一体化进程中的欧盟职业培训计划

随着欧盟经济的发展和社会的进步，其职业培训得到了越来越多的关注。本文主要分析20世纪90年代以来，欧盟职业培训计划的产生缘起、主要培训计划内容以及计划实施的特点。     

欧洲职业教育与培训学分体系探析——欧盟职业教育一体化新进展

为推进"职业教育一体化进程",欧盟委员会推出了在欧盟各成员国间实现职业教育学分转换的"欧洲职业教育与培训学分体系".该体系以促进学习者和工人的跨国流动、建立无国界的终身职业教育环境为目标,其实施框架包括单元学习成果、在相关机构间建立合作伙伴和学分转换三方面.学分体系的推出对于欧盟职业教育竞争力的整体提升和其他地区职业教育区域合作的发展具有重要意义.     

推进欧盟职业教育一体化的“达芬奇计划”探析

面对经济全球化和教育国际化的挑战,欧盟各成员国对于职业教育与培训重要性的认识达到了前所未有的高度。自20世纪90年代中期开始,欧盟启动了著名的里奥那多·达芬奇计划(Leonardo da Vinci Programme)(简称达芬奇计划),其目的在于推动成员国范围内的职业教育一体化进程,通过区域合作增强实力,提升欧盟国家职业教育在国际上的整体竞争力。达芬奇计划的实施取得了一些成效,但也存在不少有待解决的问题。     

超国家层面的欧盟职业教育与培训一体化政策变迁

50多年来,欧盟的职业教育与培训一体化政策发展经历了一个从单一到综合、从手段性到目的性不断拓展的过程,逐渐形成了超国家层面的一体化职业教育与培训制度.进入2010年,经济社会发展的多方面需求使欧盟的职业教育与培训一体化政策呈现出新的趋势:加快资源整合,增强职业教育与培训吸引力;建立欧洲职业教育质量保证框架;鼓励在职业教育与培训中开展创新创业教育等.     

欧盟职业教育与培训政策新趋势

目前,越来越多的欧洲生产商需要能够适应新的生产方式和能开发新产品的受过良好教育与培训的劳动力。经济活动已从基础工业领域向生产高、精、尖技术产品的行业及服务领域转移。同时,对于非技术的和手工操作工人的需求日益减少,而对于非手工操作工人,尤其是对于技术型、管理型工人的需求不断增加。同时,低出生率和人类寿命的延长导致劳动力的老龄化,越来越多的妇女想找工作。 近年来为了适应这些变化,所有欧盟国家都采取了相应的措施。应变措施主要是：提高劳动力的技能水平和适应工作内容与工作方式变化的能力。他们致力于减少那些…     

欧盟职业教育和培训发展2020愿景

2010年6月9日欧盟发布了<支持欧盟2020战略,欧盟职业教育和培训合作的新的推动力>文件,提出了发挥职业教育在促进终身学习和人员流动中的关键作用,以质量和效率提升职业教育的吸引力和卓越,促进职业教育公平、培养积极的公民意识,培养创新能力、创造力和创业能力四大战略目标.为实施这些目标,欧盟提出了具体目标和关键行动措施.     

欧盟职业教育与培训的变革取向管窥

自20世纪90年代诞生迄今，为适应欧洲一体化进程，欧盟在诸多领域采取了一系列变革方略，而职业教育与培训作为与经济发展密切相关的领域，更为欧盟各成员国所注重。本文对欧盟成立以来的职业技术教育与培训的变革取向做出综述，并力求着眼于全球化视阈把握其改革发展的整体性脉络。     

欧盟职业教育与培训政策报告摘要

科技的迅速发展和全球化进程的加快，欧盟统一货币和市场的形成，加大了欧盟国家的经济竞争压力，使其经济联合更加紧密。欧盟各国为提高在国际市场的竞争力和保持较高的就业率，经济发展迅速由“资源驱动”转化为“知识驱动”。经济的发展变化引起就业结构的调整，使其从传统的行业、工业和农业向新兴的服务行业转变。这些新兴的行业要求的是标准性不强、更加多样化、更加综合化的技能。这就要求人们不仅要掌握完成这些工作的现代技术，而且还能承担不同形式的工作。面对上述挑战，欧盟积极采取新措施，使职业教育和培训不但为人们提供完…     

