Emerging coordination and knowledge transfer process during disease outbreak

When multiple agencies respond to a disease outbreak (i.e., H1N1 and SARS), the coordination of actions is complex and evolves over time. There has not been any systematic empirical study of the dynamics of emerging coordination behaviour and knowledge transfer process during a disease outbreak. In this paper, we first introduce our approach for the analysis of multi-agency intervention during a disease outbreak using the study of social networks. Using social networks and its analytic framework, we explore questions such as: How does the multi-agency coordination emerge for supporting the complex knowledge transfer process during different phases of disease outbreak? How effective are these formal and informal coordination mechanisms in achieving a robust outcome in response coordination through effective knowledge transfer process during the outbreak? What are the key lessons learned by studying the emerging coordination and knowledge transfer process during past disease outbreak in improving the multi-agency preparedness for dealing with future outbreaks? The discussion is supported by a qualitative study of the implementation of the results of the analysis. We reveal that profound understanding of social network behaviour and emerging coordination concepts are pivotal to the optimisation of knowledge transfer process which is a prerequisite for successful outbreak intervention. We look qualitatively at how Hunter New England Area Health Services applied these concepts to lead a successful coordination plan during an H1N109 endemic.     

高致病性禽流感正在给人类带来严重威胁

高致病性禽流感是由高致病性禽流感病毒所引起的禽类烈性传染病， 发病急，传播 快，致死率高，对养殖业可造成致命性的打击。在1997年香港禽流感事件中，H5亚型高致病 性禽流感病毒因其首次突破了种间障碍，引起了全世界的震惊。虽然该事件无法与以往的人流感的大流行或禽流感的大暴发相比，但却拉开了禽流感病毒直接感染人并致人死亡的序幕 。不幸的是，H5亚型高致病性禽流感自2003年12月在韩国首次暴发以来，目前已遍及亚洲十 余个国家及地区，并在越南和泰国发生了人类感染并致死亡的事件。我国自2004年1月27日 在广西报道高致病性禽流感以来，至今已在十余个省市陆续发生，形势非常严峻。 因此，对禽流感病毒的种间传播及致病机制、流感病毒的分子变异机理、新 型流感病毒的预测、禽流感病毒的快速诊断及人用疫苗的研制等方面开展系统、深入的研究 迫在眉睫，为从根本上控制和防治禽流感提供理论依据和技术支撑。本文同时叙述了人感染 H5亚型高致病性禽流感的临床发病情况和日常预防措施。     

禽流感病毒与人类禽流感

禽流感病毒属甲型流感病毒，主要引起禽类流感。1997年首次证明禽 流感病毒(A/Ho ng Kong/156/97)H5N1亚型可感染人，其后在我国内地、香港及荷兰等地又至少发生了5起禽 流感病毒的人间感染。目前，禽流感病毒正在我国及亚洲部分地区肆虐，已造成很大的经济 损失和社会影响，禽流感已成为严重危害人类健康的新发传染病。本文拟就禽流感病毒的基 因特征、致病性及特异检测等方面的进展做一综述。     

疫情之下的数据治理及人工智能应用边界探索

梳理欧美相关法律中的相关条款,专注于分析疫情爆发初期主要国家采用科技抗疫的案例,提出在疫情等公共安全事件突发时,各国应在内部明确数据保护与公共利益优先的临界点,并尽快建立平衡数据保护与公共利益的国际合作机制.     

Fighting the 'microbe of sporting mania': Australian science and Antarctic exploration in the early 20th century

The 'Heroic Age' of Antarctic exploration, which occurred during the first 15 years of the 20th century, captured headlines around the world. Australia was no exception, especially as Australian scientists played important roles in several expeditions. Through participation in the British Antarctic Expedition of 1907-1909, two Australian scientists - T.W. Edgeworth David (1858-1934) and Douglas Mawson (1882-1958) - became genuine national heroes, mainly through being members of the first party to reach the South Magnetic Pole area. At a superficial level, the vehicle of Antarctic exploration placed science at the forefront of public awareness, fulfilling David's ambition for greater recognition of science and scientists, especially considering the high level of public interest in sport. However, although David and Mawson gave Antarctic exploration a scientific veneer, simply through their status as scientists, the public viewed them as heroes because they had endured great hardships and conquered a point on the map in the name of science and the Empire.     

