看学习理论的争鸣解读科学研究

从历史上看,学习理论研究之初主要有两种范式：行为主义为代表的联结主义和认知主义为代表的格式心理学,这两种理论都有理有据,似乎都是科学的学习理论。本文考察了它们之间的激烈争论,以及它们各自的兴衰历程,以期从中体会什么是科学研究和科学理论,以及它们的一般特征。     

职业情境视域中的职教学习理论范式及新发展

职业教育理论经历了行为主义、认知主义、建构主义等学习理论范式之后,目前发展为情境认知学习理论的新范式.文章运用库恩的范式理论,从职业情境角度研究职业教育理论,探索对职业教育问题观察和理解的新视角及解决问题的新方式.情境认知学习是以建构主义为理论基础,在继承和发展中形成了新的职业教育理论,其更加重视文化和物理背景的认知,强调人与环境的相互协调,突出情境对认知和实践的作用.     

行为主义与认知心理学学习理论的异同

20世纪的学习理论有行为主义和认知心理学两大派,行为主义的学习理论以经验主义或还原主义作为其思想基础,认知心理学的学习理论则是以理性主义哲学作为其思想基础.行为主义和认知心理学的学习理论在什么叫学习、学习的内容、学习的方式、学习的作用、如何对学习进行分类、学习的测量等问题上存在着明显差异.     

论社会认知理论中的建构特征

社会认知理论经常被广大学者误解为行为主义研究范式的延伸，属于新行为主义理论阵营，其原因是他们忽视或未理解社会认知理论中的关键概念和研究范式。文章采用社会建构主义的五个基本特征来分析社会认知理论，发现其基本研究范式、关键性概念和心理的建构与社会建构主义理论一致，因而社会认知理论应该是属于社会建构主义理论阵营。     

建构主义学习理论指导下WebQuest教学案例分析

在现代学习理论的发展过程中，出现过三种主要的学习理论，二十世纪二十年代产生的行为主义学习理论已是昨日黄花，二十世纪六十年代产生的认知主义学习理论已占据了学习理论的主导地位，但随着教育学、心理学的发展，对人类学习过程、认知规律研究的不断深入，建构主义学习理论渐渐得到教育工作者的重视。一般认为建构主义学习理论是皮亚杰、布鲁纳和维果斯基理论的发展。[第一段]     

计算机课件写作与学习理论研究

各种不同的学习理论,都曾对教育产生过不同程度的影响与推动作用,也影响和推动了CAI的发展,普通心理学研究了影响学习的智力因素和非智力因素,行为主义学习理论推进了“程序教学”。这些理论对CAI课件的写作,都有着非常重要的指导意义。     

纵观当代学习理论的发展对外语教学的影响

当代学习心理学中的行为主义、认知理论、建构主义和人本主义等几个流派关于学习的理论发展,在外语教学中都有相应的渗透和应用,对外语教学方法和模式的发展变化也产生了一定的影响。以总揽学习心理学发展的视角,审视外语教学,可以促进外语教育事业的蓬勃发展并提供专业的理论支持。     

纵观当代学习理论的发展对外语教学的影响

当代学习心理学中的行为主义、认知理论、建构主义和人本主义等几个流派关于学习的理论发展,在外语教学中都有相应的渗透和应用,对外语教学方法和模式的发展变化也产生了一定的影响。以总揽学习心理学发展的视角,审视外语教学,可以促进外语教育事业的蓬勃发展并提供专业的理论支持。     

试论罗杰斯学习理论对儿童学习研究的启示

人本主义心理学兴起于本世纪 60年代,与只重视环境刺激、外显行为的行为主义心理学和只重视认知发展的认知主义心理学不同的是,它关注人的整体发展,强调人的尊严与价值,注重研究健康的、完整的人。〔 1〕卡尔·罗杰斯是当代人本主义心理学的重要代表,他以自己的“患者中心疗法”理论为依据,提出了对儿童学习的独特看法,对我国的儿童学习心理研究有诸多启示。现对此具体分析如下： 一、学习观：意义学习 　　华生等行为主义心理学家认为,学习是环境刺激的作用,只涉及知识积累,和个人感情、经验无关;皮亚杰等认知主义心理学家则认…     

几种主要的学习理论对教学设计的影响研究

行为主义、认知主义和建构主义的学习理论对学习机制的解释各有不同,它们对教学设计均产生了影响,主要体现在教学设计的基本理论和模型上。三种学习理论在教学设计中的关系并非相互排斥,而是一种互补的关系,它们分别适用于学习中不同的领域。     

