only statewide curriculum-based external exit exam system in the nation in the early 1990s, hypothesis 1 predicts that New York students should out perform socio-economically comparable students from other states. Cross section analysis of mean 8th grade NAEP math scores and SAT-I scores found that New York students were indeed about one grade level equivalent ahead of where one would expect given their socio-economic background. A similar analysis of dropout rate data found no differences between New York and other states. Hypothesis 2 was tested in HSB and NLS-88 data. Female students who reported that their high school required they pass a minimum competency exam in order to graduate were paid significantly more after they graduated from high school. Men did not earn more but did get a higher hourly wage.     

Book reviews

Lee, Irving J. and Lee, Laura L., Handling Barriers in Communication. Harper and Brothers, 49 East 33 Street, New York 16, New York. 1957, $5. Paper.

Auer, J. Jeffery, An Introduction to Research in Speech. Harper and Brothers, 49 East 33 Street, New York 16, New York. 1959, $5.

Brown, Charles T., Introduction to Speech. Houghton Mifflin Company, 432 Park Avenue South, New York 16, New York. 1955.

Uris, Dorothy, Everybody's Book of Better Speaking. David McKay Company, Inc., 119 West 40 Street, New York 18, New York. 1960, $4.95.

Braden, Waldo W., Speech Methods and Resources: A Textbook for the Teacher of Speech. Harper and Brothers, 49 East 33 Street, New York 16, New York. 1961, $6.50.

Marra, Waldo J., How to Streamline Your Letters. National Retail Credit Association, 375 Jackson Avenue, St. Louis 30, Missouri. Multilithed, paper.

Windes, Russell R. and Kruger, Arthur N., Championship Debating. J. Weston Walch, Box 1075, Portland, Maine. 1961 ; paper cover, $3.50 ; plastic cover, $4.50.     

纽约多元文化的根源

纽约的建城史可以追溯到1609年，当时受雇于荷兰人的英国探险家亨利．哈德森，为找出一条到达东方的捷径而发现了曼哈顿岛。十五年以后，荷兰殖民者来到此地，开始建立殖民地——新阿姆斯特丹。这块殖民地迎来了世界各地愿意到此工作的人。在十七世纪四十年代，纽约城里说着十八种不同的语言。     

Our Magazine Rack

Teaching Reading by Gertrude Hildreth. New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1958. 612 pp. $6.00.

Administration and Organization of the Guidance Program by Dean C. Andrew and Roy D. Willey. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1958. 330 pp. $4.50.

“Art Education”—Its Means and Ends by Dr. Italo L. de Francesco. New York. Harper &; Brothers, 1958. 640 pp. $6.75.

Evaluation Techniques for Classroom Teachers by Denis Baron and Harold W. Bernard. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1958. 297 pp. $5.50.

Group Work in Education by Ruth Strang. New York: Harper &; Brothers, 1958. 322 pp. $5.50.

Higher Education in Transition, a history of American colleges and universities, 1636-1956 by John S. Brubacher and Willis Rudy. New York: Harper and Brothers Publishers. 1958. 479 pp. $7.50.

Leadership in Elementary School Administration and Supervision by Albert H. Shuster and Wilson F. Wetzler. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1958. 489 pp. $5.50.

Modern Methods in Secondary Education by Grambs, Jean D.; Iverson, William J.; and Patterson, Franklin K., New York: The Dryden Press, 1958. Revised Edition. 700 pp. $5.90.

Music Education for Teen-Agers by William R. Sur and Charles F. Schuller. New York: Harper &; Bros., 1958. 478 pp. $6.00.

Nursery-Kindergarten Education, Jerome E. Leavitt, Editor. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc. 337 pp. $6.00.

Physical Education for Children by Elizabeth Halsey and Lorena Porter. New York: Henry Holt and Company (Dryden Press). 1958. 416 pp. $5.75.

Research in the Three R's edited by C. W. Hunnicutt and William J. Iverson. New York: Harper and Brothers. 1958. 435 pp. $6.00.     

New books

Spoken and Written English. By Henry Bradley. Oxford, at the Clarendon Press. 1919. Pp. 35.

Talking Business. By John Mantle Clapp, Lecturer on the Language of Business in New York University. The Ronald Press Company. New York, 1920. 526 pages.

The New World. College Readings in English. By Harold Bruce and Guy Montgomery. The Macmillan Company, New York, 1920. 464 pages.

Abraham Lincoln. A play. By John Drinkwater. New York: Houghton‐Mifflin Company. 1920. 112 pages.

Choosing a Play. Revised and enlarged. By Gertrude E. Johnson, Assistant Professor in the Department of Speech Education in the University of Wisconsin. New York: The Century Co. 1920.

The Greek Orators. By J. F. Dobson, M.A.. London: Methuen. New York: Dutton. 1919. Pp.314.     