BRCA patients and clinical collectives: new configurations of action in cancer genetics practices

Since the late 1980s, in France and in a number of other countries, cancer genetics testing has become a clinical reality, particularly for hereditary breast and ovarian cancer. BRCA tests allowing for the assessment of an increased cancer risk among patients and their healthy relatives are now being routinely performed as part of clinical practice. Based on fieldwork on French clinical cancer genetics and on the French Cancer Genetics Collaborative Network, this paper examines the configuration of entities, actors and activities mobilized by the performance of BRAC testing, and argues that the development of clinical molecular genetic practices is predicated upon the development of new forms of collaborative work that lead to a transformation of the content and organization of medical activities and judgements. The paper analyses three major collective configurations - local multidisciplinary collectives, data collectives and new clinical collectives - and argues that they not only provide the material conditions needed to carry out the relevant activities, but also articulate a series of distinctive bio-clinical interventions. These interventions provide an interface with research activities, produce the epidemiological measurements and tools that are a sine qua non for clinical work in this field, and, most importantly, establish the conventions that underlie practices, which define the criteria that turn tools and novel entities into operational components of clinical settings. It thus appears that in the field of clinical cancer genetics, bioclinical collectives, as a locus of expertise, have replaced the individual judgement of the practicing clinician.     

战“疫”题材融入理想信念教育的价值维度

理想信念是人们奋斗路上的风帆,影响着一个人的行为和思想境界,理想信念教育也是我国教育的重要组成部分。自新冠肺炎疫情暴发以来,我国涌现出了许多拥有崇高理想、坚定信念的战“疫”英雄,产生了强大的正能量。疫情防控期间发生的一系列抗疫事件是理想信念教育的“活教材”,用好这本教材,能够在以往的基础上提升理想信念教育的信度、温度、效度,引导广大青年以坚定的理想信念与祖国共成长。     

Measuring the temporal dynamics of policy mixes – An empirical analysis of renewable energy policy mixes’ balance and design features in nine countries

Complex societal or environmental problems require fast and substantial socio-technical transitions. For instance, in the case of climate change, these transitions need to take place in the energy, transport and several industry sectors. To induce and accelerate such transitions, numerous policy interventions are required, which interact with each other in policy mixes. While several conceptual studies on policy mixes have been published recently, there is very little empirical research apart from single case or small-n studies. It has been prominently argued that the debate about policy mixes has reached an impasse partly due to this lack of empirical work. This paper addresses this gap by providing a first analysis of the temporal dynamics of complex policy mixes. To do so, we develop a conceptualization and measurement of policy mix balance across instrument types as well as policy mix design features (in the form of intensity as a general and technology specificity as a technology-focused design feature). This allows us to answer the question how temporal dynamics of policy mixes differ between countries regarding their balance and design features. Our measurement approach is developed bottom-up, i.e., policies are assessed individually and then aggregated systematically at the policy mix level. This enables overcoming the ‘dependent variable problem in the study of policy change’, i.e., the problem of measuring policy output. More specifically, we develop a comparative dataset of 522 renewable energy policies in nine OECD countries. Our analysis shows that countries’ policy mix dynamics vary strongly regarding some variables (e.g., technology specificity) but less regarding others (e.g., balance). As a validity check, we also test the effects of these mix dynamics on policy outcome in the form of renewable energy technology diffusion. We reflect our findings in light of the theoretical debates around policy mixes and policy design and discuss how our results provoke an agenda for the new generation of research on policy mixes. We specifically discuss avenues for future research with a particular focus on the ‘politics of policy mixes’.     

中国金丝桃属金丝桃组(藤黄科)新分类群

描述了中国云南北部的金丝桃属Hypericum L.(藤黄科)两个新种,即楚雄金丝桃H. fosteri N. Robson和漾濞金丝桃H. wardianum N. Robson。二者均与短柱金丝桃H. hookerianum Wight &; Arn.相近。楚雄金丝桃为一地方特有种,目前仅在模式地点发现;漾濞金丝桃在缅甸东北部还有分布。二者主要以蒴果伸长,非卵状近球形,萼片无中脉而有别于短柱金丝桃。此外,将宽萼金丝桃H. latisepalum (N. Robson) N. Robson从亚种提升为种;将变异较大的纤枝金丝桃H. lagarocladum N. Robson划分为两个亚种,即叶较宽、具有开张习性的原亚种纤枝金丝桃H. lagarocladum ssp. lagarocladum和叶较窄、更为直立的新亚种狭叶金丝桃H. lagarocladum ssp. angustifolium N. Robson。     

