Nobel Prize in Physics 2016

The article describes the theorietical work in the field of condensed matter physics for which the 2016 Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded.     

Primary schooling in West Bengal

With his Nobel Prize award money, Amartya Sen set up the Pratichi Trust which carries out research, advocacy and experimental projects in basic education, primary health care, and women’s development in West Bengal and Bangladesh. Professor Sen himself took active interest in this work—helping set the agenda, looking at the evidence from research, and engaging in advocacy. The present article is based on Sen’s introduction to a Pratichi study of primary education in West Bengal, released in December 2009, which compares the results of surveys conducted at an interval of almost a decade. Sen’s significant findings and insightful observations and recommendations have relevance much beyond West Bengal.     

Nobel for a minus sign

In this article we survey the research work for which the Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded in 2004, and discuss the three scientists — David Gross, H David Politzer and Frank Wilczek, who received the honour.     

Yoichiro Nambu: Seer of modern physics

In this article I try to explain, in as non-mathematical a manner as possible, the path-breaking contributions of Yoichiro Nambu who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for 2008. It can easily be said that the three pillars of modern high energy physics are: The Electroweak Theory, Quantum Chromodynamics and String Theory. Nambu made fundamental contributions in all these areas.     

论阿马蒂亚·森的能力发展观

阿玛蒂亚·森的发展思想,能更好地诠释“科学发展观”:人是发展的目的,人们过某种珍视的生活的能力是发展的指标,参与的能力是科学发展观形成及其得以顺利实践的重要保证。     

百余年诺贝尔物理学奖的辉煌与遗憾

诺贝尔物理学奖已成为国际社会中地位最高、影响最大的自然科学奖项。许多物理学研究机构、院校乃至国家均以能获得此项殊荣而引为自豪,其获奖者被视为民族英雄,深受本国人民的爱戴和仰慕。但是．人们也深深地为诺贝尔物理学奖历史薄上的瑕疵而感到困惑和遗憾,诸如将其奖项授予根本站不住脚的研究项目,而一流的成果却被该奖拒之门外;对奖励项目的选择严重不当,偏重于纯物理;以及迟来的奖赏等等。从事物理学研究的学者们应该勇于追求获奖殊荣,但也不要将诺贝尔物理学奖看得过于神圣和高贵。     

The 2012 nobel prize in physics

The 2012 Nobel Prize in Physics has been awarded jointly to Serge Haroche and David J Wineland “for ground-breaking experimental methods that enable measuring and manipulation of individual quantum systems”. In this article, we discuss how the experiments of the two Laureates have taught us how to study single quantum particles — using photons to study single atoms in the case of Wineland, and using atoms to study single photons in the case of Haroche. Their work may some day lead to a superfast quantum computer.     

Neutrino oscillations

The 2015 Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to two physicists-Takaaki Kajita and Arthur B McDonald, whose teams discovered that neutrinos, which come in three flavours, change from one flavour to another. This discovery is a major milestone in particle physics as it gives a clear evidence of physics beyond the Standard Model. Neutrino oscillation is a quantummechanical phenomenon whereby a neutrino created with a specific lepton flavour (electron, muon, or tau) can later be measured to have a different flavour. Historical development of the field in chronological order of experiments is briefly described in this article.     

诺贝尔物理学奖使量子光学走出黑暗

2005年10月7日两个美国人和一个德国人因为给光学研究点亮了指路明灯——为制造更准确的钟表和全球定位卫星的技术奠定了基础——而被授与2005年诺贝尔物理学奖。     

The 2009 Nobel Prize in physics

The Physics Nobel Prize, 2009 has been awarded jointly: one half to Charles K Kao “for groundbreaking achievements concerning the transmission of light in fibers for optical communication”, and the other half to Willard S Boyle and George E Smith “for the invention of an imaging semiconductor circuit — the CCD sensor”. In this article, we explain the basic ideas behind these inventions, and why the choice is appropriate in interpreting Alfred Nobel’s will in who should get these prizes.     