论教学理论的重建

传统的教学理论是与近 3 0 0多年来的社会历史密切地联系在一起的 ,它致力于教学理论的形式化以及理性化的教学研究方法 ,远离真实的教学情景 ,使教与学的关系线性化 ,并将教学内容和教学方法套路化。进行教学理论的重建既是必需的 ,也是可能的。在 2 1世纪 ,教学理论在思想方法、现实基础、范畴体系上都必须发生转变 ,教学实践的生动性和丰富多彩将进一步得到展现。     

The role of learning theory in multimodal learning analytics

This study presents the outcomes of a semi-systematic literature review on the role of learning theory in multimodal learning analytics (MMLA) research. Based on previous systematic literature reviews in MMLA and an additional new search, 35 MMLA works were identified that use theory. The results show that MMLA studies do not always discuss their findings within an established theoretical framework. Most of the theory-driven MMLA studies are positioned in the cognitive and affective domains, and the three most frequently used theories are embodied cognition, cognitive load theory and control–value theory of achievement emotions. Often, the theories are only used to inform the study design, but there is a relationship between the most frequently used theories and the data modalities used to operationalize those theories. Although studies such as these are rare, the findings indicate that MMLA affordances can, indeed, lead to theoretical contributions to learning sciences. In this work, we discuss methods of accelerating theory-driven MMLA research and how this acceleration can extend or even create new theoretical knowledge.

Practitioner notes

What is already known about this topic

• Multimodal learning analytics (MMLA) is an emerging field of research with inherent connections to advanced computational analyses of social phenomena.
• MMLA can help us monitor learning activity at the micro-level and model cognitive, affective and social factors associated with learning using data from both physical and digital spaces.
• MMLA provide new opportunities to support students' learning.

What this paper adds

• Some MMLA works use theory, but, overall, the role of theory is currently limited.
• The three theories dominating MMLA research are embodied cognition, control–value theory of achievement emotions and cognitive load theory.
• Most of the theory-driven MMLA papers use theory ‘as is’ and do not consider the analytical and synthetic role of theory or aim to contribute to it.

Implications for practice and/or policy

• If the ultimate goal of MMLA, and AI in Education in general, research is to understand and support human learning, these studies should be expected to align their findings (or not) with established relevant theories.
• MMLA research is mature enough to contribute to learning theory, and more research should aim to do so.
• MMLA researchers and practitioners, including technology designers, developers, educators and policy-makers, can use this review as an overview of the current state of theory-driven MMLA.

     

学校效能研究的回顾与展望：基于内容分析的视角

本文对近十五年来我国内地的学校效能研究进行内容分析。结果显示,我国内地有关学校效能研究具有如下特点：研究分布范围越来越广,但研究的深度不够;研究者多数来自高等师范院校,一线教育工作者难以涉足其中;研究类型以基础研究为主,应用研究和开发研究关注度偏低;研究方法呈现多样化特征,但定量研究相对较少;研究主题各有侧重,尚缺乏具有整合性的系统理论体系。     

Using the communities of practice framework to examine an after‐school environmental education program for Hispanic youth

Environmental education researchers have called for a greater analysis of ‘learning’ in environmental education in relation to contemporary theories and explanatory frameworks of learning. Situated learning, as a prominent example, is a sociocultural theory that contends that learning is a social process that occurs as individuals participate in ‘communities of practice’. This study aims to enhance our understanding of the usefulness and applicability of the communities of practice framework to the analysis of learning in environmental education, focusing on the learning in after‐school environmental education programs for Hispanic youth. Results suggest that the framework can be applied to identify some environmental education programs as communities of practice, characterized by the development of joint enterprise, mutual engagement, and shared repertoire. The framework was also found to be useful in identifying and describing learning as bringing about changes in identity formation as a result of participation in the programs. Finally, we suggest that such programs, due to their free‐choice nature and multiple opportunities for participation, also offer suitable contexts for further research regarding the relevance of sociocultural theories of learning to environmental education practice.     

浅论反讽理论和反讽教学中需注意的一些问题(英文)

在日常英语教学中使用反讽能够创造一种幽默的氛围,帮助激发学生的学习动机,取得更好的教学效果,此外还能使学生深入了解英语国家的文化。该文首先简要介绍了语言学家Grice,Myers Roy,Sperber和Wilson关于反讽的研究理论,然后集中讨论了在反讽教学中涉及到的几个问题。讨论表明,反讽教学中教师应根据学习者的语言水平和年龄慎重选择教学素材,最终使学生有能力在不同的语言情景下合理地运用不同类型的讽刺。     

The mall,the library and the church: inquiring into the resourcing of early learning through new spaces and networks

Early learning has increasingly been the focus of social policy and programmes with a proliferation of public, community and commercial entities entering the field of production. Understanding this phenomenon requires educational researchers to conceptualise early learning both within a globalised network of circulating commodities and within specific situated spaces of local sociocultural practice. This paper describes how a research project has drawn on geosemiotic and actor-network theories, and employed spatially sensitive methods, to investigate the resourcing of early learning in spaces new to most educational researchers. Focusing on the suburban field site ‘Midburb’, we analyse the ways in which discourses operate through/in place producing different entry points, pathways and access for parents, impacting on their opportunities for encountering early learning resources.     

