Knowledge Integration in Science Teaching: Analysing Teachers' Knowledge Development

This paper tests the utility of a new sociocognitive frame for analysing the development of teachers' knowledge – the knowledge integration perspective (Linn, Eylon, & Davis, in press; Linn & Hsi, 2000). In doing so, the paper describes one prospective elementary teacher's developing knowledge and highlights its complexity. The prospective teacher demonstrates relatively well-integrated science subject matter knowledge, but she makes some problematic links to lessons and develops some instructional representations that show where she needs to distinguish between different scientific ideas. She also, however, links science concepts to appropriate real-world experiences, indicating that she has nascent useful pedagogical content knowledge. The paper discusses what teacher educators can learn about their learners from this analysis, argues for the utility of the knowledge integration perspective for conducting similar analyses, provides ideas to help science teacher educators apply the perspective easily as they teach their students, and points to areas ripe for future research.     

教师个体知识的教学价值

在日常教学实践过程中,教师个体知识经过个人不断的体验、感悟和反思所形成的对教学行为产生影响作用的全部知识。教师个体知识的教学价值通过创造性教学。丰富了教学内容以及教师“自为生命价值”的实现。     

论初任教师的教学理解

初任教师的教学问题常常根源于初任教师的教学理解,尤其是他们在教学中对知识、学生和教师三者相互作用关系的理解。其中,体验是教学理解的本质要求和本性所在。初任教师主要通过对知识理解的建构性体验、对学生理解的责任感体验、对自我理解的探究性体验三条基本途径形成自己的教学理解。     

Teachers and Teaching: A Contemporary Muslim Understanding

This article appreciates Muhammad () as an educator based on the primary sources of Islam with a view to establish teaching as a sunnah (practice) of Muhammad in particular and of other messengers in general. In so doing it advocates a reconceptualization for prospective and contemporary Muslim teachers. Consequently such a stance then becomes a possible strategy to further promote teaching among Muslims and establishes a model for Muslims to emulate and to internalize universal values he promoted.     

教师的教学理解与提升

教学是师生基于文本和多元活动,建立意义场域的过程。以意义阐释和创生为指向的教学内蕴着意义的理解。科学的教学理解是教师在坚守"创生"和"人本"的立场下看待教学意义的思维方式,包括教师对课程文本、学生和自我的理解。提升教师的教学理解,需要在凸显教学意义、虚心倾听、准确移情和自主反思等方面做出努力。     

教师实践性知识的形成与应用型学前教育人才的培养

应用型学前教育人才应具有丰富的实践性知识,能在实际工作中表现出一定的教育机智.实践性知识的形成需要实践的土壤,实践基地为应用型学前教育人才培养提供了平台,使个体实践性知识的丰富和完善成为可能.实践基地以教育实习为中心,通过创设学习情境、完善指导教师制度、加强实践性教学、开展案例研讨和行动反思等,促进应用型学前教育人才实践性知识的形成.     

Investigating Teachers' Mathematics Teaching Understanding: A Case for Coordinating Perspectives

This paper provides a microanalysis of one Algebra I teacher's instruction to explore the advantages that are afforded us by coordinating two perspectives to document and account for the teacher's mathematical understandings. We use constructs associated with Stein, Grover and Henningsen's domain of mathematical didactics and Realistic Mathematics Education's instructional design theory to infer what the teacher might understand to effectively implement her instructional goals and, more importantly, support student learning. By coordinating these perspectives, we developed a working framework for analyzing the teacher's classroom practice retrospectively. For example, we illustrate how the mathematical possibilities related to one student's question might inform the teacher's decisions as she initiates shifts in students' self-generated models. Additionally, we illustrate how the teacher's decision to capitalize on particular students' models contributes in part to the kinds of mathematical ideas that can be explored and the connections students can make among those ideas. More generally, we explore the utility of coordinating these two perspectives to understand the landscape of ideas that teachers might traverse to align their practices with reform recommendations in the United States.     

Telling Their Side of the Story: African-American Students' Perceptions of Culturally Relevant Teaching

An increasing amount of scholarship has documented the salience of culturally relevant teaching practices for ethnically and linguistically diverse students. However, research examining these students' perceptions and interpretations of these learning environments has been minimal at best. In this article, the author details the findings from a study that sought to assess African-American elementary students' interpretations of culturally relevant teachers within urban contexts. Student responses indicated that culturally relevant teaching strategies had a positive affect on student effort and engagement in class content and were consistent with the theoretical principles of culturally relevant pedagogy. The qualitative data revealed three key findings that students preferred in their learning environments (1) teachers who displayed caring bonds and attitudes toward them, (2) teachers who established community- and family-type classroom environments, and (3) teachers who made learning an entertaining and fun process.     