欧盟的职业教育与培训质量保证框架浅析

2002年,欧盟提出了到2010年要使欧盟的教育与培训体系成为世界质量的参照系。欧盟成立专门的技术工作小组(TWG),通过对欧盟质量保证体系的分析,设计开发了欧洲共同质量保证框架(Common Quality Assurance Framework,CQAF),为欧盟的职业教育与培训质量体系的发展与改革提供重要的支持。本文将从该框架的政策背景、基本依据、框架的运作特色及欧盟层面CQAF行动及其实施等加以阐述,希望能对我国职业教育与培训质量保证体系的完善有所启示。     

眉山市城乡一体化进程中的职业教育发展研究

基于眉山市农村地区经济社会现代化进程中所表现的重要趋势--眉山城乡一体化的有利条件,探讨由于城乡经济收入的差距和农村富余的劳动力资源与较低的文化素质的矛盾等因素所带来的对职业教育发展的新需求,分析眉山市推进城乡一体化进程中的职业教育现状,从而提出构建与眉山市城乡一体化相适应的职业教育发展模式的目标和对策,为眉山市职业教育的发展提供参考意见.     

Glimpsing the Future in the Past: VET in Europe

What do we expect from Vocational Education and Training (VET) systems? Is it different from 25 years ago? This article argues that the focus has increasingly been placed on strategies for lifelong and life-wide learning that seek to reinforce continuity among the subsystems of learning, but that VET systems are, nevertheless, still expected to address many and sometimes conflicting agendas, needs and priorities. The last 25 years or so have been critical for the development of VET in Europe. Making VET more attractive and increasing its parity of esteem in relation to general secondary education have been major, recurring themes in European countries, as part of, at least conceptually, more comprehensive approaches to lifelong and life-wide learning. From 1989 to 2003, the European Journal of Education (EJE) published a special issue on ‘Trends in Vocational Education and Training’ every two years and has continued to publish on VETrelated topics. This article revisits the major themes and challenges as they were observed and discussed by the authors who wrote in those special issues and in later articles. Many were directly involved in advisory positions to governments; held key decision-making responsibilities; undertook studies and consultancy and brought technical assistance across several countries. Their articles are moments of reflection nourished by experience on the ground. This article explores how the European Journal of Education has contributed to European reflection on VET systems, policies and preoccupations in recent decades – what can we learn that is useful for shaping and formulating our present ideas about new policy from our colleagues writing about the same or similar issues 20 years ago? A key theme concerns the role of the Europe Community (and subsequently EU) as a change agent supporting bottom-up exchange and top-down stimulus for reform through an increasing integration of education and training in the socio-economic strategy of the EU.     

欧盟职业教育教师能力结构标准及其启示

职业教育教师能力结构标准研究是当前职业教育研究的重要课题。近年来,欧盟多数成员国职业教育领域合作不断增强,欧盟职业教育教师能力结构标准研究取得新进展。新能力结构标准涵盖管理、培训、发展与质量保证,以及工作关系网构建等能力领域。其特点表现为在职业教育教师能力要求上突出工作关系网构建能力、增强团队合作能力、重视培训能力以及强调管理能力等。此能力结构标准内容及特点对我国职业教育改革具有启示意义。     

中等职业学校建设行业技能型紧缺人才培养培训指导方案

根据社会发展和经济建设需求，以提高学习者的职业实践能力和职业素养为宗旨，倡导以学生为中心的教育培训理念和建立多样性与选择性相统一的教学机制．通过综合和具体的职业技术实践活动。帮助学生积累实际工作经验，突出职业教育的特色，全面提高学生的职业道德、职业能力和综合素质。     

过程导向的专业化训练——职业教育的范式转变

职业教育的参与者似乎都有着这样一种体会：为应对人类工作不断变化的挑战，职业教育一直在寻找着新的答案。然而，对这种变化的描述是如此的众说纷纭，职业教育所给出的回答也是各不相同。本文旨在促进对现时职业教育多样化发展的共同理解和表述，而不企求一致接受对该现象的阐释和有关理论。与此相反，正是对立而尽可能清楚的立场造成了讨论的丰富成果。     

澳大利亚的职业教育与培训体系

澳大利亚的职业教育与培训体系包括澳大利亚联邦政府、州政府和行业三个组成部分。联邦政府通过制定一整套协议,在全国范围内与州政府共同负责职业教育与培训管理。《澳大利亚国家培训局(ANTA)协议》是职业教育与培训管理的主要法律依据,协议规定了有关各方的工作范围,尤其是行业的主要职能。签订本协议是20世纪80年代后期以来政府实施职业教育与培训改革的重要举措。     

过程导向的职业教育意味着什么?

