The Role of Sport for Australian POWs of the Turks during the First World War

Nearly 200 Australians were taken prisoner by the Turks during World War I, some 76 of them during the Gallipoli campaign and the remainder over the succeeding three years during the ongoing campaigns against the Ottoman Empire. Approximately a quarter of them died in captivity. In contrast to the experiences of Australians taken prisoner by the Japanese during the Pacific War, Australian history and collective memory, and Australian commemorative activities, have almost totally overlooked the Australian prisoners of the Turks. This article redresses the balance somewhat by looking at an important aspect of the prisoners’ lives; the games they played while in captivity. The article suggests that sports and games were an important part of their methods for coping with the captivity experience, although there were some significant differences in the role sport played for captives of the Turks as compared to the role it played for those taken prisoner by the Japanese in the next World War.     

Sport and Tourism - An Effective Cooperation: Canoeing and Mountaineering in France before the First World War

In the second half of the nineteenth century, sport and tourism developed simultaneously under British inspiration. The models of the Alpine Club and the Touring Club set examples which were emulated in France, thus benefiting the development of physical activities and the planning of places of interest. While private commercial initiatives were only slowly emerging, the French Alpine Club and Canoe Club, effectively assisted by the Touring Club de France, promoted tourist expansion. This paper shows how the cooperation orchestrated between the sports and tourist societies played a driving role in the development of the tourist economy in France. To support this project, this case study uses the comparative analysis of two tourist areas: the banks of the River Marne, taken over by Parisian water sport enthusiasts, and the Dauphiné Alps, favoured by English mountaineers as early as the 1860s. Comparing two different geographical areas and two different activities allows us to highlight the common process which accounts for the joint development of sports and tourist activities. Our analyses, which are based on a precise chronology and a detailed cartography, underline the progressive structuring of sports sites and development of tourist infrastructures needed to accommodate sportsmen and -women. This work is founded on an analysis of the archives and publications of the above-mentioned organizations. The tourist development of these areas is identified through cadastral maps and tourist guides.     

Exploding the Myths of Sport and the Great War: A First Salvo

This article examines the connection between sport and the First World War. It challenges the conventional wisdom that the athleticism associated with a public school education made a significant contribution to the British war effort. Additionally it argues that athleticism had a negligible influence on elementary school pupils who comprised the bulk of the military forces. It also suggests that while army authorities eventually accepted that sport had a positive role to play and made it a compulsory element of military training, it also existed as an escape from hostilities rather than just preparation for them.     

Skating to Armageddon: Canada,Hockey and the First World War

The founding of the Korean Women Taekwondo Federation means the fetal movement of women taekwondo in Korea and it can be said to have been quite significant in that it increased women's confidence in their statuses and activities in the environments of the times when women's social activities were increasing. The development of women taekwondo competitions began in earnest when the first women taekwondo hall in the world was opened as a result of passionate activities of early female taekwondo practitioners and the first taekwondo club was established in Ehwa Woman's University. Women's aspiration towards the challenge to the Olympic Games as well as international competitions is gradually increasing through the expansion of the base of women taekwondo. The status of women taekwondo in Korea that has been enhanced through challenges to various international competitions thus far beginning with the single taekwondo championship of foreigners in Korea in 1968 can be said to have contributed to the enhancement of the status of Korea as the birthplace of taekwondo and it is considered that women taekwondo could have continuously developed through diverse taekwondo championships by age held with women's steady effort and the expansion of the base of women taekwondo instructors.     

Wartime rugby and football: sports elites, French military teams and international meets during the First World War

The First World War is traditionally considered in history as a temporary halt for cultural and sporting activities. If the Olympic Games and the Tour de France were actually cancelled, football and rugby were in fact stimulated by the circumstances of war. Indeed, the gathering of allied nations behind the Western Front emerged as the main factor in the development of these two sports. Reading the sporting press and military archives shows that international sporting exchanges were stimulated during the Great War. To be specific, France benefited from the golden opportunity provided by the presence of the masters of the game to strengthen its practices and affirm its status as a sporting nation. Inter-allied sporting exchanges were primarily characterised by informal encounters between military selections. Then, following the recognition of these sports by the military authorities, the number of exchanges increased. At the end of 1917, the official status acquired by sport within the military forces created the conditions for the structuring of the French sporting elite. From that point, we can witness the birth of the first French military rugby and football teams, as they demonstrate, through their good performances during the demobilisation period, the progressive build-up of the international dimension of French sport during the war years.     

