个人项目运动员自我设限的影响因素

自我设限是指个体针对可能到来的失败威胁事先设置障碍,为失败创造一个合理的借口,从而保护自我价值,维护自我形象.通过两项研究考察了个人项目运动员自我设限倾向和行为的影响因素.研究一通过对来自不同运动水平和运动项目的187名运动员的调查研究发现,运动员自我设限倾向和整体自尊具有中等水平的负相关(r=-0.450,P＜0.010),低自尊的运动员拥有更高的自我设限倾向;成就目标定向的主效应显著(F=3.104,P=0.028),高任务/低自我定向的运动员自我设限倾向低于采用其他目标定向方式的运动员,而其他各组之间无显著性差异;控制了自尊水平之后,运动水平不会对运动员的自我设限倾向产生影响(F=0.200,P=0.819).研究二以61名大学生运动员为被试,采用2×2组间实验设计,以自我设限倾向(高、低)和运动情境重要性(重要、不太重要)为自变量,自陈式自我设限行为为因变量,做多因素方差分析.结果表明,自我设限倾向的主效应显著,F(1,57)=19.381,P=0.000;情境因素的主效应不显著,F(1,57)=2.648,P=0.109;自我设限倾向和情境因素的交互作用达到了边缘显著性水平,F(1,57)=3.184,P=0.076,交互作用不客忽视,有必要进一步讨论.高自我设限倾向的被试在重要情境中表现出更多的自陈式自我设限行为,而低自我设限倾向的被试在不同重要性的情境中表现几乎无差异.两个研究中所使用的量表均有可接受的信、效度.     

运动技能干预对大学生身体自尊、自我设限的影响

以自我设限及身体自尊5个分量表为调查工具,对高自我设限大学生进行运动技能实验干预。结果表明:开放式技能组、闭锁式技能组和对照组之间在自我设限、运动能力、身体状况、身体吸引力、身体素质变量上的主效应显著;男生对身体素质变量上的评价显著高于女生,其余变量均不存在显著的主效应,也不存在组别与性别的交互作用。结论:开放式运动技能对大学生的身体自尊各变量的改善均有显著作用,对自我设限干预效果显著优于闭锁式运动技能;运动技能干预对男生身体素质感的提高和自我设限的降低程度较女生更为显著。     

运动员一般自我效能感与自我设限倾向的关系及竞赛压力的 调节作用

以参加第11届全运会的104名优秀运动员为研究对象,采用问卷调查和数理统计方法探讨一般自我效能与自我设限倾向之间的关系以及竞赛压力与性别、运动项目可能的调节作用.结果表明:(1)一般自我效能感可以有效预测运动员个体的自我设限倾向,一般自我效能感水平越高,自我设限倾向越弱.(2)竞赛压力在一般自我效能感与自我设限倾向的关系中具有最著性的调节作用.随着竞赛压力水平的增高,较高水平的一般自我效能感对自我设限倾向的抑制性作用具有增强的趋势.(3)性别在一般自我效能感与自我设限倾向的关系中的调节作用不显著.运动项目在一般自我效能感与自我设限倾向的关系中具有显著性的调节作用.这一调节作用主要表现为:随着竞赛压力水平的提高,集体项目特征对运动员个体自我设限倾向的抑制性作用具有增强的趋势,且这一调节作用对一般自我效能感水平较低的运动员尤为明显.     

中学生体育锻炼自我妨碍行为调研

为了解我国中学生体育锻炼自我妨碍的现状、验证国外对于自我妨碍的研究结论在不同文化背景下是否具有普遍性。采用分层加随机抽样的方法,运用自编的中学生锻炼自我妨碍量表等测量工具,对我国中学生锻炼自我妨碍行为及其一系列预测指标的关系进行研究。结果表明：（1）中学生体育锻炼自我妨碍行为在性别上差异存在显著性意义;（2）中学生锻炼自我妨碍行为在年龄上差异存在显著性意义;（3）中学生的任务目标取向和锻炼自我妨碍之间存在显著的负相关,自我目标取向与锻炼自我妨碍之间的相关性并不显著;（4）中学生的身体自尊及自我效能等预测指标与锻炼自我妨碍之间存在显著负相关;（5）身体自尊、自我效能等变量在中学生锻炼自我妨碍与锻炼等级之间起到部分的中介作用。     

大学生自我效能感及自尊对自我妨碍影响的研究

本研究以滨州学院42名学生为研究对象,采用自我效能问卷、自尊量表及自陈式自我妨碍量表,对大学生在健美操考试中表现出的自我效能感、自尊及自我妨碍分别进行了测量,揭示了自我效能感及自尊对大学生自我妨碍行为的影响。     

