Effects of exposure duration on part-whole perception in children.

Drawings of familiar objects arranged to suggest more general wholes (e.g., a beast made of pieces of fruit) were presented to 128 children aged 3-12 years, using 4 exposure durations. The ability to see both parts and wholes together improved with age, confirming earlier studies. In addition, the results suggest that limiting viewing time affects the ability to see both parts and wholes together (in a sequential, nonintegrated fashion) more in young children than in older children. The results further suggest that for younger children duration does not affect the ability to see parts and wholes in a hierarchical relationship. These results are interpreted as suggesting that at least 2 different processes mediate part-whole perception in children.     

Representations of proportional relationships: Are children part-part or part-whole reasoners?

This research describes an intensive study undertaken to determine children's representational strategies for relational numbers (e.g. proportions, ratios, fractions). Relational numbers have three quantities associated with them: a whole and two parts. Given these three quantities, children can form a representation based on a part-whole relationship or on a part-part relationship. Fifteen children (6th, 7th, and 8th graders) solved fifteen probability problems which varied information content and quantitative relationships between the quantities expressed in the problems. A quantitative and qualitative analysis revealed that children prefer a part-part representation to solve problems with relational quantities.     

The part-whole schema and artithmetical problems

This article consists of a review of work done by Dutch and Belgian researchers on arithmetical problems, especially word-problems, involving addition and substraction. The purpose of this review is to synthesise the research on the relationship between instruction in the part-whole line diagram and the solution of arithmetical problems. In the discussion part of this paper, these findings are interpreted from a logical (mathematical) as well as from a psychological point of view.     

Determinants of placement for sexually abused children

While conducting a prospective study of 100 sexually abused children, we found a much higher rate of out-of-home placement than has been previously described for child maltreatment. This study was designed to determine which factors were most influential in predicting the placement experiences of this cohort. The children, ages 6-17 years, were recently substantiated victims of intrafamilial sexual abuse whose parents or guardians permitted study involvement. We examined child and family demographics, abuse characteristics, and family response as possible determinants of immediate and later placement. At the initial assessment, within a few weeks of the disclosure, 50% of the children had already been removed. A follow-up assessment of 83 children two years later revealed that 73% had been removed from the abusing home. In a multivariate regression model, only maternal support of the child emerged as a significant predictor of immediate placement and placement over time. The offender's status as a resident in the child's home was an important predictor of immediate placement but was not significant as a predictor of all placements at any time. As maternal support is an important predictor of the need for placement, workers are encouraged to seek ways of enhancing maternal support as a means of reducing placement.     

Determinants of child outcomes in a cohort of children in the Free Pre-School Year in Ireland, 2012/2013

The study analyses determinants of child outcomes in a cohort of children who participated in the Free Pre-School Year. Child outcomes are measured through a before-and-after assessment of children using the Early Development Instrument. The sample comprises 448 children in 70 early years centres. There are three main findings. First, children with more or better skills at the beginning of the study period tended to have more or better skills at the end of this period, and vice versa, indicating that the broad parameters of a child's progress during the Free Pre-School Year have already been set by the child's development during previous years. Second, child and family characteristics are the largest set of measured influences on child outcomes by comparison with the pre-school system, with social class being the single biggest influence. Third, there were significant skill gaps between children at the start of the Free Pre-School Year which remained unchanged or widened during the year. The main conclusion is that the measures required to improve child outcomes in pre-school need to extend well beyond the confines of the early years sector to include all influences, especially family and social class influences, on child development and need to begin at the start of the child's life.     

关于行列式函数的研究

给出了行列式函数的概念，建立了行列式与函数的关系，用行列式函数的性质证明了行列式的有关性质,并从分析的角度解决了代数学的一些问题。     

Some Determinants of Teacher Morale in Australia

A whole year intake of a college of education was tested near the beginning and end of their course using two tests, the Study of Values and the Minnesota Teacher Attitude Inventory. Results were analysed in groups by testing changes in mean scores for significance. Few significant changes were found over a period of two‐and‐a‐half years. An examination of the tests and their bases leads to some doubts as to the validity of the tests in their present form.     

Determinants of Research Productivity in Spanish Academia

This article aims to widen the empirical evidence about the determinants of Spanish academics’ publication productivity across fields of study. We use the Spanish Survey on Human Resources in Science and Technology addressed to Spanish resident PhDs employed in Spanish universities as academics. Productivity is measured as the total number of publications in a three‐year period. We show how personal and academic variables explain differences in productivity within universities and fields of studies and across fields of research. Female workers report lower productivity than their male counterparts, but family responsibilities do not explain this gender gap. The type of contract and tenure or rank do not seem to have any influence on productivity. Researchers seeking professional promotion rather than altruism or personal satisfaction are more productive and young scholars publish more than their older counterparts. Additionally, we find a certain research‐teaching trade‐off and some nuances in the predictors of publication productivity across birth cohorts and fields of study. Finally, international cooperation is one of the most relevant determinants of the number of publications, regardless of the birth cohort. The institutional context in the Spanish research system as regards requirements for promotion and the assessment of research outcomes may contribute to the understanding and interpretation of our results.     

