Beyond conceptual change learning in science education: focusing on transfer,durability and metacognition

The frequently encountered problems of students being unable to utilize schoollearned science in different contexts, and of students forgetting what they have learned in a short time after initial instruction, are two important problems for classroom practitioners. This paper advocates a shift in focus of conceptual change learning research in order to address these problems. It draws upon four overlapping areas: conceptual change learning is the broad subject area that sets the epistemological background; transfer and durability of scientific conceptions are the two problem areas under scrutiny, while metacognition is seen as potential mediator of improvement. The paper offers a brief review of existing literature on the four areas; it proposes confronting the two problems by incorporating metacognitive instruction in the learning environment of primary school science; and it reports on recently completed research.     

The Development of Individualized Audio‐Visual Learning Units in Junior High School Biology and the Students’ Achievements

Summaries

English

The development of series of audio‐tutorial units for biological education at junior high school level is described. The effectiveness of these units was tested with students from a Kibbutz school and found to produce higher achievement than a ‘normal’ teaching approach, based on the BSCS Yellow Version (Israeli adaptation) materials. The audio‐tutorial method led to a particularly high achievement gain in the case of girls. The achievement gains resulting from the audio‐tutorial approach are explained in terms of the motivational effect of this method on students.     

概念隐喻在日常话语与推理中的认知功能

在传统隐喻理论中,隐喻被看作一种语言现象。在新的隐喻理论框架内,概念隐喻至少具有三种认知功能:建构概念系统;通过相对熟知的经验使抽象概念概念化;提供理解经验的新视角。     

当前认知科学背景下幽默言语理论研究述评

从语义脚本、概念复合论等四大视角宏观勾勒认知领域幽默言语理论研究基本现状,同时也分析其中微观问题,认为幽默语义跃迁过程中隐含着被忽略的＂释话＂过程;而会话幽默中的共同心理预设实际上即是人们以知识结构的方式形成的趋同的社会心理默契。     

委婉生成机制的认知理据探究

从认知的角度来看,委婉语是一种概念化的转喻。文章在现有研究的基础上,着重探讨了委婉语转喻生成机制和认知理据。从认知的角度进行理据研究,将有助于我们把握委婉语转喻的意义构建,把语言研究从封闭的语言结构引向动态、开发的知识结构。     

成熟型小企业变革管理研究

所有大企业都是由小企业发展而来的。小企业在国家经济社会发展中起着不可替代的重要作用。然而由干自身实力缺陷，小企业的死亡率是非常高。因此，研究小企业进入成熟期后如何进行有效变革管理，把握影响变革关键因素及变革过程，将对企业实践及社会经济发展具有重要指导意义。本文结合小企业成长相关理论及企业变革理论，在前人研究基础上结合案例研究，尝试总结出影响成熟型小企业变革的四大关键要素：企业经营者、企业能力、企业战略、企业环境。并对其进行具体分析，同时提出了成熟型小企业变革模式。即文化变革先行，结合战略组织变革、流程变革，从三个方面把握变革过程，以使成熟型小企业变革管理具有可操作性和可控性模式。     

Exploring the relationship between physics-related epistemological beliefs and physics understanding

Three studies are reported that investigated the relationship between secondary school students’ physics-related epistemological beliefs and physics conceptual understanding. Study 1 involved the development of a Greek Epistemological Beliefs Evaluation Instrument for Physics (GEBEP) which was administered to 394 students (10th graders). Study 2 investigated the hypothesis that physics epistemological sophistication as measured by the GEBEP is a good predictor of physics understanding. The participants were selected from the 394 students who participated in Study 1. More specifically we selected the 10% (38) students with the highest scores in the GEBEP (high epistemological sophistication group, HES) and the 10% (38) students with the lowest GEBEP scores (low epistemological sophistication group, LES) and measured their understanding of Newton’s three laws using the Force and Motion Conceptual Evaluation instrument (FMCE) developed by Thornton and Sokoloff (1998). The results showed that the HES group had significantly higher scores in the FMCE than the LES group. Regression analysis showed that beliefs regarding the Construction and Stability of physics knowledge and the Structure of physics knowledge were good predictors of physics understanding. Study 3 re-examined the same hypothesis on a new independent sample of students. The results based on the entire sample, showed again that beliefs regarding the Construction and Stability of physics knowledge predicted physics understanding. Overall, the results suggest that sophisticated physics-related epistemological beliefs are necessary but not sufficient for physics understanding and point to the importance of taking them into consideration in physics education.     

