高特质焦虑的注意偏向研究

特质焦虑的注意偏向研究是焦虑认知研究中一个重要的方面。高特质焦虑个体确实存在对威胁信息的注意偏向。本文在分析特质焦虑的注意偏向基础上,提出了研究中的不足,并对未来的研究内容进行展望,以期对焦虑障碍的临床治疗提供指导。     

地转偏向问题的一种简单通俗教法

地转偏向力是高中课程的重难点之一。本文作者针对地转偏向力的偏向原理及特征．以地转偏向问题作为切入点，探讨了简单通俗的教学方法，旨在为合理地指导本知识点的课堂教学提供参考。     

不同依恋风格个体对情绪信息的注意偏向

依恋风格是个体与依恋对象在长期交往中所形成的系统性的情感和行为模式.近年来随着依恋的信息加工差异在很多研究中被强调,注意对依恋系统的影响显得更为重要,因此越来越多的研究开始关注不同依恋风格个体的注意偏向.本文主要从四个方面对依恋风格和注意偏向的研究进展进行了论述:(1)不同依恋风格个体对情绪信息的注意偏向特点;(2)注意偏向产生的机制;(3)相关的神经电生理学的研究;(4)目前研究的不足和对未来研究的展望.     

认知偏向修正训练及其内在机制

认知偏向是情绪障碍发生和维持的重要易感因素,涉及注意偏向、解释偏向和记忆偏向等许多认知加工过程。大量实验研究表明针对认知偏向进行程序化的重复性修正训练可以有效地缓解情绪障碍。认知偏向修正训练的本质是一种联想加工过程,遵循联结学习、迁移-适当加工和小步子等原则有助于提高认知偏向修正的训练效果,提高临床治愈效果。     

浅谈成败归因及其偏向问题

本文主要论述了人们对成功与失败的不同归因会引起行为者的不同体验,并影响其未来行为以及归因过程中存在的偏向问题。     

不同情绪状态对大学生注意偏向影响的实验研究

以63名大学生为被测试对象,采用不同情节的电影片段为情绪诱发材料,选取了表达消极、积极和中性情绪的中文词各40个（共120个）为测量被试注意偏向的实验材料,采用“点探测”实验范式,考察了大学生被试在愉快、悲伤和平静三种情绪状态下,对负性、正性和中性情绪词的注意偏向。结果表明个体在悲伤时对负性情绪词表现出注意偏向,在愉悦时对正性情绪词表现出注意偏向,而平静时对三类情绪词没有表现出显著差异。     

英语优秀骨干教师与新教师课堂指令语比较研究

此研究是关于小学英语骨干教师指令语和新教师指令语的对比研究，意在找出两类教师指令语的不同，以及给英语教师提出一些实用性的想法。此研究基于Searle的言语行为理论和其他学者对教师指令语形式和重复频率的研究，转录并分析四位教师的课堂实录，发现在小学英语课堂中，骨干教师普遍更偏向使用直接指令语。而在使用重复性指令语的时候，骨干教师比新教师更少使用重复性指令语。但教师在遇到学生较难理解的指令语时，都会用母语加以解释。     

特质焦虑者注意偏向的研究综述

特质焦虑者对威胁信息的注意偏向影响其焦虑易感性。研究表明,威胁刺激的水平、特质焦虑者的状态焦虑水平、威胁刺激呈现的时间长短等是影响特质焦虑者注意偏向的主要因素。但是由于实验范式和刺激材料以及实验手段的不同,这些影响因素在注意偏向中的作用还需进一步明确。     

内群体成员眼部注视优势的实验研究

人类的面孔尤其是眼部区域在社会沟通和交流过程中起着至关重要的作用.早期研究发现个体对内群体成员面孔信息有更好的理解和提取能力,但对个体是否对内外群体面孔特殊区域存在不同的注意偏向仍没有充足的研究.通过两个实验,采用eyelink1000plus眼动仪研究内群体成员是否存在眼部注视优势,同时为预测本族偏向提供更具体的参考依据.     

