相对成本收益决定及其模型--技术与制度关系的第三种解释

如何在技术创新和制度创新之间分配资源是一个重要的理论和实践问题。本文在对“单线决定论”进行简单回顾的基础上，提出技术和制度之间关系的第三种解释－相对成本收益决定论。     

技术创新与制度创新的匹配机制研究：—一个理论框架和两个案例分析

传统的经济增长理论不是只强调技术创新就是只强调制度创新的重要性，而本认为经济增长必须通过技术创新与制度创新的匹配才能实现。为了阐明这个观点，本首先对索洛1957年和诺斯1968年的论进行了重新解释，批评了早先从这两篇论中得出的技术决定论和制度决定论观点，然后在综合前人工作的基本上提出了一个关于技术创新与制度创新匹配机制的一般性理论框架；最后运用这个理论框架分析了两个案例。     

技术创新与制度创新的匹配机制研究──一个理论框架和两个案例分析

传统的经济增长理论不是只强调技术创新就是只强调制度创新的重要性，而本文认为经济增长必须通过技术创新与制度创新的匹配才能实现。为了阐明这个观点，本文首先对索洛１９５７年和诺斯１９６８年的论文进行了重新解释，批评了早先从这两篇论文中得出的技术决定论和制度决定论观点；然后在综合前人工作的基本上提出了一个关于技术创新与制度创新匹配机制的一般性理论框架；最后运用这个理论框架分析了两个案例。     

企业技术结合理论研究

<正> 一、经济增长的世界难题 五十年来,各国经济学家一直在探索一个“经济增长率之谜”。这就是经济增长速度的长期差异究竟是什么原因造成的?对这个经济增长理论的“世界难题”,现有的各种经济理论学派先后提出了资本积累、技术进步、人力资本、技术创新、制度创新、知识积累与专业化学习和资本+非熟练劳动+人力资本+新思想(如专利)构成的多元要素决定论;1996年发达国家依据信息社会的特征,提出了经济以知识为基础的“知识经济理论”,对经济增长的决定因素作了最新解释。经过     

玻姆论有限与无限、自由与必然

玻姆的“因果解释”开启了把量子层次看作是确定的这样一种可能性,与量子理论的“哥本哈根解释”所主张的流行观点相反。这使得他被冠以国际上知名的量子理论的决定论解释的辩护者。但实际上玻姆不是一个简单的决定论者。在玻姆看来,决定论或非决定论、因果性或或然性,都不是绝对的。相反,它们是对立互补的,共同构成整幅图景。玻姆的整体性视域生动地体现在他对有限与无限、自由与必然等范畴的思考当中,为我们提供了一种新的认识论可能性。     

文化与经济增长文献述评

传统经济增长理论主要分析传统生产要素（劳动、资本）和技术对经济增长绩效的影响,现代经济理论则日益关注传统经济增长因素背后的文化因素。本文从文化的概念开始、分别从宗教、制度、创新等视角对现代经济学在探讨文化影响经济增长方面进行了回顾与述评,并提出了当前研究的不足与未来的研究方向。     

什么样的制度产生高人力资本经济增长效应?——一个基于动态QCA方法的研究

人力资本是促进经济增长的关键因素,如何优化制度以提高人力资本的经济增长效应是各地“抢人大战”之后最应该关注的问题。本文提出了影响人力资本经济增长的制度框架,即“积累—配置—创新”制度框架。在此基础上,基于动态的汇总型fsQCA方法使用2001-2017年的省际数据,对推动人力资本经济增长效应提升的制度组态模式进行了分析。研究发现：(1)积累制度、配置制度和创新制度均不是高人力资本经济增长效应的必要条件。(2)推动人力资本经济增长效应提升的制度组态模式有4种,即配置-创新型制度组态、积累-创新型制度组态、创新型制度组态以及均衡型制度组态。(3)即使配置制度和积累制度缺失,创新制度的完善也能拉动人力资本的经济增长效应。(4)在多时段比较分析中,发现多重轨迹演化的现象,创新型制度组态的变化轨迹是“主导轨迹”、配置型制度组态的变化轨迹是“缓冲主导轨迹”、积累-创新型制度组态的变化轨迹是“转折轨迹”。区别于静态的组态视角,本文从复杂动态视角出发,既拓展了人力资本经济增长效应的研究视野,也为如何完善高人力资本经济效应的制度环境提供了新的思考。     

