教师绩效评估:芬兰经验

芬兰教师教育成功的关键原因之一是重视教师绩效评估,并将教师绩效评估看作是教师专业发展的重要手段之一.其绩效评估的内容分别从文化、社会、个人三个层面进行确定,并由专业化的评估机构实施评估工作,在具体评估时重视各评估机构间的交流合作、教师积极工作文化的构建、教师角色的转变和研究型教师培养等.其成功经验可为我国教师教育工作的有效开展提供诸多启示.     

客观对待教师绩效评价和发展性教师评价

教师绩效评价有其特定的内涵,既包括对教师教学工作过程的评价,也包括对教师教学工作结果的评价。由于教育目标更具模糊性与教育效果的复杂性,对教师的绩效评价就更应侧重于对教师教学过程的评价。许多研究者与管理者却把教师绩效评价曲解为“不正确”的教师评价,而把发展性教师评价神化为“正确”的教师评价。他们错误地认为教师绩效评价只能调动少部分人的积极性,绩效评价是针对过去的、对未来没有意义,唯有发展性教师评价才能促进教师发展,而教师绩效评价不能促进教师专业发展。实际上,发展性教师评价关于“自我实现的人”的人性假设及其人文主义的管理范式也有其内在的缺陷。虽然,发展性教师评价是更高境界的教师评价,但它必须以教师绩效评价所达到的严格、精确为现实基础。由于我国现阶段教师管理中面临的最严重的问题是科学化不足,因此,应当认真对待教师绩效评价,而不是盲目地推崇发展性教师评价。     

Faculty attitudes toward student evaluation of teaching

This study dealt with university faculty attitudes toward the validity of and varying uses for student evaluations of teaching. It was hypothesized that faculty attitudes toward the potential uses of student evaluations would be systematically related to a professor's a priori frame of reference regarding the validity of these instruments. On the basis of responses to selected questionnaire items, faculty were divided into those whose frame of reference (1) opposed the idea that student evaluations could be made valid, (2) supported the idea that existing evaluation forms were valid, and (3) were uncommitted regarding this validity question. A fourth group, administrators at the university, were also surveyed. Large and consistent differences among these groups were found on policy matters such as the use of student evaluations in tenure and promotion decisions, in providing information to students to help them choose courses, and on a variety of other issues. In each case the results supported the hypothesis.Authors' names are ordered randomly.     

对电大教师绩效考核有效性的若干思考

电大教师绩效考核存在绩效考核指标体系欠科学、平均主义,忽略平时考核、对考核结果的反馈与应用不充分等问题,主要是由于对绩效考核缺乏科学理解,考核内容不够明确,考核过程缺乏客观性,缺少与考核配套的激励机制。可以通过转变观念,建立电大特色的教师考核指标体系,建立与绩效考核相配套的激励机制、反馈评价应用机制,将绩效考核与职业生涯规划相结合,提高绩效考核的有效性。     

美国教师教育项目中教师品性评价的实施

为了培养优秀的教师候选人,美国教师教育项目开展了教师品性评价。该评价贯穿于教师候选人的整个学习和实习期间,旨在使教师候选人的品性在不断的反馈中得到充分发展。美国各高校教师教育项目对教师候选人的成功至关重要的品性评价内容进行界定。评价所使用的方法包括行为检核表、评价量表、访谈和品性反思文章。品性评价的实施涉及教师品性评价介绍课程、签订教师品性评价协议、四次主要评价、不定时的评价和评价结果的应用。教师品性的改进采用发挥教授和导师的模范作用、教师品性研讨会、品性改进课程和PDR-PREP方法等途径。     

高质量教师的经济价值

以往关于教师质量的研究都止于教师质量对学生学业成绩的影响,而没有进一步分析高质量教师的经济价值。高质量的教师能够带来学生学业成绩的提高,而学业成绩所反映的认知技能能够在劳动力市场上获得收益。因此,将教师效能的研究结果与认知技能回报率的研究结果相结合,可以估算出高质量教师的经济价值。结果表明,一位高于平均水平以上一个标准差的教师如果教授20人的班级,一年之内该教师能够带来学生未来工资收入的现值增加40万美元。如果该教师所教的班级人数更多,那么他的年度边际经济价值更大。     

The Digital Divide in Classrooms: Teacher Technology Comfort and Evaluations

A disconnect exists between students’ comfort with using technology for learning and teachers’ comfort in using technology for teaching. Students report the desire for more engaging technology-based assignments. Teachers cite multiple reasons for their hesitancy to use technology in their teaching. The current study investigates whether this disconnect has implications for students’ evaluations of their teachers. Using data from 101 high school students, researchers found that students’ perceptions of their teachers’ comfort with technology impacts their evaluations only when student affect for technology is high. Implications for how this might impact teacher evaluations and directions for future research are discussed.     

Teacher and student perceptions of intermediate assessment in higher education

Universities introduce intermediate assessment because it is understood to have positive effects on student behaviour and achievement. Yet, how intermediate assessment is perceived might be conditional for its success. The current study investigates both teachers’ and students’ perceptions of intermediate assessment. Teachers and students were interviewed and Student Evaluations of Teaching were examined. Results indicate that both teachers and students had generally positive perceptions of intermediate assessment. However, the two groups provided different reasons for their positive perceptions. Teachers and students agreed that intermediate assessment helps students to keep up with their study work. Moreover, teachers mentioned that they could assess various knowledge and skills with intermediate assessment, whereas students preferred intermediate assessments to test the same knowledge and skills as the final exam. This finding suggests that teachers and students in our study had different goals for intermediate assessment.     

