论德里达解构理论的生成背景

德里达的解构理论,从总体上看是对两次世界大战反思的结果,也是法国所固有的政治、经济、文化矛盾的反映,同时又是对胡塞尔、海德格尔哲学理论的继承和发展。但是也不能忽视德里达本人独特的生命体验,只有这样才能对德里达解构理论的生成背景做出总体上的把握。     

‘This is My Truth,Tell Me Yours’. Deconstructive pragmatism as a philosophy for education

One way to characterise pragmatism is to see it as a philosophy that placed communication at the heart of philosophical, educational and political thinking. Whereas the shift from consciousness to communication can be seen as a major innovation in modern philosophy, it is not without problems. This article highlights some of these problems and suggests a way ‘forward’ by staging a discussion between pragmatism and deconstruction. Although there are striking similarities between pragmatism and deconstruction, it is argued that pragmatism and deconstruction cannot sit as easily together as some authors assume. The reason for this is not that pragmatism and deconstruction are incompatible philosophies but rather that deconstruction occurs at the very heart of pragmatism. This implies that pragmatism can only retain its commitment to communication in philosophy, education and politics if it acknowledges and, in a sense, embraces the occurrence of deconstruction in communication. This suggests that the future of pragmatism as a philosophy for education o lies in its deconstruction, something which is expressed in the idea of a deconstructive rather than a deconstructed pragmatism.     

OPENING PHILOSOPHY TO THE WORLD: DERRIDA AND EDUCATION IN PHILOSOPHY

In this essay, Steven Burik discusses Jacques Derrida's position with regard to the place of education in philosophy within the university system, and then relates these thoughts to comparative philosophy. Philosophers find themselves constantly having to defend philosophy and the importance of teaching philosophy against pressure from the powers that be. Burik contends that the argument Derrida set forth to "protect" philosophy entails a double bind: Derrida emphasized the value and importance of philosophical thinking while at the same time criticizing the limits of philosophy, both self-mandated and externally imposed. Derrida's defense of philosophy was anything but a protection of the status quo, according to Burik. Derrida ultimately argued that the teaching of philosophy and philosophy itself should be inherently open to new developments. Burik relates Derrida's defense of philosophy and attack on mainstream philosophy to comparative philosophy, demonstrating that both argue for an expansion of thinking beyond the narrow Western confines of philosophy as "pure" reason or rationality by showing how alterity always inserts itself, and that both seek to give this alterity a valid place in educational systems.     

论德里达对结构主义的解构

德里达把一切具有等级结构和以结构为中心的哲学理论体系叫做“逻各斯中心论”。德里达认为，“逻各斯中心主义”是“在场形而上学”和“语音中心论”的结合体，通过对逻各斯中心主义的解构，打乱了逻各斯中心主义二元对立的传统，从而颠覆了形而上学的根基，改变了我们思考问题的方式，使我们以一个全新的思维角度来审视一切。     

Education in the Realm of the Senses: Understanding Paulo Freire's Aesthetic Unconscious through Jacques Rancière

In this article I re‐examine the role that aesthetics play in Paulo Freire's pedagogy of the oppressed. As opposed to the vast majority of scholarship in this area, I suggest that aesthetics play a more centralised role in pedagogy above and beyond arts‐based curricula. To help clarify Freire's position, I will argue that underlying the linguistic resolution of the student/teacher dialectic in the problem‐posing classroom is an accompanying shift in the very aesthetics of recognition. In order to demonstrate the always already aesthetic nature of all education, I will turn to the aesthetic philosophy of Jacques Rancière. Through Rancière we can begin to understand how the pedagogy of the oppressed is predicated on an aesthetic redistribution of the sensible, of what can be seen and what can be heard. As Rancière will confirm, if we truly want to understand the aesthetics of pedagogy, we cannot simply see aesthetics as external to teaching and learning. Rather, education as an aesthetic event has to be taken seriously, and aesthetics should regain primacy in discussions of critical pedagogy.     