Determinants of range effects in face recognition

The effects of test stimulus range on generalization gradients in humans were assessed for discriminations between faces that varied in brightness, faces that varied in orientation in the picture plane, and morphed faces. In Experiment 1, significant range effects, predicted by adaptation level theory, occurred when faces varied along the brightness or orientation dimension, but not for morphed faces. Changing the difficulty of discrimination of both training and test stimuli for Experiment 2 produced range effects in morphed faces. Experiment 3 explored training and testing stimulus factors as determinants of range effects in morphed faces. The results suggest that sufficiently biased testing ranges create shifts in response distributions (generalization gradients), and this may be amplified by using relatively difficult discriminations between training stimuli.     

几类分块矩阵的行列式

利用Laplace展开定理的特例一分块三角阵的行列式，研究了几类分块矩阵的行列式，得到了三个结果。并利用得到的结果计算一些特殊的行列式，能达到简化计算的目的。     

行列式的二项展开式

给出了行列式的二项展开式,并通过实例阐明了公式计算和证明行列式带来的便利。     

Determinants of planarian aggregation behavior

Using a filter technique, five experiments examined the role of chemical and visual cues in recruiting individual planarians to established aggregations. The results indicated thatCura foremani depend upon a combination of chemical and visual cues whilePlanaria dactyligera depend almost entirely on chemical cues for aggregation formation.     

Emotional Determinants of Infant-Mother Attachment

The present study examined the assumption that emotion-related characteristics of mothers and infants contribute to the development of infant-mother attachment in the first year of life. Mothers' emotion and personality characteristics were assessed with expressive-behavior ratings and self-report scales. Infant characteristics were measured by emotion and temperament questionnaires (mother report) and objective coding of facial expressions of emotions. Attachment classifications were determined by means of the Strange Situation procedure, and a continuous-variable index of attachment security was derived by a discriminant function procedure. Mothers' emotion experiences, expressive behaviors, and personality traits were significant predictors of the level of security of the infant-mother attachment. Infants' expressive and temperamental characteristics as rated by their mothers were also significant predictors of attachment security.     

函数观点在行列式中的应用

文章给出了行列式函数的概念,建立了行列式与函数的关系,用行列式函数的性质证明了行列式的性质,并从分析的角度解决了代数学中的一些问题。     

中部地区制造业地理集聚水平影响因素

基于EG指数研究了2003-2010期间中部地区制造业地理集聚水平,分析了行政垄断因素与市场效率因素对中部制造业地理集聚水平的影响.结论表明:中部地区制造业整体上地理集聚水平长期处于比较低的水平,提升速度缓慢;行政垄断因素与市场效率因素都会对中部地区的制造业集聚产生影响,但前者影响更为显著;一定条件下提高行政垄断程度可以促进某些行业集聚水平的提升.市场效率水平的提升也会使得一些集聚程度过高行业部门回归到正常的地理集聚水平上.     

Determinants of Disciplinary Practices in Low-Income Black Mothers

Disciplinary attitudes and practices of low-income black mothers were examined. Mothers were interviewed about their parenting attitudes and control practices, and their responses were coded in terms of the degree to which they took a parent- versus a child-oriented approach to discipline. Mothers in the sample varied widely in their attitudes toward physical punishment, and mothers who used power-assertive techniques were as likely to take the child's perspective and give input into the socialization process as those who did not. Factors associated with maternal disciplinary styles included: maternal education, father absence, maternal age, and self-reported religious beliefs. Findings are discussed in terms of the variability in disciplinary practices in this population, as well as the factors contributing to these individual differences.     

Determinants of successful internationalisation processes in business schools

We analyse the internationalisation process in business schools as a response to the globalisation phenomena and argue that environmental pressures, isomorphic forces, the pool of internal resources and the alignment of the process with the institution’s general strategic plan are the main determinants of a successful internationalisation process. These determinants, two external and two internal, find support in different theoretical frameworks such as contingency, isomorphism, resource-based view and strategic management theories. We use these theoretical approaches to discuss four propositions that explain the implementation of an appropriate internationalisation process for a business school. This paper contributes to the literature concerned with the internationalisation processes in higher education institutions highlighting the main factors that should be taken into account by school deans, university provosts, university boards and educational policymakers in guiding internationalisation process at institutional and national/sector levels.     

中国吸引外商直接投资的决定因素

2002年中国吸引外商直接投资跨上了新台阶。作者认为中国稳定的政治经济环境,廉价而且不断优化的劳动力结构,逐步成型的巨大市场和不断改善的投资环境是吸引外商投资的重要因素。