School policies on bullying and cyberbullying: perspectives across three Australian states

Background: Despite decades of research, bullying in all its forms is still a significant problem within schools in Australia, as it is internationally. Anti-bullying policies and guidelines are thought to be one strategy as part of a whole school approach to reduce bullying. However, although Australian schools are required to have these policies, their effectiveness is not clear. As policies and guidelines about bullying and cyberbullying are developed within education departments, this paper explores the perspectives of those who are involved in their construction. Purpose: This study examined the perspectives of professionals involved in policy construction, across three different Australian states. The aim was to determine how their relative jurisdictions define bullying and cyberbullying, the processes for developing policy, the bullying prevention and intervention recommendations given to schools and the content considered essential in current policies. Sample: Eleven key stakeholders from three Australian states with similar education systems were invited to participate. The sample selection criteria included professionals with experience and training in education, cyber-safety and the responsibility to contribute to or make decisions which inform policy in this area for schools in their state. Design and methods: Participants were interviewed about the definitions of bullying they used in their state policy frameworks; the extent to which cyberbullying was included; and the content they considered essential for schools to include in anti-bullying policies. Data were collected through in-depth, semi-structured interviews and analysed thematically. Findings: Seven themes were identified in the data: (1) Definition of bullying and cyberbullying; (2) Existence of a policy template; (3) Policy location; (4) Adding cyberbullying; (5) Distinguishing between bullying and cyberbullying; (6) Effective policy; and (7) Policy as a prevention or intervention tool. The results were similar both across state boundaries and also across different disciplines. Conclusion: Analysis of the data suggested that, across the themes, there was some lack of information about bullying and cyberbullying. This limitation could affect the subsequent development, dissemination and sustainability of school anti-bullying policies, which have implications for the translation of research to inform better student outcomes.     

On standby? A comparison of online and offline witnesses to bullying and their bystander behaviour

Given their ubiquitous presence as witnesses to school-yard bullying, the role of the ‘bystander’ has been studied extensively. The prevalence and behaviour of bystanders to cyberbullying, however, is less understood. In an anonymous, school-based questionnaire, 716 secondary school students from South-East Queensland reported whether they had witnessed traditional and/or cyberbullying, and how they responded to each type. Overlap in bystander roles between online and offline environments was examined, as was their relationship to age and gender. Students who witnessed traditional bullying were more likely to have witnessed cyberbullying. Bystanders’ behaviour was sometimes similar in both contexts of traditional and cyberbullying, mainly if they were outsiders but half of the 256 students who reported witnessing both traditional and cyberbullying, acted in different roles across the two environments. The implications of the findings are discussed in the context of previous research on cyberbullying and traditional-bystanders. Future research should further explore the role of bystanders online, including examining whether known predictors of traditional-bystander behaviour similarly predict cyber-bystander behaviour.     

孤独症儿童回归主流社会基本条件

目的　关于对自闭症的干预目标 ,最重要的一点就是看干预后的自闭症儿童能否回归主流社会[1 ] ,在什么样的条件下自闭症的儿童可以回归主流社会呢 ?本次研究的目的就是对此问题作一初步探讨。　方法　采用个案研究和归纳相结合的方法。　结果和讨论　孤独症儿童是否可以回归主流社会 ,不能仅看某单方面的条件 ,要综合考评 ,慎重决定 ,才不致走弯路或给孩子留下不必要的副面影响。     

自闭症谱系障碍儿童社会故事干预有效性研究综述

社会故事作为一种应用于自闭症谱系障碍儿童社会能力训练的教学方法,目前得到广泛的推广与应用。本文试图从国外自闭症谱系社会故事干预的研究文献中梳理现有的社会故事干预有效性研究的开展情况,试图总结研究中存在的问题,并为今后社会故事干预的有效性研究提供思路。     

自闭症诊断与干预研究综述

本文概述了当前国内外有关自闭症和“自闭类”障碍的定义与诊断、病因和干预方案的研究,并简要分析了未来研究的重点和方向。     

高功能自闭症儿童沙盘干预的个案研究——基于自闭症谱系认知理论的分析

通过对一名高功能自闭症儿童进行为期8个月的沙盘干预,探讨沙盘对于高功能自闭症儿童的治疗效果,并用自闭症谱系认识理论进行分析。结果发现,个案使用的沙具由单一变得多样化,主动性言语增多,刻板重复言语等症状不同程度地减少。该个案的沙盘表现支持ToM及相关理论。     

自闭症诊断与服务的发展趋向——美国《精神疾病诊断与统计手册》第五版草案评介与预测

美国精神疾病协会在其最新公布的《精神疾病诊断与统计手册》第五版(DSM-V)草案中,对自闭症及其谱系障碍的诊断标准进行了多项重大的修订,其中包括障碍亚类型的取消、核心症状的缩减、感知觉诊断标准的增加、诊断年龄的调整以及障碍程度等级的设定等。这些修订不仅体现了美国当前自闭症相关研究的主要成果,同时也将对自闭症的诊断过程、诊断工具、诊断结果以及后续的支持服务及相关政策产生重大而深远的影响。     

国外自闭症儿童游戏及游戏干预研究进展

国外关于自闭症儿童的游戏水平、游戏行为等方面的研究表明,自闭症儿童的游戏呈现水平低,象征性游戏少的特点,但自闭症儿童现有的游戏水平也可以为干预提供契机。自闭症儿童的游戏干预有两种取向:一是以应用行为分析、关键反应训练等为代表的行为主义取向游戏干预;二是以基于发展、个别差异和人际关系的模式、整合性游戏团体等为代表的发展取向的游戏干预。研究者在分析国外已有研究的基础上,进一步讨论了游戏干预中游戏的目的和作用、治疗关系的重要性及游戏干预的取向等问题。     

自闭症谱系障碍患者选择性注意研究述评

自1943年Kanner首次提出“自闭症”一词时起便发现该群体存在注意障碍.随着认知信息加工取向研究的盛行,研究者更倾向于从领域一般性角度来研究自闭症谱系障碍患者的注意问题.选择性注意作为注意的一个重要方面,成为自闭症谱系障碍领域的研究热点.文章在对文献资料进行梳理的基础上,介绍了一些关于自闭症谱系障碍患者选择注意的研究,并重点介绍了知觉负载理论框架下的新成果.最后,对自闭症谱系障碍患者选择性注意的研究进行了小结,并对新框架下的研究进行了展望.     

美国循证实践在自闭症谱系障碍儿童干预中的应用及其对我国的启示

国际趋势表明自闭症谱系障碍儿童干预方法的有效性需循证实践来检验。美国自闭症干预方法的循证实践过程经历了研究文献筛选、建立证据强度分类系统、干预次级分类系统三个阶段,循证实践结果将当前的自闭症干预方法划分为已经证实有效的方法、正在形成有效的方法、尚未证实的方法。我国自闭症教育研究者及临床工作者应遵循循证实践,科学选择干预方法。