一般自我效能与冰雪运动参与的关系：一个有中介的调节模型

为探讨一般自我效能与冰雪运动参与行为的关系,揭示锻炼自我效能和锻炼效果认知在一般自我效能与冰雪运动参与行为间的作用机制,采用问卷法对366名大学生进行调查。结果表明:(1)一般自我效能通过锻炼自我效能的部分中介作用间接预测冰雪运动参与行为;锻炼效果认知调节一般自我效能和冰雪运动参与行为的关系;整体模型检验发现,一般自我效能、锻炼自我效能、锻炼效果认知、冰雪运动参与行为构成了一个有中介的调节模型;(2)一般自我效能和锻炼自我效能是两个不同且有联系的层次。本研究结果扩展了锻炼行为的研究领域,有利于揭示冰雪运动参与的影响因素和内在作用机制,对促进大学生乃至全民冰雪运动参与具有一定启示意义。     

身体锻炼对大学生身体自尊和一般自我效能感的影响

采用文献资料法、数理统计法对大学二年级学生的身体锻炼、身体自尊和一般自我效能感等现状进行分析,旨在探讨身体锻炼对大学生身体自尊和一般自我效能感的影响.结果表明:男大学生与女大学生的身体自尊差异不显著,男生高于女生;锻炼强度对"运动能力"、"身体状况"和"身体素质"维度上的作用比较显著;锻炼时间对"身体自我价值感"和"身体吸引力"维度上的作用比较显著;锻炼强度和锻炼时间的交互作用对身体自尊和一般自我效能感的影响不最著;身体锻炼与一般自我效能感相关性不显著.     

大学生运动员自尊与自我控制及攻击性的关系

对大学生运动员进行自尊、自我控制和攻击性的测量,考察大学生运动员自尊与自我控制和攻击性之间的关系。结果表明:运动员自尊与攻击性、攻击性行为、攻击性情绪呈显著负相关,自尊与攻击性认知呈负相关;运动员自尊与冲动控制、工作或学习表现、健康习惯呈显著正相关,与节制娱乐、抵制诱惑呈正相关;自尊、自我控制对运动员的攻击性有显著的正向预测作用;自我控制在自尊与攻击性之间起部分中介作用。     

运动领域中自我设限的研究进展和方向

自我设限(self handicapping)是人们经常采用的一种保护自我价值的行为,在日常生活和运动领域中都广泛存在。对国外自我设限的概念、自我设限量表以及自我设限与群体凝聚力的关系等方面的研究进行分析说明,指出体育运动领域自我设限的未来研究方向,以期对拓宽体育研究者的视野有所帮助。     

篮球课对大学男生身体自尊影响的研究

研究通过理论背景综述和自然实验研究，较为全面地阐述、考察了篮球课对大学男生身体自尊的影响作用。经过13周的实验，结果表明篮球课对大学男生的身体自尊变化有显著的影响作用，并且增加了自我效能感手段的篮球课与常规篮球课对身体自尊变化的影响存在较大差异。     

An experimental investigation of the determinants and consequences of self-handicapping strategies across motivational climates

Abstract

The aim of the present study was to determine whether the use of claimed and behavioural self-handicaps and their correlates differed across experimentally manipulated motivational climates. Fifty-six competitive basketball players participated in the study. A crossover design was used, such that all participants completed the experimental task (i.e. a test of basketball skill) in both mastery and performance climates. Analyses of variance showed that claimed self-handicaps were used more in the performance than the mastery condition but only for the men. In addition, greater behavioural self-handicapping occurred in the performance than the mastery climate. Contrary to expectation, neither type of self-handicap was related to performance on the basketball task in either climate. These findings reinforce the conceptual distinction between claimed and behavioural self-handicaps and suggest that individual and environmental factors may differentially influence each type of handicap.     

Trait self-esteem and claimed self-handicapping motives in sports situations

Abstract

We examined the relationship between physical self-esteem and claimed self-handicapping among athletes by taking motives into consideration. In Study 1, 99 athletes were asked to report their tendency to engage in claimed self-handicapping for self-protective and self-enhancement motives (trait measures). Low self-esteem athletes reported a higher tendency to engage in claimed self-handicapping for these two motives compared with high self-esteem athletes. Neither low nor high self-esteem athletes reported a preference for one motive over the other. In Study 2, 107 athletes participated in a test that was ostensibly designed to assess high physical abilities – and thus to encourage self-handicapping for self-enhancement motives (success-meaningful condition) – or to assess low physical abilities, and thus to encourage self-handicapping for self-protective motives (failure-meaningful condition). Before starting the test, athletes were given the opportunity to claim handicaps that could impair their performance. Low self-esteem athletes claimed more handicaps than high self-esteem athletes in both conditions. Findings suggest that low physical self-esteem athletes engage more in claimed handicapping regardless of motives, relative to high physical self-esteem athletes.     