Education reform in New York City (2002–2013)

In 2002 Michael Bloomberg took office as Mayor of New York City and, over the next 12 years of his administration, oversaw a series of sweeping reforms in order to ‘fix’ the broken education system which he believed he had inherited. This paper details the key policy reforms in New York City’s public school system during this period, assessing the extent to which the reforms were successful and what can be learnt from a policy perspective for other urban education systems. It outlines the radical programme of school closure, structural reform, and the introduction of new measures of accountability and autonomy, concluding that reform in New York City can be grouped into four categories: leadership; structure and schools; accountability; and teachers. While a lack of targeted evaluation means that it is not possible to prove causation, it nonetheless shows that there is a correlation between this set of reforms and the fact that by 2013 New York City’s performance on national tests placed it amongst the best urban school districts in America when compared with other cities serving similar populations.     

Speech in the Senate

Gard, Robert, Grassroots Theatre, Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1955, 263 pp., $4.00.

Cooper, Charles W., Preface to Drama, New York: Ronald Press, 1955, 773 pp., $4.50.

Joels, Merrill E., Acting is a Business, New York: Hastings House, 1955, 96 pp., $2.50.

Kaufman, W. I., How To Write For Television, New York: Hastings House, 1955, 95 pp., $2.50.

Macgowan, K., and Melnitz, W., The Living Stage, New York: Prentice‐Hall, 1955, 543 pp., $6.00.

Bettinger, H., revised by Corberg, S., Television Techniques, New York: Harper and Brothers, 1955, 236 pp., $3.75.

Kingston, W. K., Cowgill, R., and Levy, R., Broadcasting Television and Radio, New York: Prentice‐Hall, 1955, 274 pp., $4.00.

Oliver, R. T., Dickey, D., and Zelko, H., rev. ed., Communicative Speech, New York: Dryden Press, 1955, 386 pp., $3.60.

Crocker, L., and Eich, L. M., Oral Reading, 2nd. ed., New York: Prentice‐Hall, 1955, 492 pp., $5.50.

Brigance, William N., Speech Communication, 2nd. ed., New York: Appleton‐Century‐Crofts, 1955, 202 pp.

Black, J. W., and Moore, W. E., Speech: Code, Meaning, and Communication, New York: McGraw‐Hill, 1955, 430 pp., $4.50.

McBurney, J. H., and Wrage, E. J., Guide to Good Speech, New York: Prentice‐Hall, 1955, 346 pp., $3.75.

Brown, Charles T., Introduction to Speech, New York: Houghton‐Mifflin, 1955, 458 pp., $4.25.

Braden, W. W., and Brandenburg, E., Oral Decision Making, New York: Harper and Brothers, 1955, 572 pp., $4.75.

Davidson, Henry A., Handbook of Parliamentary Procedure, New York: Ronald Press, 1955, 292 pp., $3.75.

Phillips, David C., Oral Communication In Business, New York: McGraw‐Hill, 1955, 229 pp., $3.75.

Smith, Henry C., Psychology of Industrial Behavior, New York: McGraw‐Hill, 1955, 477 pp., $6.00.

Perry, John, Human Relations In Small Industry, New York: McGraw‐Hill, 1955, 313 pp., $5.50.

Zedler, Empress Y., Listening For Speech Sounds, New York, Doubleday and Company, 1955, 145 pp., $3.00.

Streng, Alice et al, Hearing Therapy for Children, New York: Grune and Stratton, 1955, 371 pp., $6.75.

Johnson, Wendell, assisted by Leutenegger, Ralph R., Stuttering in Children and Adults, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1955, 472 pp., $5.00     

The theatre student series receives rave reviews

Interfacing communication and propaganda

Jacques Ellul, Propaganda, New York, Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., 1966

Joe McGinniss, The Selling of the President 1968, New York, Trident Press, 1969

George A. Miller, The Psychology of Communication, Seven Essays, New York, Basic Books, Inc., 1967

Alfred G. Smith, Communication and Culture, New York, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc., 1966

Raymond G. Smith, Speech Communication: Theory and Models, New York, Harper and Row, Inc., 1970.     

Marketing Small Schools in New York City: A Critique of Neoliberal School Reform

The objective of this article is to critically examine a school reform effort that has taken hold in New York City over the past seven years. A largely privately funded venture, the New Century Schools Initiative (NCSI), opened hundreds of new small high schools in poor urban communities in New York City starting in 2002. The theory behind opening small schools on a such a large scale has come from market principles of competition and consumer choice. By flooding the market with hundreds of schools, competition for students would, in turn, drive up the quality of the schools. Although support appears to be ubiquitous for the market-based reforms in New York City, this article argues that we need to look critically at reforms like NCSI, especially with the recent failure of market-driven policies to deliver on their promises. Using neoliberalism as a conceptual framework, this article asks two main questions: (a) How do neoliberal school reform policies play out in individual schools? and (b) To what extent do neoliberal policies contribute or detract from educational equity?     