1990 年-2009 年西北太平洋热带气旋活动分析

利用上海台风研究所整编的《CMA-STI热带气旋最佳路径数据集》数据资料,建立了以每次热带气旋6h间隔中心位置为基础的西北太平洋地区1°×1°经纬度格网,统计分析了西北太平洋地区1990年-2009年热带气旋的路径变化、发生频数、频率的年际分布和季节分布等。结果表明：①西北太平洋热带气旋影响的区域大概为100°-180°E,3.5°-51°N,主要影响的国家和地区有：菲律宾群岛,中南半岛,中国东部沿海各省、海南省、台湾省,朝鲜半岛及日本三岛;②西北太平洋地区热带气旋发生次数有减少趋势,2000年-2009年年均发生次数比1990年-1999年年均少3次;③7月-10月热带气旋发生频繁,其中8月占到20年各月累计的21%;④热带气旋频数分布密集区为南海中北部以东、菲律宾吕宋岛以东,整体呈抛物线向东辐射减少;⑤热带气旋路径频率值的分布存在明显的季节性变化,突出表现为频率最高值中心位置的规律性移动。     

国家创新发展绩效格局分析方法与实证研究

创新发展已经成为世界潮流，全球创新发展绩效格局正在经历深刻变革，科学监测创新发展绩效格局演进方向是政府和学术界共同关注的问题。本文界定了“国家格局”、“格局分析方法”、“国家格局分析方法”等基本概念，研究提出了国家创新发展绩效格局二维分析方法，并选择40个国家创新发展指数和创新能力指数及其子指数排名进行了实证研究。本文主要得出三个结论：（1）基于国家创新能力和国家创新发展水平指数排名，采用K-均值聚类法将40个国家分为四类，即创新引领型国家、创新先进型国家、创新追赶型国家和非常规创新追赶型国家；（2）增加辅助特征量“人均GDP”以气泡图形式分析国家创新发展绩效格局的研究发现，经济发展水平（以人均GDP衡量）较高的国家，其创新发展指数与创新能力指数通常排名也较高，说明经济发展水平与国家创新发展绩效高度正相关；（3）分别增加辅助特征量“GDP”和“人均GDP”以气泡图形式分析国家创新能力格局的研究发现，经济规模（以GDP衡量）较大的国家，其创新实力指数排名通常较高，经济发展水平（以人均GDP衡量）较高的国家，其创新效力指数排名通常较高。     

国家创新发展绩效格局分析方法与实证研究

创新发展已经成为世界潮流,全球创新发展绩效格局正在经历深刻变革,科学监测创新发展绩效格局演进方向是政府和学术界共同关注的问题。本文界定了“国家格局”、“格局分析方法”、“国家格局分析方法”等基本概念,研究提出了国家创新发展绩效格局二维分析方法,并选择40个国家创新发展指数和创新能力指数及其子指数排名进行了实证研究。本文主要得出三个结论：（1）基于国家创新能力和国家创新发展水平指数排名,采用K-均值聚类法将40个国家分为四类,即创新引领型国家、创新先进型国家、创新追赶型国家和非常规创新追赶型国家;（2）增加辅助特征量“人均GDP”以气泡图形式分析国家创新发展绩效格局的研究发现,经济发展水平（以人均GDP衡量）较高的国家,其创新发展指数与创新能力指数通常排名也较高,说明经济发展水平与国家创新发展绩效高度正相关;（3）分别增加辅助特征量“GDP”和“人均GDP”以气泡图形式分析国家创新能力格局的研究发现,经济规模（以GDP衡量）较大的国家,其创新实力指数排名通常较高,经济发展水平（以人均GDP衡量）较高的国家,其创新效力指数排名通常较高。     

Journalism and Democracy: An Evaluation of the Political Public Sphere,by Brian McNair

In this article, the author discusses how computer virtualization technologies (e.g., VMWare) provoke metaphysical and epistemological problems (e.g., a version of the experimenter's regress) similar to but not identical to familiar philosophical concerns. A sketch at resolution of one is proposed; the others are suggested as interesting open research problems in the area of potential limitations of computing.     

On the role of human and machine metadata in relevance judgment tasks

In order to evaluate the effectiveness of Information Retrieval (IR) systems it is key to collect relevance judgments from human assessors. Crowdsourcing has successfully been used as a method to scale-up the collection of manual relevance judgments, and previous research has investigated the impact of different judgment task design elements (e.g., highlighting query keywords in the document) on judgment quality and efficiency. In this work we investigate the positive and negative impacts of presenting crowd human assessors with more than just the topic and the document to be judged. We deploy different variants of crowdsourced relevance judgment tasks following a between-subjects design in which we present different types of metadata to the human assessor. Specifically, we investigate the effect of human metadata (e.g., what other human assessors think of the current document, as in which relevance level has already been selected by the majority crowd workers), machine metadata (e.g., how IR systems scored this document such as its average position in ranked lists, statistics about the document such as term frequencies). We look at the impact of metadata on judgment quality (i.e., the level of agreement with trained assessors) and cost (i.e., the time it takes for workers to complete the judgments) as well as at how metadata quality positively or negatively impact the collected judgments.     