高校体育专业武术必修课考试中自我妨碍行为与考试成绩相关的探究

文章以陕西师范大学、陕西理工学院2005级76名学生为被试,通过对大学生武术考试中表现出的两种类型自我妨碍的测量,揭示了大学生自我妨碍行为对考试成绩的影响。研究发现,自陈式自我妨碍越高,成绩越差;行为式自我妨碍越少,考试成绩越优秀;行为式自我妨碍对武术考试成绩的影响较自陈式自我妨碍更为显著。     

武术考试中大学生自我妨碍行为对考试成绩影响的研究

以上海师范大学、滨州学院2003级76名学生为被试,通过对大学生武术考试中表现出的两种类型自我妨碍的测量,揭示了大学生自我妨碍行为对考试成绩的影响。研究发现,自陈式自我妨碍越高,成绩越差;行为式自我妨碍越少,考试成绩越优秀;行为式自我妨碍对武术考试成绩的影响较自陈式自我妨碍更为显著。     

The effects of self-handicapping on attributions and perceived judo competence

The aim of this study was to examine hypotheses derived from Jones and Berglas's (1978) self-handicapping model. It was hypothesized that individuals using many self-handicaps would use more internal attributions and report greater gains in perceived judo ability following success than individuals using few self-handicaps. In addition, it was hypothesized that individuals using many self-handicaps would use more external attributions and report less reduction in perceived judo ability following failure. Fifty-three judo players completed measures of trait self-handicapping, situational self-handicapping and a measure of perceived judo ability before competition. Following competition, the participants completed the Causal Dimension Scale II and the measure of perceived judo ability for a second time. Analyses of variance revealed that high self-handicappers attributed failure to more external factors than low self-handicappers. It was also found that high self-handicappers reported less of a reduction in perceived judo ability following failure than low self-handicappers. The findings therefore provide support for the potential short-term benefits of self-handicapping in sport, although further research is required to examine the long-term implications of using self-handicaps.     

Testing a model of antecedents and consequences of defensive pessimism and self-handicapping in school physical education

Abstract

There has been very limited research on the use of self-worth protection strategies in the achievement context of school physical education (PE). Thus the aim of the present study was to examine some antecedents and consequences of defensive pessimism and self-handicapping. The sample comprised 534 British pupils (275 females, 259 males) recruited from two schools who responded to established questionnaires. Results of structural equation modelling analysis indicated that self-handicapping and defensive pessimism were positively predicted by fear of failure and negatively predicted by competence valuation. In addition, defensive pessimism was negatively predicted by physical self-concept. In turn, defensive pessimism negatively predicted enjoyment in PE and intentions to participate in future optional PE programmes. Self-handicapping did not predict enjoyment or intentions. Results from multi-sample structural equation modelling showed the specified model to be largely invariant across males and females. The findings indicate that although both strategies aim to protect one's self-worth, some of their antecedents and consequences in PE may differ.     

体育学习中内隐观念与自我妨碍之间关系:成就目标的中介作用

目的：揭示体育学习中内隐观念对自我妨碍的影响，考察成就目标在上述关系中的中介作用。方法：采用问卷调查法对1 236名大学生在体育学习中运动能力信念、成就目标与自我妨碍进行测量。结果显示：（1）在体育学习中，学生的内隐观念对自我妨碍具有显著的预测效应，其中，能力增长观具有负向预测效应，能力实体观则具有正向预测效应；（2）掌握目标可以对自我妨碍产生负向预测效应，成绩回避目标则产生正向影响效应，但成绩趋近目标对学生自我妨碍的影响效应并不显著。（3）在学生的内隐观念与自我妨碍之间的关系中，成就目标存在着显著部分中介效应。能力增长观可通过掌握目标间接减少学生的自我妨碍，能力实体观可通过成绩回避目标间接增加学生的自我妨碍。结论：体育学习中应改变学生动机气氛知觉，避免评价学生的能力，有助于直接或间接减少学生的自我妨碍。     

Testing a model of antecedents and consequences of defensive pessimism and self-handicapping in school physical education

There has been very limited research on the use of self-worth protection strategies in the achievement context of school physical education (PE). Thus the aim of the present study was to examine some antecedents and consequences of defensive pessimism and self-handicapping. The sample comprised 534 British pupils (275 females, 259 males) recruited from two schools who responded to established questionnaires. Results of structural equation modelling analysis indicated that self-handicapping and defensive pessimism were positively predicted by fear of failure and negatively predicted by competence valuation. In addition, defensive pessimism was negatively predicted by physical self-concept. In turn, defensive pessimism negatively predicted enjoyment in PE and intentions to participate in future optional PE programmes. Self-handicapping did not predict enjoyment or intentions. Results from multi-sample structural equation modelling showed the specified model to be largely invariant across males and females. The findings indicate that although both strategies aim to protect one's self-worth, some of their antecedents and consequences in PE may differ.