From the Philosophy of Consciousness to the Philosophy of Difference: The subject for education after humanism

Abstract

Biesta has suggested that education after humanism should be interested in existence, not essence, in what the subject can do, not in what the subject is—the truth about the subject—and this is the way inspired by Foucault and Levinas. In this article, I analyze Foucault’s alleged deconstruction and reconfiguration of the subject and Levinas’ approach to human subjectivity and suggest that Foucault’s early and later works have already implied certain concepts of the subject and that Levinas’ approach to human subjectivity does not, as has often been perceived in educational circles, avoid theorizing about human subjectivity. Drawing on the French philosophy of difference, particularly Levinas’ ideas of alterity and subjectivity, I propose a post-humanist subject as a singular existence that ‘announces, promises, and at the same time conceals’, that cannot be exhausted, totalized, and replicated. The singular and unique subject, open and responsible to the world and beyond, is indispensible to the educational mission of subjectification.     

PROLEGOMENA TO A NEW ACADEMIC RESPONSIBILITY: WHAT IT MEANS TO KNOW AND THE UNIVERSITY

In this essay, Peter Trifonas tries to show that there is no overcoming of the techno-philosophical grounding of intellectual freedom and academic responsibility or research action within the speculum of an all-seeing, all-knowing university. Instead, he argues that through Derrida's notion of an open "community of the question," deconstruction has the promise to infuse the university and its teaching body with the play of difference in interpretation and invention that will produce new forms of knowledge and an altered academic responsibility. This new academic responsibility born of a deconstruction of the university and its closed system of disciplinary logic is worked out as a performative intelligibility or an inkling of purpose "yet-to-come" ( avenir ). The call for an open community of research around questions and not disciplines displays the ethical undercurrent of a new kind of academic responsibility—a responsibility negotiated both within the extant community and between that community and those to whom the highly problematic "we" of "higher" education are more or less ultimately accountable: the State and the political constituency of public society.     

Education as Humanism of the Other

This paper explores how educators might intervene in canonized texts of the human subject on which a particular and exclusive kind of humanism rests. In imagining possible interventions educators might make, I turn to and trace Jacques Derrida's on‐going deconstruction of the philosophical texts of subjectivity. In his body of work, Derrida destabilizes fixed notions of the human subject and the institutions it founds (like philosophy and education). From Derrida's points of destabilization and through a differing but similar deconstructive stance, I also consider Gayatri Spivak's suggestive question ‘Who is not the subject of humanism?’ to provide another possible trajectory for intervention that educators might take. Departing from knowledge‐based conceptions of human subjectivity, Spivak urges educators to respond to their students in meaningful encounter with the ‘Other’ while Derrida suggests human beings might begin the difficult and complex task of re‐envisioning an altered humanism, a humanism founded on the call of the Other in institutional sites like education. By an engaged rereading of the texts of human subjectivity upon which human beings are written and by turning to respond to the face of the human beings in and outside their classrooms as a means of encountering the Other's humanity, I suggest that educators be the catalyst for changing what it means to be human and education the means by which we approach a humanism yet to be.     

IN A DIMENSION OF HEIGHT: ETHICS IN THE EDUCATION OF OTHERS

A bstract .  Ethics penetrates every aspect of Western education. Many of its dominant narratives — education as salvation, as progress, as panacea, and as liberation, for example — are infused with the ethical. Educators are compelled by ethical callings; in fact, education as the call of the ethical informs the singular and collective identities of educators. In this essay, Aparna Mishra Tarc troubles the role of the ethics in Western education using Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak's deconstruction of the ethical in philosophy. Spivak's deconstruction reveals how an ethics based in one's idea of what the Other is and should be violates the uniqueness of Others. Spivak challenges educators to examine vigilantly the ethico-political assumptions and discourses underlying ethical acts in the classroom. Drawing on the writings of Emmanuel Levinas, mediated by the thinking of Jacques Derrida, Spivak re-imagines ethics apart from — and as a part of — its metaphysical heritage. Tarc discusses aspects of Spivak's vision for an education borne out of ethical singularity as hearing and responding to the Other's call. Finally, she explores its implications for how one might begin to respond justly to the conditions of others within and alongside of one's own intellectual and pedagogical engagements.     