试论阿马蒂亚·森的自由思想

本文是在阿马蒂亚·森《以自由看待发展》的基础上研究他的自由思想。从阿马蒂亚·森自由思想的理论渊源和其实质内涵着重讨论了阿马蒂亚·森自由思想的主要内容,有自由与发展,自由与平等,并提出了阿马蒂亚·森自由思想对当代的一些启示。     

Broken CP symmetry and the Physics Nobel Prize 2008

Kobayashi and Maskawa shared half the Physics Nobel Prize for 2008 for their work which incorporated CP violation in the standard model using three generations of quarks. We give an elementary discussion of this work and its importance in our understanding of the fundamental physical laws of nature.     

Standard model, Higgs Boson and what next?

One hundred years of Fundamental Physics, starting with discoveries such as radioactivity and electron, have culminated in a theory which is called the Standard Model of High Energy Physics. This theory is now known to be the basis of almost all of known physics except gravity. We give an elementary account of this theory in the context of the recently announced discovery of the Higgs Boson. We conclude with brief remarks on possible future directions that this inward bound journey may take.     

Giant magnetoresistance

The 2007 Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to Albert Fert and Peter Grünberg for the discovery of giant magnetoresistance (GMR). GMR is achieved in metallic multilayers, where the resistance of the multilayer changes considerably by the application of a magnetic field. This has paved the way for high density data storage in magnetic media. (left) Debakanata Samal is a research scholar at the Deaprtment of Physics at IISc, Bangalore. His research interests are in magnetotransport in oxide multilayers, spintronics. (right) P S Anil Kumar is an Asst. Professor at the Department of Physics, IISc Bangalore. His research interests are in spintronics, magnetic nano-structures, surface-and thin-film magnetism, magnetotransport in metallic multilayers and oxides, and spin-polarized electron scattering.     

The Nobel Prize in the Physics Class: Science, History, and Glamour

This paper introduces a novel strategy for teaching physics: using the Nobel Physics Prize as an organizational theme for high school or even first year university physics, bringing together history, social contexts of science, and central themes in modern physics. The idea underlying the strategy is that the glamour and glitter of the Nobel Prize story may attract and motivate high school students to open-up to scientific topics and thus be spurred to pursue science. The two major arguments for the method are that if presented in story form Nobel Prizes naturally incorporate the philosophical and historical aspects of science and therefore enable teaching about science as well as teaching science itself; and that such instruction implements case-based teaching principles, which is how humans naturally think, learn, and remember. Finally, the paper presents the storycase of the Nobel Prize Einstein received for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect as a concrete illustration of classroom implementation.     

Nobel Prize in Physics 2006

The discovery of the cosmic microwave background radiation in 1965 was a defining moment in the history of cosmology — the science that deals with the universe as a whole, its origin, evolution and future. This discovery was recognized with Nobel Prizes to Penzias and Wilson in 1978. The Nobel Prize in Physics for 2006 further acknowledged the importance of the study of this background radiation. The precise measurement of the spectrum of this radiation and its variation across the sky have helped our understanding of the evolution of structures in the universe. This article explains these discoveries and their importance. T Padmanabhan is a professor at IUCAA, Pune. He is interested in all aspects of theoretical physics, and especially in those in which gravity plays a role.     

从诺贝尔物理学奖评析高校教学与科研

文章从诺贝尔物理学奖得主的国籍,获奖时的年龄等方面对1901-2009年间诺贝尔物理学奖的分布做了统计,从中得出了造成世界科技中心从欧洲转移到美国的原因,探讨了学术交流与合作在科学研究中的重要性,指出中青年始终是取得创新成就的关键力量,并为我国高等学校的教学与科研提出几点启示。     

地方院校大学生创新意识培养的实践与思考

介绍了大连大学纳米磁性液体工作室的教师是如何以趣味纳米磁性液体选修课为主干,创新基金、创业大赛、科技作品、发表论文、考研等为枝叶树型结构的第二课堂,培养学生创新意识的实践与思考。     

高适岑参诗歌风格的再比较

文章认为高适、岑参诗作的风格差异在于:高是冷眼观时势因而情理相济,岑是热眼看世界所以情景相融.     

Classics

Jack Kilby demonstrated the working of the world??s first integrated circuit in September 1958. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in the year 2000 for his part in the invention of the integrated circuit. The following paper which is reprinted from the July 1976 issue of the IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, describes the developments that led to the invention of the integrated circuit. It is from the pen of the inventor, Jack Kilby himself.