马克思主义技术观不是“技术决定论”

针对国内一些学者提出的“马克思主义的技术决定论”，“马克思主义的技术观是社会制约的技术决定论”，“马克思主义历史观包含着科学技术决定论”等观点，本文通过对“技术决定论”与马克思主义的历史观和技术观的比较分析，认为二者是性质根本对立的两码事，是对马克思主义的历史观和技术观的误解或歪曲。     

温州市工业园区布局调整初探

本文首先结合温州经济特点，提出了研究工业园区布局的理论视角，即“工业园区－园区系统－区域经济”的互动耦合观和“新产业区理论－区域经济根植性与本地网络特性”相融合的理念，以此出发，讨论了温州市工业园区布局的现状及问题。并从城市（区域），园区系统，区位，资源与要素以及新产业区因子等五个方面剖析了影响温州市工业园区布局调整的条件，最终构筑了“三大‘经济板块’两条－－‘发展走廓－－三个‘工业园区组团’”的战略布局设想，提出了温州市工业园区布局的调整方案。     

网络环境下新创平台企业制度创业与合法性获取——小米公司案例研究

网络环境下新创平台企业的制度创业策略“是什么”及其“如何”作用于合法性获取，是有待解决的重要问题。本文在回顾网络环境与新创平台企业、制度创业、合法性相关研究的基础上，通过整合合法性研究的战略视角和观众视角，构建出研究框架，并在此基础上，基于扎根理论，对小米公司进行案例研究，结果表明：新创平台企业常用的制度创业策略包括“安排共同理解”“颠覆设计”“增加可信度”“情感调动”和“权利保证”，这些制度创业策略通过促进观众合法性判断、抑制观众非法性判断，帮助新创平台企业获取合法性。研究结论可以丰富制度创业的理论积累及解释情境，对网络环境下新创平台企业设计制度创业策略具有实践指导意义。     

Students' Reactions to the Introduction of Videoconferencing for Classroom Instruction

This study examined how students who had no prior experience with videoconferencing would react to the use of videoconferencing as an instructional medium. Students enrolled in seven different courses completed a questionnaire at the beginning of the semester and again at the end of the semester. Students at the origination and remote sites did not differ in their reactions toward videoconferencing but there was a significant difference for gender. Women reacted less favorably to videoconferencing. Compared to the beginning of the semester, students reported significantly less positive attitudes toward taking a course through videoconferencing at the end of the semester. There were no significant differences in students' attitudes toward videoconferencing across courses at the beginning of the semester but there were significant differences across the courses at the end of the semester. The results suggest the need for better preparation for both students and instructors.     

Cooler temperatures inductive to locust outbreaks

Ajoint study by Prof. ZHANG Zhibin from the CAS Institute of Zoology and his co-workers from Norway, US and Swiss have indicated that historical outbreaks of migratory locusts in China were associated with cold spells, suggesting that China＇s projected climate warming could decrease the pest＇s numbers. The study was published in Proceedings of theNational Academy of Sciences on 17 September, 2007.     

Exploring Multiplexity: Social Network Structures in a Computer-Supported Distance Learning Class

A computer-mediated group is a complex entity whose members exchange many types of information via multiple means of communication in pursuit of goals specific to their environment. Over time, they coordinate technical features of media with locally enacted use to achieve a viable working arrangement. To explore this complex interaction, a case study is presented of the social networks of interactions and media use among members of a class of computer-supported distance learners. Results show how group structures associated with project teams dominated who communicated with whom, about what, and via which media over the term, and how media came to occupy their own communication niches: Webboard for diffuse class-wide communication; Internet Relay Chat more to named others but still for general communication across the class; and e-mail primarily for intrateam communication. Face-to-face interaction, occurring only during a short on-campus session, appears to have had a catalytic effect on social and emotional exchanges. Results suggest the need to structure exchanges to balance class-wide sharing of ideas with subgroup interactions that facilitate project completion, and to provide media that support these two modes of interaction.     