论国外信息化教育研究的发展走势

文章从研究目的与方法、研究范型和研究领域等三方面入手，认为当前国外信息化教育研究发展的现状与走势可以概括为：研究目的和研究方法向多重性和多样化方向发展，研究范型从实证研究向发展研究转型，研究领域向技术、教育和学习理念相交织的时代性方向拓展。这些发展走势对我国的信息化教育的发展有重要的参照意义。     

Teachers’ collaborative learning – development of teaching in group discussions

Teacher learning and the development of in-service education for teachers are both an active area of research and a broad challenge. In working as teachers, theory and practice are often seen as divided, or problems in teaching and the requirements of development are solved on the basis of experience. This study focuses on collaborative teacher learning as part of an in-service education course that supports teachers in connecting learning theories with practical knowledge and that aims to create new knowledge and practices for teaching. The starting points for the study are the changes of the curriculum and theories of learning. The aim is to analyse developing of teaching in teachers’ collaborative group discussions and how the theoretical knowledge of learning theories is connected with developing teaching practices. The research method of the study was data driven, systematic and qualitative analysis of the content of the discussion. The research data consist of video recorded group discussions of two teacher teams from the in-service education course meeting. The analysis focused on developing talk and further, on finding interconnections between the developing talk and the theories of learning. The analysis shows three different ways how the learning theories emerged in method developing talk. The findings indicate that theoretical knowledge can be used or left unused and imply that creating and changing teaching practices is challenging. However, the findings show that theoretical, research-based knowledge on learning theories can be applied to developing teaching practices in the teachers’ collaborative knowledge creation process. Long-term in-service education based on collaborative knowledge creation and supporting the interconnection of theoretical knowledge of learning and experience knowledge of teaching is a promising way to arrange and develop in-service education.     

Teaching and Learning in Multi-Grade Classrooms: The LEPO Framework

Abstract

This article reports on a study that examined teaching and learning in multi-grade classrooms using the Learning Environment, Learning Processes and Learning Outcomes (LEPO) conceptual framework. The study sought to investigate how the learning environment is created; how the processes of teaching and learning take place; and how assessment is used to determine the achievement of learning outcomes in multi-grade classrooms. A qualitative research design was used, where interviews were conducted with nine teachers from schools with multi-grade classrooms. The data was analysed thematically and revealed the following: the learning environment can be created by grouping learners appropriately in classrooms, creating learning stations and reading stations, proper use of time-tables, and adaptation of teaching plans; the learning processes should take place through the differentiated curricular approach or quasi mono-grade, that is, learners should be afforded the opportunity to learn from their family members, teaching and learning should take place through self-directed learning, peer tutoring and cooperative learning, and lessons should cater for different learning styles; to determine the realisation of learning outcomes teachers should assess learners in different grades informally with either the same or grade-specific assessment activities and formally with grade-specific assessment tasks. The article also addresses the main criticisms against the LEPO framework by explaining how teachers and learners should interact with the learning environment, learning processes and learning outcomes in multi-grade classrooms. The article concludes that if the LEPO framework can be implemented in multi-grade classrooms, teaching and learning can be strengthened in such classrooms.     

理论研究与实践探索的贯通：基于学习科学的教育革新

很多领域都存在理论研究与实践应用之间的鸿沟,学习科学与教育实践之间也不例外。如何贯通理论研究和实践探索,从而形成相互支持的效应,是研究者和实践者需要共同面对的问题。学习科学推动教育实践变革的路径可以从理论诠释和合作实践两个方面展开。在理论诠释方面,研究者不仅要用易懂的方式言说,还要对理论进行选择和综合。指出理论和相关研究成果的实践意蕴,以案例展示实践的具体方法,将理论观点与实践者的先拥观念进行比较,以促进概念转变。在合作实践方面,研究者需要和实践者一起,将学习科学的理论和研究成果见之于特定情境的具体实践,从而形成一套适应这一情境的、定制性的具体实践方案或分析工具,或者通过对教学经验和教学案例加以概括和归纳,从而形成一般性的、可迁移的方法。实践者在整个过程中以合乎学习科学的方式,在实践共同体中将学习和实践融合,革新教育实践,发展专业能力。