Organizational culture,values, and routines in Iranian medical schools

In Iran, restructuring of medical education and the health care delivery system in 1985 resulted in a rapid shift from elite to mass education, ultimately leading to an increase in the number of medical schools, faculties, and programs and as well as some complications. This study aimed to investigate views on academic culture, values, and routines held by faculty members. A nation-wide survey conducted in six public medical schools in Iran. The research findings show weak organizational culture and values, together with routine behaviors sensed as a negative and low satisfaction with academic leadership. The research evidence suggests bureaucracy, politicization, conservativeness, and centralization as common features of medical schools in Iran and also suggests suitable supervisory skills to tackle the tension between governmental management and academic leadership with cultural changes, the creation of new values, and adoption more efficient routines.     

大学新生学业成绩影响因素的实证研究

尽管一个人的大学学业成绩并不能决定一个人未来的成就大小,但它是一个大学生成才的必备条件。采用学生考试情况分布表、基本情况登记表及影响学习因素的测验表等对大学生的学业成绩及其影响因素进行分析,有助于为提高教学质量和帮助学生成才提供理论依据。     

学业成就的心理因素探究及其具体干预

学业成就是指经过学习和训练后所获得的关于学业方面的知识和技能,是学生学习状况和水平的集中体现。在阐释学生学业成就概念及理论基础,探讨影响学生学业成就水平心理因素的目的, 提出对学生低学业成就状态的具体干预方法。     

Conceptual Resources in Self‐developed Explanatory Models: The importance of integrating conscious and intuitive knowledge

This study explores the spontaneous explanatory models children construct, critique, and revise in the context of tasks in which children need to predict, observe, and explain phenomena involving magnetism. It further investigates what conceptual resources students use, and in what ways they use them, to construct explanatory models, and the obstacles preventing them from constructing a useful explanatory model. Our findings indicate that several of the children were able to construct explanatory models. However, of the six children interviewed multiple times (three third‐graders and three sixth‐graders), only one was consistently able to critique and revise her models to arrive at a consistent, coherent, and sophisticated explanatory model. Connecting intuitive knowledge and abstract knowledge was important in her construction of a coherent and sophisticated explanatory model. Students who relied only on intuitive knowledge constructed tentative and non‐sophisticated explanatory models. Students who relied only on verbal‐symbolic knowledge at an abstract level without connection with their intuition also did not construct coherent and sophisticated models. These results indicate that instruction should help students to become meta‐conceptually aware and connect their verbal‐symbolic knowledge and intuition in order to construct explanatory models to make sense of abstract scientific knowledge.     

翻译中语言意义的认知特点

本文首先承认意义在翻译研究中占有核心地位并指出翻译理论界的许多争议其实是源于人们对意义理解的偏差造成的。为此作者从认知科学的角度探讨了语言意义的本质含义并大体分析了认知语义的演变特点,试图以此得出一点对翻译有益的启示。     

“I Chose Math Because…”: Cognitive interviews of a motivation measure

The ability to accurately measure academic motivation is important to its value as a predictive variable for learning, achievement, and other outcomes. Although measures of motivation are frequently subject to quantitative validation (e.g., Appleton, Ntoumanis, Quested, Viladrich, & Duda, 2016; Gagné et al., 2015; Pekrun, Goetz, Frenzel, Barchfeld, & Perry, 2011), the establishment of cognitive validity is more rare. By conducting cognitive interviews with a sample of elementary-aged children, we explored the cognitive validity of a novel motivation (expectancy–value and academic emotions) survey embedded in an educational technology. Children were largely able to accurately interpret questions, elaborate on their reasoning for answers, and choose answers congruent with those reasons. Challenges to cognitive validity fell under varied and underdeveloped interpretations of expectancy–value concepts; misunderstandings related to available response choices; and discrepancies between younger and older children’s abilities to judge their perceived competencies and values. Insights from these interviews can be applied to interpretation of the immediate survey, but also to design and interpretation of motivation surveys beyond the current measure.     

绩效技术在组织实施中的成败关键:变革管理

该文通过对绩效技术领域中的变革管理的论述,提出变革管理是绩效技术在组织实施中的成败关键的这个命题,然后对绩效改进中变革管理的四个基本因素展开分析,最后从变革的视角解构了绩效技术模型,并在此基础上提出了"绩效技术变革观"。     

绩效分析的模型与方法

绩效分析是教学设计的前端分析,旨在明确绩效问题、找出原因,从而确定适当的绩效改进方案。吉尔伯特绩效矩阵以及梅杰和珮普绩效分析模型分别从不同的层面和高度对绩效问题进行分析,配合使用这两个模型可以从宏观到微观一步步地锁定绩效问题,明确原因,为管理层的正确决策提供科学依据。