早期干预实践的原则探析

早期干预实践源于看似不相容的理论,然而在实践过程中则发展出一些原则作为其实践的基础。文章回顾近十年来的文献,总结出了早期干预的一些原则。     

早期阅读教育的价值与指导策略

正确认识和理解早期阅读教育的内涵及价值,为幼儿早期阅读提供必要的环境支持和有效指导是幼儿早期阅读教育研究的一个重要课题.文章拟从分析早期阅读的内涵入手,全面阐述早期阅读对儿童发展的积极影响,并进一步探讨早期阅读教育的指导策略,以促进幼儿基本阅读能力的形成.     

Using Research to Improve the Cost Effectiveness of Early Intervention Programs

Since the implementation of Public Law 99457, the number of children served by early intervention programs has increased substantially. This article describes the d e s of advocacy and science in contributing to that expansion. A biosocial systems model of early development is used to explain how comparative experimental research can help to improve the cost effectiveness of early intervention programs. Examples of the benefits of such research are taken from the other articles reported in this issue of Early Education and Development.     

Using Research to Improve the Cost Effectiveness of Early Intervention Programs

Since the implementation of Public Law 99457, the number of children served by early intervention programs has increased substantially. This article describes the d e s of advocacy and science in contributing to that expansion. A biosocial systems model of early development is used to explain how comparative experimental research can help to improve the cost effectiveness of early intervention programs. Examples of the benefits of such research are taken from the other articles reported in this issue of Early Education and Development.     

我国大陆特殊儿童早期干预研究综述

本文从早期干预的定义、对象、研究人员类型、相关法律条款、研究理论、研究具体内容等几方面对我国大陆的研究进行了总结和回顾 ,最后对今后研究的方向提出建议     

Repetition in Early Intervention Programs

This article is directed to two issues: the extent to which children in early intervention programs are experiencing repetition in their curriculum from one year to the next (as manifested by reiteration of Individual Educational Program [IEP] objectives), and whether repetition results, at least in part, from establishing initial objectives that are too difficult for the children. The authors reviewed objectives from two sequential IEPs on 36 children from 15 programs in 10 states across the country, Although the data were too "messy" for a complete classification of objectives, careful inspection revealed a great deal of repetition and near-repetition in consecutive IEPs that were separated, on the average, by approximately one year. By matching objectives, where possible, to the expected age of mastery as indicated on a standardized instrument, and to the child's functional age, the authors found a clear tendency for children's objectives to be beyond their developmental level. It is concluded that although slow children will of course learn slowly, the data of this study, confirmed by research in child development, suggest that some of the reiteration in early intervention may be the result of excessive demands rather than the "need for repetition" intrinsic to those with mental retardation.     

Repetition in Early Intervention Programs

This article is directed to two issues: the extent to which children in early intervention programs are experiencing repetition in their curriculum from one year to the next (as manifested by reiteration of Individual Educational Program [IEP] objectives), and whether repetition results, at least in part, from establishing initial objectives that are too difficult for the children. The authors reviewed objectives from two sequential IEPs on 36 children from 15 programs in 10 states across the country, Although the data were too "messy" for a complete classification of objectives, careful inspection revealed a great deal of repetition and near-repetition in consecutive IEPs that were separated, on the average, by approximately one year. By matching objectives, where possible, to the expected age of mastery as indicated on a standardized instrument, and to the child's functional age, the authors found a clear tendency for children's objectives to be beyond their developmental level. It is concluded that although slow children will of course learn slowly, the data of this study, confirmed by research in child development, suggest that some of the reiteration in early intervention may be the result of excessive demands rather than the "need for repetition" intrinsic to those with mental retardation.     

A Strategy for Early Intervention

An infant school's approach to assessment with teachers using time sampling techniques to observe and record behaviour is described by Mavis Willay, head of Rotherfield Infants School, Inner London Education Authority     

早期依恋干预研究综述

早期依恋干预的目的在于提高早期儿童依恋的安全性。近年来,研究者从影响依恋安全性的因素入手,进行了行为层面、依恋表征层面及综合两者的干预研究,取得了某些令人振奋的成就,但今后仍须加强适用一般儿童与特殊儿童干预方案理论与实践的研究。     

所有权保留性质二元论

所有权保留是起源于罗马法上的古老制度,进入我国后,以其独特的移转所有权的形式和担保功能在现代信用经济高度发展的时代受到青睐,取得了较大的发展,但是,当前学界对所有权保留制度的性质尚无统一认识。本文基于对当前所有权保留性质的各种学说的评析介绍,否定了以往所有权保留性质争论中的单一论的观点,提出确定所有权保留制度性质的新的理论预设,认为所有权保留制度具有二元性,既是附停止条件的所有权的移转形式,又具有独特的担保性质。     

早期干预的理论依据探析

早期干预是20世纪60年代在美国提出的对环境不利儿童采取的补救性措施,对美国特殊教育界具有重大的影响.如今它已成为世界各国特殊教育的理念之一,同时也代表了未来特殊教育发展的新方向.本文从个体生命早期身心发展特点出发,以神经生物学、脑科学、心理学等的研究为基础,从器官的发育、脑结构及功能可塑性、心理发展期等维度,对早期干预的理论依据进行了深入、全面、细致的分析.     

