Overeducation and the returns to enterprise-related schooling

This paper examines the relation between overeducation and enterprise-related schooling. If overeducation and enterprise-related schooling are substitutes the social costs of Overeducation are less. We find that correctly allocated workers have the highest probability of participation in enterprise-related schooling, while undereducated workers have the lowest probability of participation. There is no evidence of overeducation and enterprise-related schooling being either substitutes or complements. If we do not correct for self-selection, the average return on a year of education for correctly allocated workers is higher than the average rate of return to education for under- and overeducated workers. If we correct for self-selection in the participation in enterprise-related schooling the rate of return to education increases. The rates of return to under- and overeducation increase as well. If we correct for self-selection the rate of return to a year of undereducation becomes higher than the rate of return to a year of actual education. For undereducated workers the wage gain of participation in enterprise-related schooling is higher than for a correctly allocated worker. A year of Overeducation decreases the wage gain of participation in enterprise-related schooling for participants.     

Human capital linkages to labour productivity: implications from Thai manufacturers

Human capital investment is a necessary condition for improving labour market outcomes in most countries. Empirical studies to investigate human capital and its linkages on the labour demand side are, however, relatively scarce due to limitations of firm-level data-sets. Using firm-level data from the Thai manufacturing sector, this paper aims to investigate the effects of skill and human capital on labour productivity. Costs and benefits of human capital improvement are compared indicating that hiring workers who have higher education as well as providing them with in-service training has a statistically and significantly positive impact on an increase in labour productivity. However, hiring workers who have higher education yields less benefit than costs which come from higher average wage expenditures. However, providing training should contribute more benefit than cost. Besides education and training measures, we also measure workers’ skill levels into cognitive skills and non-cognitive skills and find that skill in information technology is found to be the most important cognitive skill for increasing labour productivity among Thai manufacturers. Non-cognitive skills such as those in leadership, time-management and communication are also important and seem to have positive relationship to labour productivity among Thai manufacturers.     

贵州农村劳动力转移的人力资本障碍及对策分析

劳动力素质差，使得贵州农村劳动力的就业竞争力弱，择业范围窄，限制了劳动报酬的增加，成为制约贵州农村富余劳动力转移的一个重要因素。加大政府投入，创新职业教育模式，加强对农村劳动力转移培训工作，努力提高人力资本素质，特别是农村新增劳动力的素质，是实现农民转变为产业工人、现代市民的关键：     

中国农民工职业培训的问题与对策

中国农民工的职业培训,实际上是要造就中国新一代产业工人,其意义非常重大,目前存在着培训投入不足、规模较小、质量不够、时间没保障、妇女农民工职业发展培训薄弱等问题,但随着中国改革的进一步深入,将日益得到中国社会各方面的重视和支持,未来10年中国将动员各种资源、开发多种途径、对农民工进行有效培训。     

Foreign direct investment and youth educational outcomes in Mexican municipalities

Inward foreign direct investment (IFDI) has often been considered to play a prominent role in the development of human capital in the host economy by introducing a foreign wage premium into the labour market. However, extant evidence on IFDI labour market effects is inconclusive, especially in emerging economies. We investigate for the case of Mexico whether foreign wage premia have an effect on educational outcomes of young cohorts that were 15 years old at the time of IFDI arrival in their municipality of residence. Results suggest that increasing foreign wage premium for unskilled jobs, both in manufacturing and services, has negative effects on a cohort's subsequent educational outcomes. The effects of foreign wage premium for skilled workers, however, are not significant but may lead to positive educational outcomes. The long-term implications of losses accruing from low investment in human capital do not only affect individuals but regions as well.     

外商直接投资的工资溢出效应分析——基于我国工业行业数据的实证研究

随着经济全球化的发展,各国经济相互依赖程度日益增强。外商直接投资给东道国带来的外部效应,受到越来越多的关注。本文在对国内外学者的研究成果进行梳理的基础上,采用我国工业37个行业2004-2011年的面板数据,对外商直接投资的工资溢出效应进行检验。实证结果显示,外商直接投资的流入不仅促进我国工业行业总体工资水平上升,而且对国有企业的工资水平产生显著的正向溢出。这种溢出效应通过劳动力市场竞争和引致性技术进步两个渠道产生作用。但国内资本与劳动生产率仍然是工资上升的主导推动力。     