论当今军事题材影视作品的平民英雄叙事——以《我的团长我的团》、《红日》为例

本文以影视剧《我的团长我的团》、《红日》为例,以英雄观的演变看平民英雄的释义;对平民英雄的形象特征,从其外在形象特征和小人物心理两个方面进行论证分析;通过话语地域性和不同叙事视角探讨影视作品对平民英雄叙事所采取的话语策略;与文学叙事作比较,以时空建构、情节设置、人物形象三个维度考量影视作品对原作的再创造。从以上四个向度窥看当今军事题材的平民英雄叙事,展示其在共时语境下对平民英雄价值内涵的深度挖掘。     

Improvement of ethanol production from birch and spruce pretreated with 1-H-3-methylmorpholinium chloride

BackgroundPretreatment is the critically important step for the production of ethanol from lignocelluloses. In this study, hardwood birch (Betula pendula) and softwood spruce (Norway spruce) woods were pretreated with a newly synthesized morpholinium ionic liquid, 1-H-3-methylmorpholinium chloride ([HMMorph][Cl]), followed by enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation to ethanol.Results[HMMorph][Cl] was synthesized using inexpensive raw materials, i.e., hydrochloric acid and N-methyl morpholine, following a simple process. The influence of pretreatment time (2, 3, 5, and 8 h) and temperature (120 and 140°C) in terms of hydrolysis efficiency was investigated. Glucose yields from enzymatic hydrolysis were improved from 13.7% to 45.7% and 12.9% to 51.8% after pretreatment of birch and spruce woods, respectively, under optimum pretreatment conditions (i.e., at 140°C for 3 h) as compared to those from pristine woods. Moreover, the yields of ethanol production from birch and spruce were increased to 34.8% and 44.2%, respectively, while the yields were negligible for untreated woods.ConclusionsThis study demonstrated the ability of [HMMorph][Cl] as an inexpensive agent to pretreat both softwood and hardwood.How to cite: Mohammadi M, Shafiei M, Karimi K. Improvement of ethanol production from birch and spruce pretreated with 1‐H‐3‐methylmorpholinium chloride. Electron J Biotechnol 2019;41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejbt.2019.07.004.     

New strategy against killer virus H5N1

H5N1 is a subtype of the Influenza A virus that has caused widespread infections in poultry and wildbirds,and has posed a threat to human health. However, current vaccines are still of limited effect. Recently,a research group headed by HE Hongxuan with the CAS Institute of Zoology revealed that short interfering RNA (siRNA) specific for conserved regions of the H5N1 AIV genome could effectively inhibit its replication in both cell lines and embryonated chicken eggs.     

Augmented reality is eating the real-world! The substitution of physical products by holograms

There is a general consensus that augmented reality (AR), once it becomes a mainstream medium, can disrupt marketing and management in many ways. One frequently discussed – but mostly unanswered – question is whether AR will render existing physical products and services obsolete or not. Based on a holistic deliberation of AR Marketing and four studies with more than 2,000 respondents, this article investigates consumer acceptance of holographic AR substitutes for real products. The findings show fairly high acceptance rates for some product categories (e.g., Post-it notes, manuals, navigation technology) and low ones for others (e.g., pets, memorabilia). This study also identifies certain product and consumer characteristics (e.g., utilitarian benefits, not visible to others, digitalized products, familiarity with AR) as drivers of substitution. Finally, this paper presents multiple marketing implications, such as the disruptive potential of AR, the possibility of “copying and pasting” the real world including the threat of virtual counterfeits, the role of offline ad blockers, and four generic response strategies for companies.     

Societal trust and open innovation

While open innovation provides a new paradigm to sustain a firm’s competitive advantage, opening up to external knowledge also entails substantial risks of appropriation and opportunism. Building on this “open paradox” framework, this study investigates whether societal trust—a key aspect of informal cultural norms—serves as an effective mechanism in improving relational governance among partners, thereby leading to better collaborative outcomes. Using a novel panel data on co-owned patents across 29 countries, we show that firms in high trust countries are able to produce a higher level of joint output (i.e., co-owned patents). This effect is more pronounced when perceived opportunism is higher (i.e., firms in high-tech industries, or in countries with less disclosure transparency), and when formal contracts are less enforceable (i.e., in countries with relatively weak legal systems). We further show that open innovation is the channel through which societal trust promotes innovative efficiency. Overall, our study establishes societal trust as a key factor in influencing the efficiency of open innovation.