Is Understanding the Professional Knowledge of Teachers a Theory-Practice Problem?

The currently fashionable professional ideal of reflective practice has focused on how good teaching might be informed by theoretical (invariably social scientific) enquiry and has been commonly construed as a matter of the effective application of theory. This paper rejects technicist assumptions underpinning the idea of applied theory, tracing them to confusion between two different sorts of practical deliberation, phronesis and techne. Understanding professional reflection primarily in term of phronesis calls into doubt both the precise role of genuine theoretical studies in professional reflection and the very status as theoretical of the sort of the principled understanding and deliberation required for the wise conduct of education.     

教师的缄默知识与课堂教学

教师的缄默知识对课堂教学的影响是不容置疑的。积极的缄默知识有利于教育教学,而消极的缄默知识在教育价值观、学科教材知识和教学活动中可能带来负面影响。要建构教师正确的缄默知识,需要从教师缄默知识的生成上着手,即帮助师范生建构良好的缄默知识,重视在职教师缄默知识的更新。     

Principals Judge Teachers by Their Teaching

This quantitative study investigated the relationship between teacher dispositions, subject content knowledge, pedagogical content knowledge, and reasons that school principals recommend non-renewal of probationary teachers' contracts. Principals in the Southeastern Unites States completed an e-mailed survey. Two nonparametric tests, Kruskal-Wallis and Mann Whitney U, were used to statistically analyze group responses. Principals reported that they observed most a lack of pedagogical content knowledge from ineffective teachers and they prioritized the importance of instructional skills in deciding whether to non-renew a teacher contract. Principals identified teacher integrity, dependability, and honesty as important dispositions. The studies' findings are important for universities that prepare preservice teachers and also for the planning of professional development initiatives. The study findings suggest that principals tend to view dispositions as personality characteristics rather than as teacher competencies and that teacher expertise in both subject content and pedagogy must be woven together.     

Science Teachers' Knowledge about Teaching Models and Modelling in the Context of a New Syllabus on Public Understanding of Science

As teachers' knowledge determines to a large extent how they respond to educational innovation, it is necessary for innovators to take this knowledge into account when implementing educational changes. This study aimed at identifying patterns in the content and the structure of science teachers' knowledge, at a point in time when they still had little experience in teaching a new subject, that is, Public Understanding of Science. We investigated three domains of teacher knowledge: Teachers' pedagogical content knowledge (PCK), subject-matter knowledge, and general pedagogical knowledge. A semi-structured interview and a questionnaire were used. From the analysis of the data, two types of teacher knowledge emerged. One of the types was more integrated and more extended in terms of PCK. Teachers who represented this type of knowledge had developed PCK that connected the various programme domains of the new science subject. In both types, PCK was found to be consistent with general pedagogical knowledge. In both types, however, subject-matter knowledge was similar, and not directly related to the other knowledge domains. Implications for the implementation of the new subject are discussed.     

Assessing Teachers' Beliefs about Their Science Teaching Context

The primary purpose of this study was to develop and apply a method for assessing teachers' context beliefs about their science teaching environment. Interviews with 130 purposefully selected teachers resulted in 28 categories of environmental factors and/or people who were perceived to influence science teaching. These categories were used to develop items for the Context Beliefs about Teaching Science instrument and provided evidence for content validity. Construct validity was partially confirmed through factor analysis that resulted in 26 items and two subscales on the final instrument. Using Ford's Motivation Systems Theory and Bandura's Theory of Collective Efficacy, additional evidence for construct validity was found in the modest correlation of context beliefs with outcome expectancy beliefs and the low correlation with science teaching self‐efficacy beliefs. The instrument was tested using 262 teachers participating in long‐term science professional development programs. These teachers possessed fairly positive context beliefs and, according to Ford's theory, should be capable of effective functioning in the classroom. It was concluded that the assessment of context beliefs would complement current science teacher self‐efficacy measures, thereby allowing researchers to develop profiles of science teachers' personal agency belief patterns. It could also be used to determine the factors which predict particular personal agency belief patterns, and assess teachers' perceptions of the strengths and weaknesses of school science programs, and could be used in planning and monitoring professional development experiences for science teachers. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 37: 275–292, 2000.     

