语言学研究的复杂性探索：语言结构生成、演化的动力学机制

复杂性科学是在系统科学的基础上发展起来的一门跨学科科学,其研究对象是复杂系统,重点探索宏观领域的复杂性及其演化等问题。从系统复杂性的视角看,语言是一个开放的、动态的、非线性的、适应性自组织复杂系统;汉语“的”字结构的产生表明,新的语言结构生成的性质为涌现,主要通过语言系统内部各要素之间的合作、竞争,从有序到无序再到有序的相互转换而实现;同时,推动语言结构生成演化的源动力蕴藏于结构之中的遗传基因,表现为上下层级结构分形的关系;复杂性科学对现代语言学研究有重大的启示。     

教学系统复杂性及教学控制

复杂科学及复杂性思维引发了教学系统复杂性问题。教学系统复杂性主要表现为为多样性、非平衡性、不确定性、混沌性。复杂性对教学系统具有助稳定、促演化、提高系统能力等作用。教学系统复杂性需要教学控制来解决其面对的矛盾情景,而教学控制需要以新的价值取向为引导,选择合适的方法与技术才能发挥教学系统复杂性的功效。     

Small-group problem-based learning as a complex adaptive system

Small-group problem-based learning (PBL) is widely embraced as a method of study in health professions schools and at many different levels of education. Complexity science provides a different lens with which to view and understand the application of this method. It presents new concepts and vocabulary that may be unfamiliar to practitioners of small-group PBL and other educational methods. This article looks at small-group PBL from the perspective of complex adaptive systems (CAS). It begins with a brief review of the current understanding and practice of PBL. Next some of the characteristics of CAS are reviewed using examples from small-group PBL to illustrate how these characteristics are expressed in that context. The principles and the educational theory in which small-group PBL are embedded are related to CAS. Implications for health professions education are discussed.     

复杂科学与教育组织管理研究

复杂科学是20世纪后期兴起的一门新学科,复杂科学对于探索和研究复杂系统,尤其是从组织管理的层面解决复杂问题具有独到的作用。教育系统是一个独特的复杂系统,具有开放性、松散结合性、非线性与非均衡性等特征。运用复杂科学的管理熵与耗散结构理论,可以揭示复杂的教育组织结构演化以及管理决策,临界点的内在矛盾运动和规律,指导教育组织系统的科学组织与决策,建立科学的教育组织结构,进行组织再造和提高教育组织效能。     

复杂性理论在教育技术学中的研究分析与评述

复杂性理论改变了人们原有简单、线性思考问题的方式,将事物间的关系与内部的本质呈现了出来。教育技术学作为一门交叉学科迫切需要复杂性理论提供理论支持与方法支撑。通过梳理国内现有研究文献,对教育技术的设计、开发、利用、管理和评价五大领域中复杂性理论的研究现状进行分析与评述,发现在教育技术各个领域中都有复杂性理论的研究。在设计领域,复杂性适应系统、混沌理论以及复杂性思维被应用于教学设计中;在开发、利用与管理领域,研究大多基于复杂网络视角进行的研究;在评价领域,综合模糊评价法的应用较广。在分析复杂性理论在教育技术学中的现有成果的基础上,通过建立复杂性系统科学与教育技术新的研究关系,以促进复杂性理论在教育技术领域更深入的研究。     

Christopher Winch on the Representational Theory of Language and its Pedagogic Relevance