传统儒家教育哲学的当代审思——基于刘基教育思想的思考

明代教育理论家刘基的教育思想以传承孔子儒家教育理念为主线,提倡“政教并举”的教育理念,鼓励兴办“义塾”以普及蒙学教育,并且认为学校的教化功能就是“教民明人伦”,此外,“富而后教”的施教原则与“类推”的教育方法也受到刘基的推崇。刘基的教育哲学恩想对于当代“促进人的全面发展”的教育目标的具体实践有一定的借鉴意义。     

解构与摧毁——关于德里达与海德格尔

德里达的“解构”一词来源于海德格尔的“摧毁”概念,二者都是针对传统形而上学。然而海氏的摧毁通过追问“存在的意义”却固执于一个问题的意义。但德里达的解构策略作为一种游戏式反讽形式却允许形而上学解构自身。     

Higher Education,Collaboration and a New Economics

In this article I take as my starting point the economist, Jeremy Rifkin's, claims about the rise of what he calls the ‘collaborative commons’. For Rifkin, this is nothing less than the emergence of a new economic paradigm where traditional consumers exploit the possibilities of technology, and position themselves as ‘pro‐sumers’. This emphasises their role in production rather than consumption alone, and shows how they aim to bypass a range of capitalist markets, from publishing to the music industry. In asking how education is situated in relation to the collaborative commons, I consider the growth in technology‐driven, cost‐negative services as a response to the current market in higher education. This raises the issue of what we mean by ‘collaboration’ in the university, and how this might be different from, for example, cooperation or teamwork. In seeking to provide a richer conception of collaboration in higher education, I look to Martin Buber's concept of the relational act and the life of dialogue, and to some of the seminal work of Ronald Barnett on the philosophy and economics of higher education. The article suggests that these concepts afford a new perspective on collaboration that amount to a new economics for education. Such economics require a radical shift in how we perceive the role of responsibility, reciprocity and the educative possibilities of conversation.     

Whose Ethics? Toward Clarifying Ethics in Mathematics Education Research

The philosophical branch of ethics is foundationally concerned with the question of right or wrong, benevolent or harmful, and ultimately what is proper conduct. The present inquiry addresses two related questions: (1) How have theories of ethics been applied to mathematics education research? and (2) What alternatives have not been considered? What might the implications be if these alternative formulations were considered? To answer the first question, I offer a review of the philosophy of mathematics education literature, considering those articles which discuss ethics and mathematics education together. The ethical perspectives adopted within the literature span normative and non-normative, modern and postmodern orientations towards ethics. To answer the second question, I explored philosophy literature to identify which philosophical perspectives of ethics have (not) been adopted by philosophers of mathematics education research. The structure of this paper parallels these two questions: the first part considers the philosophy of mathematics education research and how researchers have defined ethics while the second part discusses additional philosophical approaches to ethics and puts those approaches into conversation with those identified in part one. I conclude by intertwining these two strands into my central thesis: ethics per se is construed too narrowly in the philosophy of mathematics education literature and considering additional ethical perspectives from philosophy can be generative of new ideas.     

Pedagogy Without Humanism: Foucault and the Subject of Education

Education is commonly understood as an interaction between subjects; an interaction between the educator, who already is a subject, and the child, who has to become a subject by means of the pedagogical activities of the educator. Postmodernism has seriously challenged the common (modern) understanding of human subjectivity. The question therefore is what his challenge entails for our understanding of the process of education.In this paper this question is taken up in the context of a distinction between two conceptions of education: education as manipulation and education as communication. It is argued that the manipulative conception is closely related to the modern understanding of human subjectivity, as is the critique leveled against the communicative conception. In order to find out whether the postmodern "deconstruction" of the modern understanding of human subjectivity opens up new possibilities for a communicative understanding of education, Foucault's analysis of the emergence and subversion of the modern conception of man is presented and discussed.Although Foucault's work points into the direction of the recognition of the primacy of the intersubjective - and in this sense supports a communicative understanding of education - his deconstruction also makes clear that intersubjectivity cannot be understood as a new deep truth about man. This means that pedagogy has to do without humanism. The paper concludes with some reflections on such a pedagogy without humanism.     