Learning Language in Early Intervention Programs

Investigators of early language development have noted that teachers tend to select specific language objectives and teach them didactically, whereas parents are more likely to adopt open-ended objectives and teach them opportunistically. The authors have called the former approach directive, because of its reliance on teacher-controlled precision teaching, and the latter nondirective, because of its reliance on child-centered supportive techniques. This article explores the relative emphasis given these two approaches in early intervention by examining language objectives on Individual Educational Programs (IEPs) drawn from 20 programs in 10 states. It also analyzes the directive versus nondirective nature of language items on eight major developmental inventories that are used both to assess children's language and as the source of language objectives. The primary finding—a preponderant directive orientation on both IEPs and inventories—is discussed in terms of the literature on language development in normal and handicapped preschoolers.     

The Effect of Early Intervention Services on Maternal Well-Being

In this investigation we examine the relation between intensity, duration, and comprehensiveness of early intervention (EI) services and changes in three aspects of maternal well-being: parenting stress, social support, and family cohesion. Data on the hours, length, and types of services received by a sample of 133 children and families from EI programs in Massachusetts and New Hampshire were gathered from the point of entry into EI to the point of discharge around the child's third birthday. Hierarchical regression analyses were used to determine which measure of EI service intervention contributed significantly to the explained variance in changes in maternal well-being, over and above aspects of the child's functioning and prior levels of maternal well-being. Results indicated that, although greater service intensity was associated with improved family cohesion overall, mothers of children without motor impairment reported greater increases than mothers of children with motor impairment. Service intensity and comprehensiveness predicted significant increases in social support levels. EI services did not have a significant impact on parenting stress. Three practice and policy implications are discussed: building flexibility into EI service provision to be responsive to individual family needs; attending to the accommodations required of families raising a child with a motor impairment; and incorporating other aspects of family functioning into future studies of EI effectiveness.     

关注特殊需要儿童的早期亲子关系干预

近年来,特殊需要儿童的融合教育在国内外越来越受到社会的关注。笔者认为,建立良好的亲子关系对于特殊需要儿童的发展非常重要,它一方面给特殊儿童提供心理安全环境,另一方面促进特殊儿童的社会性发展。因此,为特殊需要儿童及其家庭提供以构建良好亲子关系为目标的早期干预服务意义重大。亲子关系干预是特殊需要儿童早期干预中的一项重要内容。文章关注于特殊需要儿童的早期亲子关系干预,并提出了干预的原则。     

学习品质视域下的学龄前儿童教育游戏设计与开发研究

实现"游戏性"与"教育性"的有效融合是学龄前儿童教育游戏设计开发的难点。学习品质作为学龄前儿童发展的重要领域,将儿童发展的关注点从"学什么"转变为"如何学",强调要从"完整学习者"和"主动学习者"的角度看待儿童的学习过程和学习行为,为教育游戏的设计研究提供了新的视角。基于学习品质的相关成果,该研究构建了基于儿童学习品质的教育游戏设计框架,从情感/动机和行动/行为两个维度呈现了学习品质各个要素在儿童游戏过程和学习过程中的交互关系和发展过程。根据该框架设计了针对3-6岁儿童的"唐诗咏流传"教育游戏并进行了实践。初步应用表明,该游戏对儿童的兴趣、快乐、动机等要素有明显影响,对坚持性、灵活性和自我调节的促进还需要进一步研究和完善。     

Examining School Psychologists' and Teachers' Application of Approaches Within a Response to Intervention Framework

Approaches consistent with a Response to Intervention (RTI) framework are becoming increasingly prominent. The present study is a preliminary investigation aimed at gaining a greater understanding of educators' knowledge of RTI and application of RTI principles. It serves as the first step toward understanding educators' preparation to implement these mandated changes. Educators (308) completed an online study to assess their knowledge of tasks inherent in RTI procedures. Respondents were asked to rate their familiarity with RTI principles. Then, respondents were asked to interpret graphical data that were consistent with RTI screening and progress monitoring approaches. Overall, results indicated that the majority of educators perceived themselves as having the knowledge to implement RTI practices. However, when asked to apply RTI-consistent principles, not all were successful. Specifically, school psychologists were better at interpreting and making decisions based on graphical data relative to general and special education teachers. There may be a disconnect between the expectations inherent in an RTI model and teachers' ability to meet these expectations. School psychologists may be positioned to support teachers in this area. The implications of these results for implementing RTI practices and developing professional development programs for general and special educators in elementary schools are discussed.     

论真意保留

我国现行民法及合同法并未规定真意保留制度,但真意保留制度有其存在的价值。本文探讨了真意保留的概念、构成要件及效力等问题,并建议在民法典中规定这一制度。