美国教师教育课程评价的策略与启示

美国通过评价来切实保障教师教育课程的质量。美国的教师教育课程评价大体可以分为教师教育机构外部专业组织开展的认证和机构内部的学生学习评价两部分。美国专业组织开展的教师教育认证由于标准的清晰性、人员的专业性、过程的规范性、结果的透明性,能够对教师教育专业及其课程起到重要的指导与监督作用。美国教师教育机构内的各门课程都非常重视对学生学习过程和结果的评价,作品评价、表现性评价和成长记录袋评价等评价策略得到广泛使用。这启发我们,应该重视对教师教育课程评价的研究并切实改进我们的评价实践。     

Relations of Student Perceptions of Teacher Oral Feedback With Teacher Expectancies and Student Self-Concept

In this article, the authors investigated the relations of students’ perceptions of teachers’ oral feedback with teacher expectancies and student self-concept. A sample of 1,598 Taiwanese children in Grades 3 to 6 completed measures of student perceptions of teacher oral feedback and school self-concept. Homeroom teachers identified students for whom they had high or low expectancies. Discriminant analysis indicated student perceptions of positive and negative academic oral feedback were more important than nonacademic feedback in predicting teacher expectancies. A 2-way multivariate analysis of variance showed that boys perceived more negative oral feedback than did girls, and fifth-grade students perceived more negative oral feedback on academic and nonacademic domains than did the third- and fourth-grade students. Furthermore, structural equation modeling results indicated a particularly strong relation between positive academic oral feedback and academic self-concept.     

师生关系：发展性主体际交往关系

师生关系是教育之存在和发展的基本关系。以往以狭义认识为方法论基础的教学理论难以对师生关系做出合理的阐释。取而代之的以现代广义认识论为方法论基础的教学理论艰师生关系予以科学地阐释,认为师生关系首先是一种社会关系,是教育社会中教师和学生两主体间的交往关系。其次,师生主体际交往以课程为中介,围绕课程进行对话、交流。再次,师生主体际交往关系以学生素质的全面发展和人格完善为目标,具有发展的特征。     

学生的个别差异与教师的评价

本文主要探究学生的个性特征、学习成绩和性别等个别差异在教师的评价方面的需求之影响。实验采用问卷调查法发现,性别和个性特征二因素之间交互作用以及学习成绩都对学生在教师的评价方面的需求有显著性影响;实验还发现大多数学生所需求的鼓励和提醒与教师常采用的赞扬不一致,这种不一致可能抑制学生的学习动机和阻碍师生心理健康发展。因此,为了激发学生的学习动机,维护师生心理健康,笔者建议教师根据学生的个性特征、学习成绩和性别等个别差异评价学生。     

德国教师教育的改革思潮

德国教师教育的改革受到了不同阶层的广泛关注，在教师教育改革过程中，不同的学者和专家提出了不同的改革模式和许多良好的改革建议，某些观点和改革的建议对我国的教师教育发展具有很大的启发作用。     

关注教师文化对师生关系的负影响

从翟莉的硕士学位论文《教师文化的三大倾向对师生关系的负影响》得到启示,教师文化的权威主义、效率主义和精英主义倾向对师生关系的负面影响值得关注,需要再三反思。该论文的某些论证与论据存在一些欠缺,希望与该文作者商榷,以此带动广大教育者共同关注教师文化倾向对师生关系产生的负面影响问题,从而为后续研究与教育的健康发展做出努力。     

Teacher Education Programmes and Their Contribution to Student Teacher Efficacy in Classroom Management and Pupil Engagement

This study focuses on how different educational programmes contribute to student teachers efficacy for classroom management and their abilities to provide learning opportunities and good classroom outcomes. Data were gathered from 491 student teachers attending different teacher education programmes in Norway and analysed via structural equation modelling. The results revealed the following: (1) problem behaviour in the classroom has a negative effect on student teacher efficacy, (2) students' perceptions of the integration of pedagogic knowledge and practice supports students' efficacy beliefs, (3) support from supervisors contributes positively to student teachers' efficacy beliefs, and (4) student teachers in university college programmes for primary school teaching report higher teacher efficacy than students in university programmes for secondary school teaching.     

The Teacher in the Two Year College

Interest in the use of technology in the classroom continues to grow. The current study included 100 students who registered for a 200 level child development class at a private university in Northern Virginia. Students were from 4 different sections taught by the same professor in different semesters. Two of the sections used a textbook. The other two used an online virtual simulation program. Results revealed that students using the simulation program had exam scores that were significantly higher than those for the sections that used a textbook. Students using the program reported that it helped them relate to class material, was more engaging and interactive than a textbook, and helped them connect class material to the real world.     

促进教吵币专业发展的教师自评体系解构

2001年颁布的《基础教育课程改革纲要（试行）》中明确提出：“建立促进教师不断提高的评价体系”、“建立以教师自评为主”的评价制度,这表明了教师自评在教师专业发展中的重要作用。以教师专业发展及教师自评的理论为基础,从教师的专业情意、专业知识与专业技能三个方面,对教师自评体系进行解构,可以促进教师的专业发展。     

美国教师教育中对实习生的评价研究——以马塞诸塞州某州立大学教育学院为例

本研究以美国马塞诸塞州某州立大学教育学院为案例,对美国职前教师教育中实习生的评价体系作了研究。美国职前教师教育中对实习生有系统而全面的评价标准,SIOP和PPA是重要的评价工具,评价指标体系具体、清晰,评价主体多元且权责明确,并且实习成绩与教师资格证的申请紧密相关,这些对我国教师教育中的实习管理都有借鉴意义。