This paper considers questions of continuity and change in education from the perspective of complexity theory, introducing the field to educationists who might not be familiar with it. Given a significant degree of complexity in a particular environment (or ‘dynamical system’), new properties and behaviours, which are not necessarily contained in the essence of the constituent elements or able to be predicted from a knowledge of initial conditions, will emerge. These concepts of emergent phenomena from a critical mass, associated with notions of lock‐in, path dependence, and inertial momentum, suggest that it is in the dynamic interactions and adaptive orientation of a system that new phenomena, new properties and behaviours, emerge. The focus thus shifts from a concern with decontextualised and universalised essence to contextualised and contingent complex wholes. This is where complexity theory seeks the levers of history. The paper posits the notion of inertial momentum as the conceptual link between the principle of emergent phenomena as developed principally in the natural sciences and the notion of socio‐historical change in human society. It is argued that educational and institutional change is less a consequence of effecting change in one particular factor or variable, and more a case of generating momentum in a new direction by attention to as many factors as possible. Complexity theory suggests, in other words, that what it might take to change a school's inertial momentum from an ethos of failure is massive and sustained intervention at every possible level until the phenomenon of learning excellence emerges from this new set of interactions among these new factors, and sustains itself autocatalytically. The paper concludes with a summary consideration of the conditions that contribute to the emergence of new properties and behaviours in a system.     

Making educational development and change sustainable: Insights from complexity theory

This article considers the challenge of sustainable change and development in education from the perspective of complexity theory. Complexity theory’s concept of emergence implies that, given a significant degree of complexity in a particular environment, new properties and behaviours emerge that are not necessarily contained in the essence of the constituent elements, or easily able to be predicted from a knowledge of initial conditions. These concepts of emergent phenomena from a critical mass, associated with notions of lock-in, path dependence, and inertial momentum, contribute to a perspective on continuity and change that indicates what conditions might need to be in place for the emergence of sustainable, positive, system-wide change and development in education.     

论复杂性科学对现代心理学研究的影响

兴起于20世纪80年代中期的复杂性科学,是针对还原论的世界图景的反动.它强调按照事物的本来面目认识和把握研究对象,为我们提供了一种全新的科学方法论.复杂性科学引发了人类思维方式的变革:从线性思维到非线性思雏,从还原论思维到非还原论思维,从实体性思维到关系思雏等.这些思维方式的变革促使我们重新审视现代心理学的特征与误区,同时也为心理学的研究提供了切实的方法论和新视角.     

基于系统论的高职院校教师岗位聘任管理体系构建

教师岗位聘任管理工作是高职院校人事制度改革的重要组成部分,也是一项复杂的系统工程,文章运用系统理论,以系统总体最优为目标,阐述了高职院校教师岗位聘任管理体系的构建原则与技术路径,指出了系统运行后亟待解决的新问题,并提出了建议对策,对高职院校开展教师岗位聘任管理工作具有现实的指导意义。     

基于复杂性理论的大学管理创新探析

复杂性理论强调系统的不可还原性、涨落和不稳定性、开放性和自组织性。该理论已经从一个研究领域转变为研究范式,对社会科学领域的研究产生了重要的影响。借鉴复杂性理论观照大学管理创新是大学复杂管理系统的内在要求,也是高等教育发展的历史选择。促进大学管理创新的活力,应充分利用边缘系统的创新空间,保持大学的开放性,使大学管理系统处于一个合理的远离平衡态。     

Putting grammatical complexity in context

Effective writing is to some degree characterised by the ability to use complex grammatical structures. However, grammatical complexity is poorly defined in linguistics and related disciplines such as literacy. This empirical study examined the notion of grammatical complexity and its relevance to literacy. Complexity is multifaceted, so for reasons of scope the study was confined to nominal structures, i.e. the noun phrase (e.g. I finished the book on Marx) and the nominal clause (e.g. I heard what you were doing). Such nominal structures were analysed by frequency and category in a bank of essays from Year 10/11 pupils in a UK comprehensive school. The results suggest that complexity is a product of the interaction of grammar with the context of production, and that in literacy it is helpful to view grammar as a system of options that can be manipulated to maximise the meaning potential of a text.     