The champion boxer Les Darcy: a victim of class conflict and sectarian bitterness in Australia during the First World War

The humanities in higher education are under attack. There may not be a deliberate and concerted effort to undermine their provision and development within universities but the direction of current policy is certainly undermining their stability and well being as an intellectual pursuit. Using the example of sports history, this paper considers whether public expenditure on academic history is justified and it explores some of the ways the subdiscipline might develop in response to the shifting sands of both public policy and public interest.     

Canada Hosts the World: An Examination of the First Federal Sport Hosting Policy (1967)

The Canadian federal government has a history of financing the hosting of large-scale international sport events, beginning with the 1930 Hamilton British Empire Games. Since the 1961 Fitness and Amateur Sport Act, the number, cost and impact of hosting these events has grown exponentially in an era of increasing efforts to showcase the nation on an international stage. Hosting events routinely results in a large infusion of government funding: the upshot is intensive bid competitions. Immediately following the act, the federal government furtively worked towards a hosting policy to guide its efforts in that regard. This paper tracks events and government processes influencing the development of a rational and planned approach for selecting those events (and cities) that benefited amateur sport and met other federal goals. A relatively obscure but key sport policy is uncovered and examined: the 1967 federal sport hosting policy.     

Gendering physical education: The role of the French State in the aftermath of the First World War

Abstract

The Great War contributed greatly to challenge the gender order in France, a context that resulted in both a crisis of masculinity and a certain freedom of women. As a reaction, men and women were redefined in the aftermath of the First World War according to traditional gender expectations. This return to tradition was especially reflected in the new official discourse on physical education. Between 1919 and 1927, the so-called “French Method of Physical Education” was written by the Military School of Joinville-Le-Pont and immediately imposed on the State school system for all French pupils. Consisting of three large volumes, the “French Method” offers an excellent tool to explore how the French State redefined the gender relations and presented ideal models of masculinity and femininity. The issue is of particular interest because the “French Method” became compulsory for almost half a century in France and was largely disseminated throughout the world.     

Modern pentathlon and the First World War: when athletes and soldiers met to practise martial manliness

In the nationalistic atmosphere of the early twentieth century, a nurturing medium for sports practising martial manliness abounded throughout Europe. This framework supported the invention of a new multi-disciplinary sport, aided by Baron Pierre de Coubertin himself: modern pentathlon. Though the idea of a new form of pentathlon was already born in 1894, it took 30 years, until Paris 1924, to establish modern pentathlon within the Olympic Games. This study is concerned with the reasons for that delay. It will be assessed whether the active military preparations around the First World War and the contemporary image of masculinity had a decisive influence on the early history of modern pentathlon. By including historical documents from the IOC archives in Lausanne, Switzerland, the research office for military history in Potsdam, Germany, and the LA84 Foundation in Los Angeles, USA, as well as literature on gender, military sport and Olympic history, this study offers an entirely new view on the early history of a sport that was born in an atmosphere of glorifying manliness and apparent militarism. The history of modern pentathlon thereby provides a particularly appropriate area for the analysis of connections between sport, militarism and masculinity. It was not by chance that the implementation of a combined sport, which included besides swimming and running the three military disciplines of shooting, fencing and horse riding, arose in a pre-war context. Though in 1912 the Great War had not yet begun, the awareness of an upcoming battle was rising and led to a higher attention to Coubertin's almost forgotten assumption of a new sport. In 1924 the advantages were finally admitted on two sides: the army recruited modern pentathletes as future military officers; the sports community appointed skilled officers as successful competitors. Thus the lobby for an Olympic recognition of modern pentathlon was found.     