当工厂遇到咖啡

有没有想过，坐在工厂里面喝咖啡是什么感觉？是不是工厂的硬朗，会把手中原本柔软的味道同化掉？还是缭绕的咖啡香，会给原本酷酷的工厂增添些许的温柔？再或者。咖啡跟工厂温柔与硬朗，就这样各自存在．并行不悖。     

Speech training through children's plays

Four‐Star Scripts. By Lorraine Noble. New York: Doubleday, Doran, 1936; $1.50.

A History of the American Drama. By Arthur Hobson Quinn. New York: F. S. Crofts &; Co., 1936; pp. xxv + 432. $5.00.

Historic Costume. By Nevil Truman. New York: Pitman Publishing Corp., 1936; pp. 152; 300 illustrations. $3.00.

The Philosophy of Rhetoric. By I. A. Richards. New York: Oxford University Press, 1936; pp. 138. $1.75.

The Psycho‐Biology of Language. By George Kingsley Zipf. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1935; pp. ix + 336.

An Actor Prepares. By Constantin Stanislavski. Translated by Elizabeth Reynolds Hapgood. New York: Theater Arts, Inc., 1936; pp. 295. $2.50.

Modern Acting: A Manual. By Sophie Rosenstein, Larrae A. Haydon, and Wilbur Sparrow, New York: Samuel French, 1936; pp. 129. $1.50.

Reorganisation of the Supreme Court. The Reference Shelf, vol. xi, no. 4. Compiled by Julia E. Johnson. New York, The H. W. Wilson Co., 1937; pp. 326. $.90.

You, Too, Can Become a Public Speaker. By John Hewins Kern. New York: Governor Publishing Corp., 1937; pp. 72. $1.00.

Industrial vs. Craft Unionism, The Reference Shelf, vol. xi, no. 3. Compiled by Julia E. Johnson. New York: H. W. Wilson Co., 1937; pp. 320. $.90.

General Principles of Play Production. By Gilmor Brown and Alice Garwood. New York: Samuel French, 1937; pp. 177. $2.00.

The Art of Make‐Up. By Serge Strenkovsky. New York: E. P. Dutton Co., 1937; pp. 350. $3.75.

How To Teach Good Speech in the Elementary Schools, Letitia Raubicheck. New York: Noble and Noble, 1937; pp. 276. $2.00.

Twenty Short Plays on a Royalty Holiday: Edited by Margaret Mayorga. New York: Samuel French, 1937; pp. 435. $3.00.

The Flying Wasp. By Sean’ O'Casey. London: The Macmillan Co., Ltd., 1937; pp. xiii +201. $2.25

Ease in Speech. By Margaret Painter. Chicago: D. C. Heath and Co., 1937; pp. 420, $1.64.

Going To Make a Speech? By E. St. Elmo Lewis. New York: The Ronald Press, 1937; pp. x +350. $3.00.

A Contemporary of Shakespeare on Phonetics and on the Pronunciation of English and Latin. By H. G. Fiedler. New York: Oxford University Press, 1936; pp. 21. $1.00.

S.P.E. Tract No. XLVIII. New York: Oxford University Press, 1937; pp. 12. $.85.

Your Everyday Speech. By William Norwood Brigance. New York: Whittlesey House, 1937; pp. ix + 230. $2.50.

University Debaters’ Annual. Edited by Edith M. Phelps and Julia E. Johnson. New York: The H. W. Wilson Co., 1937; Vol. XXIII, pp. 533. $2.25.

The Speech Choir. With American Poetry and English Ballads for Choral Reading. By Marjorie Gullan. New York: Harper &; Brothers, 1937; pp. vii‐xix + 284. $1.75.

The Art of Choral Speaking. By Cécile de Banke. Boston: Baker's Plays, 1937; pp. 227. $1.75.

Reading, Writing and Speech Problems: A Presentation of Certain Types of Disorders in the Development of the Language Faculty. By Samuel Torrey Orton, M.D. New York: W. W. Norton and Co., 1937; pp. 215. $2.00.

Smith, Joseph E.: Better Speech Training Through Teaching Technique. (Papers from the Convention of the Western Association of Teachers of Speech). Ann Arbor: Edwards Brothers, Inc.; 1936; pp. 72. $1.60.

The New Better Speech (Revised Edition.) By A. T. Weaver, Gladys L. Borchers and C. H. Woolbert. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1937; pp. xii + 548. $1.60.

Handbook of Broadcasting: How to Broadcast Effectively. By Waldo Abbot. New York: McGraw‐Hill Book Company, 1937; pp. xi + 424. $3.50.

Ways of Thinking and Writing. By Frank W. Cushwa and Robert N. Cunningham. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1936; pp. xviii + 542. $1.80.