我国制造业劳动力工资波动研究——基于DSGE模型的分析

关注我国制造业劳动力工资波动这一热点问题,构建一个封闭经济的一般动态均衡模型,重点分析总需求冲击和技术冲击对工资的动态效应。同时比较在不同的垄断程度下,我国制造业部门工资水平的脉冲反应。数值模拟的结果显示:一是总需求冲击使工资水平与可选择的工资水平出现了相反的变化趋势,对工资水平的效用为负,对可选择的工资的效用为正;二是生产率的提高使工资水平和可选择工资水平都出现了正向的波动;三是随着可选择工资的工人所占比例的上升,即工资粘性程度的下降,各种经济变量的变化幅度都有所降低;四是所有的冲击对经济变量的影响都是短期的,不具有长期效果。     

The politics of workers’ education in Nigeria

In this analysis of workers’ education in Nigeria, set against the broad definitions of the broad meaning of workers’ education, education as against training, and other fundamental issues, an important point should be noted. It is that the ‘worker’ in Nigeria is defined by law. This definition excludes, for example, those who are not on a monthly or annual wage. Thus those unskilled people hired on a temporary basis are not, legally, ‘workers’.     

Dynamics of rate of returns for postgraduate education in Taiwan: the impact of higher education expansion

This paper analyzes the dynamics of rate of returns for postgraduate education and the determinants of wage premiums for postgraduate labor, especially for the impact of higher education expansions, in terms of quantity and quality, since the late 1990s in Taiwan. Utilizing quasi-panel data over the 1990–2004 period and employing the double fixed effect model, the empirical results first confirm the existence of wage premiums for workers with postgraduate degrees. However, the analysis on the dynamics of wage premiums finds that it ranged from only 1.40 to 11.67% and decreased sharply in 2004, indicating that the pecuniary reward for postgraduate qualification seems not to be as high as expected. Along with the rapid expansion of higher education, the concern about its negative impact on rate of returns to education is witnessed in this study. The sharp increase in the supply of postgraduate labors appears to have a negative impact on an individual’s wage premium. Similarly, a decline in the postgraduate labor quality along with higher education expansion has contributed to a negative wage effect.     

市场失灵与政府在技工培养中的作用

技工培训的人力资本投资主体有个人、企业和政府，由于专业化技能具有很大的外部性，以及给技能所有者带来的负心理收益，个人缺乏对学习技能进行投资的积极性；企业之间在技工培训投资方面博弈的结果是都不培训员工。技工培训投资方面存在严重的市场失灵。解决技工短缺问题，克服市场失灵，必须由政府出面，通过建立合理的投资机制并进行一系列的制度创新，保证个人和企业技工培训投资的人力资本收益。     

The high-school dropout decision and its wage consequences

The purpose of this study is to investigate the wage consequences of leaving high school prior to graduation. The dropout process is modeled as interdependent events involving the dropout decision itself and expected wage offers. Since selectivity biases may occur in such models, our empirical analysis permits adjustment for any such biases. Our empirical results provide support for the existence of a self-selection bias in the initial work experiences following high school. We also find that wages for dropouts progressively decline in subsequent years relative to high-school graduates.     

Returns to overeducation: A longitudinal analysis of the U.S. labor market

Studies examining the wage effect of overeducation have generated very consistent results. Their findings suggest that, for workers with similar educational attainment, workers who are overeducated for the job suffer from significant wage penalties. However, most studies use cross-sectional data, implicitly assuming that workers are randomly assigned to being overeducated. Using data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics for the period 1979–2005, this study conducts a panel analysis to account for time-constant individual characteristics. It uses a numerical approach to provide the wage effects in the presence of non-classical measurement error in the educational mismatch variables. The results provide evidence that overeducated status does not cause lower earnings. Instead, the significant wage differential found in previous studies is simply a result of ignoring the non-random assignment of workers to jobs.     

The effect of training on productivity: The transfer of on-the-job training from the perspective of economics

Although the transfer of on-the-job training to the workplace belongs to the realm of educational research, it is also highly related to labour economics. In the economic literature, the transfer of training is based on the theoretical framework of human capital theory and has been extensively analysed empirically in econometric studies that take account of unobserved heterogeneity of workers and the selectivity in training participation. The aim of this paper is to give an overview of the underlying theoretical paradigm in economics, and the challenges faced in empirical research. The economic literature finds that participation in training is beneficial for both the participating workers and their employers, although there is also evidence that selectivity of workers matters. Despite this progress in the economic literature, the underlying processes through which training leads to a higher productivity remain unclear. We argue that this ‘black box’ offers opportunities for multi-disciplinary research projects on the transfer of training that relate the perspectives of educational and economic research.     