Media and international sporting rivalry: the Anglo-German sporting rivalry and the shaping of international sporting competition between nations

Abstract

This article examines the emergence the sporting angle to Anglo-German rivalry from 1908 to 1920, with the focus upon the Olympic Games. Since the cold war international sport has been awash with rivalries between nations that attempt to demonstrate their superiority upon the sports field. Although certainly not the first international sporting rivalry, but perhaps the first which was emblematic of military tensions. Here, the focus will be upon the British perspective to rivalry. The majority of the primary material comes from the British press chosen because of the wide variety of opinions upon German participation and athletes that reveal aspects of British identity revealed via comment and comparison between the two nations. The rivalry and tensions between Britain and Germany illustrated here spilled over into war in July 1914. In the period before the outbreak of war, British interest in German Olympic participation grew, as did fears of their abilities. While in the period after the conclusion of hostilities in November 1918 illustrated the regard by which Germany was held in after the war.     

The new sporting Cold War: implications of the Russian doping allegations for international relations and sport

Abstract

This article examines current state of the new sporting cold war in the world of sports. It provides an examination of the 2014–2018 Russian doping scandal. Political and ideological prerequisites that triggered this scandal are considered, and based on obtained observations, an analysis of possible scenarios in the development of events is made as are recommendations for future progress in ending this unnecessary neo-cold war.     

Sport,Politics and Exile: Protests in Israel during the World Cup (Argentina, 1978)

This article seeks to analyze certain questions concerning the protests mounted against the 1978 World Cup. After a brief review of the military government's efforts to use the World Cup to legitimize its dictatorship, to Argentine society as well as the rest of the world, we examine the reactions of world public opinion to the fact that this event was being held in a country ruled by a repressive, criminal regime. Our focus, however, is on the people and groups in Israel who used the occasion of the World Cup to protest and denounce the crimes committed in Argentina. The Israeli case is particularly interesting because of the close relations between Israel and the Argentine dictatorship, as well as the fact that Israel had a large community of Latin American immigrants, most of them Argentines. Their numbers steadily increased as several hundred exiles fled the horrors of the military dictatorship.     

关于运动心理学发展方向的思考——历届国际运动心理学大会的主题分析

历届国际运动心理学大会的主题变化，反映出30多年来国际运动心理学的发展十分迅速。同时，也反映出国际运动心理学大会的主题缺乏对运动心理学研究对象的针对性和对国际运动心理学发展方向的指导作用。严格界定运动心理学的研究对象是运动心理学健康发展的重要问题。     

Sporting Journalism and the Maintenance of British Servicemen's Ties to Civilian Life in First World War Propaganda

The traditional interpretation of First World War servicemen as alienated and isolated from civilians has been increasing challenged in recent years. Scholars have shown that British soldiers maintained ties with civilian life, and that sport and leisure were important to the retention of such links. This article examines one aspect of the propaganda activities of the National War Aims Committee (NWAC). Though mainly a civilian propaganda organization, the NWAC also produced substantial content for a weekly newspaper for servicemen on leave, including the column ‘Sport and Play’. These articles, unusually, had no overt propaganda purpose – they featured little patriotic rhetoric, simply providing information about sporting results and highlights from the cinema, theatre and music-hall. However the columns constituted a more subtle propaganda, providing comforting images of constancy at home and reassuring servicemen that everyday life would remain the same when they returned to their civilian lives. The article suggests that the NWAC recognized and addressed the significance of sport and leisure and the maintenance of bonds with the civilian world for servicemen who had, in most cases, only temporarily left these peacetime preoccupations behind.     

大型国际体育赛事的认知效果

在理论研究的基础上,通过实践得出了2007大师杯·上海球童选拔活动认知的净效果。研究得出：对于全覆盖条件下的体育赛事而言,从项目评估的角度来看,是有其特殊的一套理论和方法的。这些理论和方法从理论和实践上证明是可以被应用到体育赛事的评估中的。