The Role of Mathematics Teachers' Content Knowledge in their Teaching: A Framework for Research applied to a Study of Student Teachers

The authors develop and explain a framework toguide research on the relationship betweenmathematics teachers' knowledge of content andtheir teaching. The framework istwo-dimensional. The dimensions are (a) theelements of teaching and (b) the processes ofteaching in which knowledge of content is ofconsequence. The interplay between the elementsof teaching and the processes of teaching isdiscussed theoretically, consideringconnections to existing literature about therole of teachers' subject matter knowledge.Three vignettes from the authors' work withpre-service secondary mathematics teachersinvestigate further the relationship betweencontent knowledge and effective mathematicsteaching. The vignettes also serve toillustrate the complexity of investigationsinto this relationship. Direction is offeredfor use of the framework in future research.     

基于教学反思的教师实践性知识发展

有效教学要求教师具备丰富的实践性知识。然而,我国教师实践性知识缺失,亟待提高。教学反思是教师实践性知识生成和发展的重要机制。教学反思从教师的教育信念、教师的职业道德感等方面促进教师实践性知识发展。因此,教师应努力培养自身教学反思能力,促进实践性知识的发展,改进教学实践。     

从内容到观点:《大教学论》中的教师图像

本文从教师教育的角度出发重新解读这本教育著作,以"教师教育理念、教师知识、教师专业精神"三个方面描绘了一幅形象鲜明的教师图像。     

教师教育信息化与体育教师信息素养的提升

教师教育信息化的核心目标是提高教师的信息素养,现阶段体育教师信息素养的提升理念与策略与教师教育信息化促进体育教育实现跨越式发展的要求还有很大的差距。如何开展卓有成效的体育教师信息素养教育成为各级教育行政部门、学校及体育教师共同关注的课题,也是贯彻落实以"以人为本"为核心的科学发展观的必然要求。鉴于体育教师信息素养培养目前仍然存在误区或缺陷,在借鉴前人及同行研究成果的基础上,从教师教育信息化视角审视和思考并提出体育教师信息素养的有效提升策略:要以强化信息意识教育为切入点,以学校信息技术环境建设为提升平台,以建立跟踪评价平台和激励机制为提升动力,构建一个体育教师主动学习、自我提高和外部条件予以强化、互相促进的培训制度和教育培训体系。     

教育实习对高师生教育学知识发展的影响研究

使用中学教师资格考试的教育学试卷在高师生教育实习前后分别进行测试,并运用访谈法访谈部分参加实习的学生。结果显示:教育实习前后的教育学成绩存在显著性差异,实习后的成绩高于实习前的成绩,高师生的教育学知识明显地增加;进一步分析发现,实习前后记忆型教育学知识与理解型教育学知识的成绩存在显著性差异,实习后,前者明显下降,而后者明显提高,教育实习加深了高师生对教育的理解。学生对教育实习的认识与态度、有效时间(讲课次数)、实习场所(农村学校和城市学校)、指导教师等是影响实习效果的主要因素。为有效地实现教育实习的专业发展价值,需要解决师范生的态度与认识、有效时间、实习指导的实效性等问题。     

小学教师关于因材施教的认识

运用开放式问卷,以112名小学教师为对象,调查小学教师对因材施教的认识.结果表明:(1)小学教师已充分认识到因材施教的重要性,尤其是认识到了因材施教对学生发展的重要作用;(2)小学教师对因材施教中材的理解存在多样性,材即学生的特点与教材出现的频率较高;(3)因材施教的方法主要集中在了解学生和实施多样化的教学等方面;(4)因材施教的困难主要是学生多、差异大以及教师的时间、精力不足等.     

论教师法律身份转变对教师社会保障的影响

＂武汉大学教授病危解聘＂事件折射出我国教师社会保障政策的漏洞与缺陷。随着教师任用制度由任命制向聘任制转变,我国教师法律身份也发生了改变,而教师社会保障政策法规却出现时滞现象,并且面临着前所未有的挑战。要准确界定教师的法律身份,建立单独管理的教师社会保障体系,并从立法和监督等方面入手完善我国的教师社会保障政策。