复杂科学视域下的德育评价

复杂科学作为研究复杂现象、复杂问题和复杂系统的科学,是研究如何按照事物本来的复杂面目深刻地认识、理解和把握事物发展及其变化的一门新科学。复杂科学的整体性、动态性、非线性和开放性的思维方式,为现代德育评价注入了一股清新气息。复杂科学视域下的德育评价改革,应从单一走向综合,从一元走向多元,从静态走向动态,从封闭走向开放。     

复杂性科学视域中的大学发展规划

复杂性科学提供了一种全新视角来审视大学发展规划。大学作为一个复杂系统,决定了大学发展规划相应具有复杂性特征。这种复杂性特征,一方面表现为大学发展规划所涉及的性质、环境、目标、过程等要素无不具有复杂性;另一方面,大学发展规划作为一个特殊系统,其自身也具有非线性、不可还原性、自组织性、偶然性、动态生成性等复杂性特征。中国大学发展规划存在着绝对理性模式、计划管理倾向和缺少必要弹性等简单思维。为此,从复杂性科学出发,大学发展规划应超越线性,体现非线性;关注策略,策略优于程序;通过“涨落”,促成“涌现”;告别绝对理性模式,树立有限预测观。     

Can we escape the program? Inventing possible∼impossible futures in/for Australian educational research

This essay brings together two lines of inquiry. Firstly, I revisit research on futures in education conducted during the 1980s and re-examine some of the propositions and principles that this research generated about “the future” as an object of inquiry in education. Secondly, I argue that the language of complexity invites us to rethink education in terms of emergence, and potentially destabilises the instrumentalist rationality that “programs” educational systems to privilege orderly and predictable processes culminating in stable output, a potentiality that may be undermined by a pervasive politics of complexity reduction. I conclude by drawing upon these two lines of inquiry to outline some strategies that might resist complexity reduction and catalyse emergence in Australian educational research as preconditions for inventing possible～impossible futures.     

复杂性、科学与后现代思潮

复杂性科学与后现代主义思潮有着一定的关联。但是复杂性科学绝非后现代主义得以成立的科学基础。后现代主义思潮批判审视科学发展。把其中合乎自己思潮的东西拿过来为己所用。其中既有把其思想发挥的地方，也有大量误读的地方。复杂性科学可效仿后现代主义思潮，从后现代思潮发展中索取“为我所用”的东西，来推动对于复杂性思想在社会科学领域的应用研究。     

Complexity and action research: exploring the theoretical and methodological connections

Complexity theory is essentially a formal attempt to question how coherent and purposive wholes emerge from the interactions of simple and sometimes non-purposive components. Explicit recognition of complexity can provide a fresh and enlightening perspective on action research. Through an expository discussion of the foundational postulates of complexity theory this article demonstrates the theoretical and methodological connections between complexity and action research, with particular emphasis on the relevance of complexity in educational and workplace contexts. Complexity is an emerging theoretical perspective, which presents possibilities for revolutionizing approaches to action research, as well as strengthening arguments promoting the value of action research in a wide range of contexts. Complexity, it is argued, can provide a valuable theoretical underpinning for action research. Furthermore, action research provides a valid methodological approach to the study of complexity. This article is primarily theoretical and attempts to demonstrate the application of complexity to a specific action research project will be left to future publication(s). Rather, this article explores the general applicability of complexity as both theory and metaphor in action research. The article begins with a brief exploration of the theory, particularly focusing on its application in the social sciences. The theoretical and methodological connections between complexity and action research are discussed through several of the foundational postulates of complexity, how these manifest in action research and how they add to our understanding of action research itself.     

试论复杂性教育理论的脉络结构和意蕴

复杂性科学蓬勃发展为其融入教育领域的研究提供了必要和充分的条件,随着研究的逐渐深入和扩展,构建复杂性教育理论的框架不啻为一个有益的尝试。为了能够更加清晰地掌握复杂性教育理论的脉络结构和意蕴,可以从知识的复杂性和整体与部分的关系、认知的复杂性和元认知、教师的复杂性和统一性与多样化的关系、学生发展的复杂性和非线性与不确定性、教育生态的复杂性和全球化与相互依存、教育价值的复杂性和三重实在与两种文化等六个方面加以剖析和阐释。