The Role of Intermediating Institutions in the Diffusion of Electronic Data Interchange (EDI): How Industry Associations Intervened in Denmark, Finland, and Hong Kong

Electronic data interchange (EDI) provides means for interorganizational communication, creates network externalities, requires an advanced information technology (IT) infrastructure, and relies on standards. In the diffusion of such innovations, institutional involvement is imperative. Such institutions contain governmental agencies, national and global standardization organizations, local government, and nonprofit private organizations like industry associations. The last type of organizations we call intermediating institutions. They intermediate or coordinate ("inscribe") the activities of a group of would-be adopters. Unfortunately, little is known of how these organizations shape the EDI diffusion trajectory. In this article we examine one specific type of intermediating organizations?industry associations?and how they advanced the EDI diffusion process in the grocery sectors of Hong Kong, Denmark and Finland. We identify six institutional measures, placed into a matrix formed by the mode of involvement (influence vs. regulation) and the type of diffusion force (supply push vs. demand pull), that can be mobilized to further the EDI diffusion. Industry associations were found to be active users of all these measures to varying degrees. Their role was critical especially in knowledge building, knowledge deployment, and standard setting. Furthermore, institutional involvement varied due to policy and cultural contingencies and power dependencies.     

How Electronic Publishers are Protecting Against Piracy: Doubts About Technical Systems of Protection

The increasing prospects of digital piracy has prompted the perceived need by electronic publishers to adopt technical systems of protection, and governments to reform their copyright laws. This article is a preliminary study of the management of intellectual property by electronic publishers, defined as those involved in the production of online databases, and CD-ROMs. It focuses on three main issues: (1) how electronic publishers view the increasing threat of piracy; (2) the methods of protection employed to protect intellectual property in digital format; and (3) the importance of technological protection of intellectual property in electronic publications. The analysis is based on a sample of 23 UK electronic publishers. The interviews revealed an interesting assortment of protection methods and did not show that technological protection was a preferred way. Instead, the means of protection, in addition to copyright law, comprised niche markets, pricing, trust, bad publicity, and nontechnical and technical means.     

Rough Justice: A Statistical Assessment of ICANN's Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy

Long-standing conflict between domain name registrants and trademark holders prompted the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) to create a global, mandatory arbitration procedure known as the Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy (UDRP). The UDRP has been used in 2166 cases involving 3938 domain names as of 1 November 2000. The policy gives the initiator of a complaint, generally a trademark holder, the right to choose which ICANN-accredited dispute resolution service provider (RSP) will handle the case. During the preparation of the UDRP,some feared that complainant selection would lead to "forum shopping" that might bias the results. This article performs a statistical assessment of the forum-shopping thesis and finds support for it. There are statistically significant differences in the various RSPs' propensity to take away names from defendants; there are also major differences in the number of cases brought to each RSP. RSPs who take away names have the larger share of cases. The study examines other variables that might explain differences in market share, such as price, the plaintiff's nationality, or the time taken to decide a case. It finds that nationality and time also are correlated with market share. The study concludes that shopping for a favorable outcome is an important factor in the UDRP.     

Prevalence of soft neurological signs in Chinese people

Prof. Raymond C.K. Chen, a neuropsychologist with the CAS Institute of Psychology, has made novel progress in his studies of schizophrenia. His work has been reported by a recent issue of Behavioural Neurology.     

Monoculture Rubber Plantations Have Negative Ef ects on Controlling Splash Erosion

<正>In Xishuangbanna,one of China’s most biodiverse regions,landscape has changed dramatically during the past three decades due to the conversion of tropical rainforest to rubber plantations.In steep areas,terraces are often constructed before planting rubber trees,which causes two important changes in the soil:the destabilization of soil in the bench terraces and the increased vulnerability of unvegetated riser faces to erosion.Few studies have documented the nature and intensity of erosion on bench terraces.Prof.LIU Wenjie and his colleagues from the Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden(XTBG)conducted a study in Menglun County(21°5′39″N,101°15′55″E),Xishuangbanna to evaluate the influence     

Chinese Scientists Use Earth Observation Technologies to Study and Protect Wild Camels

<正>Chinese scientists plan to apply Earth Observation technologies to protect the critically endangered wild camels(Camelus ferus).With the help of remote sensing,satellite positioning,geographical information system and wireless sensors networks,they will be able to access the distribution and population of the wild camels and protect their habitats.The project will be carried out by the International Research Center for Wild Camel Conservation,which was jointly established earlier this year by the Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth(RADI)of the Chinese     

More than Skin Deep – Understand Skin Biology by Means of Dermatogenomics

<正>The Paul Gerson Unna Research Group on Dermatogenomics was founded in October 2012 at the Partner Institute for Computational Biology.The ultimate goal of the group is to understand the biology of skin and skin appendages.