内群体成员眼部注视优势的实验研究

人类的面孔尤其是眼部区域在社会沟通和交流过程中起着至关重要的作用.早期研究发现个体对内群体成员面孔信息有更好的理解和提取能力,但对个体是否对内外群体面孔特殊区域存在不同的注意偏向仍没有充足的研究.通过两个实验,采用eyelink1000plus眼动仪研究内群体成员是否存在眼部注视优势,同时为预测本族偏向提供更具体的参考依据.     

Self-evaluation accuracy and satisfaction with performance: Are there affective costs or benefits of positive self-evaluation bias?

This paper examines how self-evaluation biases may influence satisfaction with performance. A review of theoretical positions suggests there are two views, both of which are supported by studies involving laboratory tasks. The first view predicts affective costs, and the second affective benefits of positive self-evaluation bias. We test the opposing predictions with the data of a study in which fifth-graders’ self-evaluation, performance, and satisfaction with performance were measured before and after a four-week arithmetic training program. Our findings support the benefit view, that is, students with a negative self-evaluation bias rated their satisfaction with performance significantly less than those with positive bias, even though both performed comparably.     

On Rewarding and its Educational Significance

Propensity score matching (PSM) has become a popular approach for research studies when randomization is infeasible. However, there are significant differences in the effectiveness of selection bias reduction among the existing PSM methods and, therefore, it is challenging for researchers to select an appropriate matching method. This current study compares four commonly used PSM methods for reducing selection bias on observational data from which the treatment effects are intended to be assessed. The selection bias, standardized bias and percent bias reduction are evaluated for each of the PSM methods using empirical data drawn from the national Education Longitudinal Study of 2002. The results of the current study provide empirical evidence and helpful information for researchers to select effective PSM methods for their research studies.     

On the relationship between regulatory focus and response bias in multiple-choice exams

Regulatory focus is a strong predictor for a person’s behaviour in signal detection tasks. While a promotion focus is related to a risky response strategy (hits, false alarms), a prevention focus is associated with a conservative strategy (correct rejections, misses). The present research is based on the assumption that multiple-choice (MC) examinations represent typical signal-detection situations. It includes six studies that examined the effect of students’ regulatory focus on their test-taking response bias in MC items with a multiple true–false format. Altogether, the results support the hypothesized association between promotion focus and the tendency to make errors of commissions (rather than omissions), and conditioned evidence for the hypothesized association between promotion focus and the tendency to confirm (rather than negate) test items. Findings concerning prevention focus were heterogeneous. In sum, this research extends the generalizability of the predictions from regulatory focus theory to the context of MC examinations.     

Associations between students' perceptions of classroom environment and academic efficacy in Australian and British secondary schools

Often, when an evaluation is needed, there is always a tendency to jump into data collection without first considering what might be already available. This paper demonstrates how an existing student database from a large school district could be used to provide some rigorous evidence regarding the impact of a supplementary teacher professional development programme on student achievement. Randomization was not possible in this study but to ensure rigour, matching of the treatment and the comparison groups was done on variables that were considered highly predictive of future achievement. The two groups were matched at the class level on course type, grade level and prior achievement. Next, hierarchical linear modelling was used to further control for selection bias between the two groups. According to the statistical theory on selection bias, this two‐part process of matching and modelling removes all the observed bias. This illustration shows that performing a rigorous quasi‐experimental study is possible in education even when there are limiting circumstances to conducting a randomized experiment.     

‘Consider the Opposite’ – Effects of elaborative feedback and correct answer feedback on reducing confirmation bias – A pre-registered study