Self-employed workers: Returns to education and training

An empirical investigation of human capital returns to owners of unincorporated nonfarm businesses is described, and the results are compared with those for a similar cohort of employees. Data are from the older male cohort of the National Longitudinal Survey. A single-equation semi-log regression model is employed throughout. Results show that human capital returns to self-employed workers are basically consistent with results for employees, but some differences emerge. As hypothesized, returns to general training are somewhat larger and returns to specific training somewhat smaller for self-employed workers. The time path of returns associated with job tenure also differs.     

Education,educational mismatch,and wage inequality: Evidence for Spain

In this paper, we explore the connection between education and wage inequality in Spain for the period 1994–2001. Drawing on quantile regression, we describe the conditional wage distribution of different populations groups. We find that higher education is associated with higher wage dispersion. A contribution of the paper is that we explicitly take into account the fact that workers who are and workers who are not in jobs commensurate with their qualifications have a different distribution of earnings. We differentiate between three different types of educational mismatch: ‘over-qualification’, ‘incorrect qualification’, and ‘strong mismatch’. We find that while over-qualification and incorrect qualification are not associated with lower wages, strong mismatch carries a pay penalty that ranges from 13% to 27%. Thus, by driving a wedge between matched and mismatched workers, the incidence of strong mismatch contributes to enlarge wage differences within education groups. We find that over the recent years, the proportion of strongly mismatched workers rose markedly in Spain, contributing toward further within-groups dispersion.     

试论新生代农民工教育培训的障碍和对策——以宁波市江北区为例

新生代农民工的教育培训问题关系到区域经济发展和社会和谐稳定。结合宁波市江北区的实际,当前新生代农民工融入城市接受教育存在种种障碍。要通过政府引领、经费投入、完善服务、课程培训等途径和方法,切实做好新生代农民工教育培训工作。     

美国生产工人实际工资变动趋势原因分析——激进经济学派的制度分析

20世纪 70年代以来 ,美国生产工人实际工资呈下降趋势。主流经济学采用传统的供求关系分析框架对此现象加以解释 ,他们提出两个观点 :一种观点是将工资下降和收入分配不平等的增长归因于经济对技能要求的变化 ,形成了一种“技能错配” ;另一种观点将工资下降和收入分配增长的不平等归因于全球化。但这两种观点对解释美国生产工人实际工资的下降存在明显的局限性。而激进经济学派提出的制度因素能够更合理地解释美国生产工人实际工资的下降。本文认为 ,制度因素是造成美国生产工人实际工资下降的主要原因。     

Chinese Language and Literature Questions

The construction of socialist modernization not only requires high-level scientific and technological specialists, but also, and urgently, millions of middle- and primary-echelon technical personnel, managerial personnel, and technicians and skilled workers who have received a solid vocational or technical education, as well as other urban and rural laborers who have received good vocational training. Without such a vast army of laborers and technical people, it would be difficult to transform advanced scientific technology and advanced facilities and equipment into practical social forces of production. Yet, it is precisely vocational and technical education that is the weakest link in our entire educational enterprise at the present time. We must therefore take realistic and effective steps to reverse this situation and strive for a major development in vocational and technical education.     

关于教育投资选择的收益模型分析

在构建的教育投资收益—成本函数模型中,投资成本分为直接成本、机会成本和心理成本,投资收益分为经济收益和非经济收益,将心理成本和非经济收益转化为经济价值形式进入模型分析过程.教育效率、工资水平和就业概率等因素直接影响教育投资收益,而受教育者的天赋、当前人力资本水平、家庭和国家教育投资水平等对教育效率具有正向效应.通过比较物质资本收益率、家庭教育投资收益率和国家教育投资收益率,从短期和长期角度,对家庭、国家教育投资决策及其均衡状况进行探讨,可以看出深化教育投资需要健全教育环境、完善劳动市场、注重个体天赋和以经济社会可持续发展为目标.