海德格尔"摧毁"对德里达"解构"的影响

德里达与海德格尔之间存在着一种复杂而微妙的关系。德里达曾如此坦言海德格尔对他的影响:“没有海德格尔提出的问题,我想做的工作将是不可能的。”并承认他与海德格尔间的差异是两种哲学和两种书写之间无限小的差异,但同时亦为根本性的差异。不能将海德格尔式的“摧毁”简单地理解成德里达式的“解构”。但不可否认的是,德里达的“解构”正是来源于海德格尔的“摧毁”,并且深受海德格尔的影响。     

德里达解构思想的解悟——解构是挺进复杂性世界场域的隐喻

德里达的解构思想的激进性,既表现在对辩证法的拆解以示反确定论,也表现在对本体论的颠覆以示反决定论.他的解构思想以独特的形式表达着复杂性世界观的内容意味,并映现了晚近世界历史演进的复杂性,这将推动我们在新的历史基础上对辩证法本体论问题做出新的探索与表述.     

Is it Possible to Live a Philosophical,Educational Life in Education,Nowadays?

I consider if and how far it is possible to live an educational philosophical life, in the fast‐changing, globalised world of Higher Education. I begin with Socrates’ account of a philosophical life in the Apology. I examine some tensions within different conceptions of what it is to do philosophy. I then go on to focus more closely on what it might be to live a philosophical, educational life in which educational processes and outcomes are influenced by philosophy, using examples taken from published sources and from conversational interviews with philosophers carried out by myself with Kenneth Wain, Bas Levering and Richard Pring. I then outline the directions of current European policy for Higher Education. Finally I discuss how far current policies and trends leave room for doing philosophy of education, concluding that it is possible, but only for individuals who are very much in sympathy with current policy trends or who are creative in constructing smoke screens.     

《东方主义》方法论之悖论

萨义德的《东方主义》一书在方法论上主要借用了福科的权力—话语理论、葛兰西的霸权理论以及德里达的解构策略。但是萨义德在借用这些理论的时候存在诸多误用与自相矛盾。在借用权力—话语理论的时候重新陷入西方话语霸权的泥潭;在操用解构理论的时候落入结构主义的困境;在借用葛兰西霸权理论的时候误入折中主义立场。     

教育哲学的存在论维度及其价值启示

教育哲学需要一种全新的思,召唤思的转向。存在论在教育中的到场,召唤教育哲学从"存在"的维度重新追问教育的本真存在。存在论的融入帮助教育先行从"教育存在""教育如何存在""教育存在着"这三个维度区分"教育是什么""教育如何是",以及"教育是着"的存在论意蕴。教育的本质不在于"教育是什么",而在于"教育如何是"。在基础性建构方面,存在论的到场优先烛照出教育与世界的存在性关系,教育展开世界、实现世界,教育与世界相互召唤、相互照映,并相互贯通;在教与学的关系方面,存在论揭示出教难于学,教的本质在于"让学"这一生存论教学观;在师生关系方面,存在论认为师生关系是共属一体的关系,师生之间相互成就、相互馈赠。"做一名教师仍然是件高尚的事",从而在共在、共栖的教育之境域中实现教育"诗意地栖居"。     

Exploring criticality in management education through action learning

The field of management education has been the focus of much debate in recent times. Issues relating to the real world and a lack of relevancy in business schools have caused much of this debate. In particular, questions have been raised regarding why business schools should endeavour to bridge this relevancy gap? However, it is important to define what is meant by relevance. How we define relevance has implications for all stakeholders of management education. As a result, this raises questions about the content and process of management education. For example, how applicable are the alternative approaches to management education such as action learning. How does such an approach translate into the professional practice of educators? What are the benefits and challenges of engaging in such an approach? In particular, what impact does it have for both management educators and their students? When we question what and how we teach it has the potential to open up new questions to be explored and insights to be revealed. This paper reveals a side of management education that is ever present in the philosophy and practice of action-learning practitioners. By exploring the impact of their practice it can inform our understanding and shape future practice. Management education like all education should be open to such exploration. Such an exploration is both timely and relevant for today's educators, students, managers and ultimately society.