Unbiased reasoning is considered an essential critical thinking skill that students need to possess to face the future challenges in their work and life. Confirmation bias, which is the tendency to selectively attend to information that is consistent with held beliefs, presents a significant thread to unbiased reasoning. An effective strategy to reduce confirmation bias is the ‘consider-the-opposite’-strategy (COS). The central question of this pre-registered study was whether providing elaborative, worked example feedback after COS practice would lead to a better performance on previously practised and transfer tasks than correct-answer feedback. Participants were 132 university students who took a confirmation bias pre-test, watched an instructional video on COS afterwards and next received either worked example feedback or correct answer feedback on practice tasks, practised only, watched the instruction only or received no treatment. Finally, all participants took a learning test assessing their skill to avoid confirmation bias, and a transfer test assessing whether they could apply this acquired skill to problems containing other biases. Results revealed no differences on the learning test between both feedback conditions, but students who received feedback scored significantly higher on the confirmation bias problems than students who did not receive feedback. We carried out our pre-registered analysis plan, but due to the low reliability of particularly the pre-test, we carried out an additional exploratory analysis on subsets of post-test items and a subset of transfer test items. Results on learning revealed the same pattern as the planned analyses. However, we found no differences between any of the conditions on transfer.     

From their ‘own’ to ‘both’ interpretations: children’s understanding of ambiguity / De ‘su’ interpretación a ‘ambas’: la comprensión de la ambigüedad en los niños

Abstract

The present study aimed to analyse whether young children’s failure in succeeding ambiguity tasks is related to a bias in favour of maintaining their initial interpretation or one in favour of showing conformity to the interpretation of another person. Two experiments were conducted with ambiguous figures and ambiguous sentences. After giving their own interpretation of the stimulus, children of different ages (from 3–8 years of age) were confronted with the alternative interpretation. In general, the results of the two experiments found an accentuated ‘own’ bias, meaning that young children usually persisted in their own interpretation and did not show conformity to the ‘other’ interpretation. Only after the second grade were children able to understand that both interpretations (their own and the alternative) were equally valid for the same stimulus. The results also revealed that the ability to show informed reversal does not necessarily imply the ability to overcome the ‘own’ interpretation bias and, consequently, does not require the achievement of a real understanding of ambiguity. The present study showed an age-related development of ambiguity understanding, from an egocentric interpretation to the acceptance of two interpretations as equally valid.     

教师偏爱对英语专业低年级学生学习的影响研究

大学英语专业课堂中有教师偏爱学生现象的存在,该现象的存在有主、客观两方面因素,对英语专业低年级学生在学业成绩、学习动力、学习环境和学习心理上都产生了影响。英语专业教师要消除偏爱,树立博爱的教学理念,以利英语专业教学。     

大学生认知偏差与人际交往的关系研究

通过对扬州大学218名大一、大二和大三年级的学生进行认知偏差问卷(TCBQ)和人际交往能力测试问卷的调查,并用SPSS软件对数据进行处理,在此基础上综合探讨其人际交往与认知偏差的关系,结果表明:(1)大学生认知偏差在年级上存在显著差异。对于抑郁,大一和大三年级、大二和大三年级之间差异显著;在认知偏差总分上,大一和大三年级之间也存在显著差异。(2)人际交往总分和交往能力等级在各年级上均存在显著差异。(3)大学生认知偏差总分与其人际交往能力总分呈显著正相关。     

父母对幼儿行为问题反应偏向的原因及影响分析

通过对上海市四家幼儿园86名幼儿父母进行有关儿童行为问题家长评定的调查,发现父母评定的儿童行为问题的比率极其显著高于专家和专业研究机构的判定比率。家长的这一反应偏向可能与他们缺乏相关科学知识、对孩子的高期望以及中国传统文化有关,并可能导致产生育儿焦虑及不当的教养行为,从而对早期家庭教育产生负面影响。     

Generalizability and Validity of a Mathematics Performance Assessment

The QUASAR Cognitive Assessment Instrument (QCAI) is designed to measure program outcomes and growth in mathematics. It consists of a relatively large set of open-ended tasks that assess mathematical problem solving, reasoning, and communication at the middle-school grade levels. This study provides some evidence for the generalizability and validity of the assessment. The results from the generalizability studies indicate that the error due to raters is minimal, whereas there is considerable differential student performance across tasks. The dependability of grade level scores for absolute decision making is encouraging; when the number of students is equal to 350, the coefficients are between .80 and .97 depending on the form and grade level. As expected, there tended to be a higher relationship between the QCAI scores and both the problem solving and conceptual subtest scores from a mathematics achievement multiple-choice test than between the QCAI scores and the mathematics computation subtest scores.