为了促进职业教育更好地适应企业的需要、促进技术和组织结构的迅速更新，新颁布的《职业教育条例》提出了“针对过程”开展职业教育的要求。从此，《职业教育条例》只描述相关企业所共有的任务，而具体的教育内容则由职业教育企业自行确定。本文阐述了“过程针对性”对开展职业教育的影响，提出了相关人员的新型任务和专门化训练的需求。     

关于澳大利亚职业教育与培训体系的再认识

关于澳大利亚的职业教育与培训体系，多年来国内已有很多相关的介绍和报道。但是，由于部分资料的描述或论述有些似是而非，故总有一些疑惑在笔者脑中萦绕，并一直未能获得清晰的图像与明确的解释。笔者有幸于2006年11月出访澳大利亚两周，对维多利亚州的墨尔本皇家理工学院（RMIT University）、高登技术教育与继续教育机构（Gordon Institute of TAFE）、博士山技术教育与继续教育机构（Box Hill Institute of TAFE）、柯里奥高级中学（Corio Senior College）和州教育与培训部进行了访问和考察。通过这些实地的观察和研讨，对涉及澳大利亚职业教育与培训的许多基本问题，终于有了一些更准确的了解和认识。本文尝试从10个方面加以归纳，供职业教育的同仁们参考。     

The VET system and industrial SMEs: the role of employees with VET qualifications in innovation processes

Reforms of the vocational education and training (VET) system in Spain are committed to a closer relationship between the VET system and companies’ needs. One of these needs is for a greater contribution of the VET system to innovation in companies, especially SMEs, which have limited resources to innovate. This contribution could materialise through a closer relationship between VET centres and SMEs, and also through a greater participation of employees with VET qualifications in innovation in SMEs. This article examines the role of these employees in SME innovation processes. We present the results of a survey of industrial SMEs in two Spanish industrial regions with high levels of experimental cooperation between VET centres and SMEs. The results point to the existence of obstacles to this participation. However, other factors that enable greater participation of this employee profile in SME innovation were also observed.     

The social stratification of the German VET system

Germany is widely known for its vocational education and training (VET) system and its dual apprenticeship system in particular. What is often overlooked, however, is the vertical stratification within the German VET system. This is the focus of this study. Our analysis shows that the VET system, like the German school system, is highly stratified, resulting in large differences in labour market opportunities. We elaborate on three dimensions of vertical stratification: VET system vs. higher education, fully qualifying vs. prevocational VET programmes and segmentation of the fully qualifying VET programmes by educational attainment and career prospects. All three stratification dimensions are closely linked to school attainment and thereby to social origin.     

Early Years in Europe: the development of European Union policy

The last 15 years has seen a new player on the field of early years policy ‐‐ the European Union. Originating in the Treaty of Rome in 1956, which founded the six country European Economic Community, the EU now consists of 15 member states and has its own institutions, including the European Commission, the European Parliament, the Court of Justice and the Council of Ministers. While economic objectives have always been at the heart of this enterprise, the EU also has a social dimension with social goals, set out in broad terms in the Maastricht Treaty on European Union:

The Community shall have as its task.. to promote throughout the Community a harmonious and balanced development of economic activities, sustainable and non‐inflationary growth respecting the environment, a high degree of convergence of economic performance, a high level of employment and of social protection, the raising of the standard of living and quality of life, and economic and social cohesion and solidarity among Member States (my emphasis) (Article 2)

In this paper I shall review the development of early years policy as part of this European social agenda, and consider some of the issues raised for policy making by this new and unique involvement of an international political entity.