Online searching behaviours of preschool teachers: a comparison of pre-service and in-service teachers’ evaluation standards and searching strategies

The aim of this study was to explore preschool teachers’ evaluation standards and searching strategies during their online searching process, focusing on the difference between pre-service and in-service teachers. A total of 408 pre-service and in-service preschool teachers in Taiwan participated in the survey research. The validity and reliability of the instruments were confirmed through factor analysis and Cronbach’s alpha. The results showed that the in-service teachers adopted Deep Strategiesand all four kinds of evaluation standards (Multiple, Authority, Content, and Technical) more often than the pre-service teachers did.The results also showed that Internet experience may affect both pre-service and in-service teachers’ use of searching strategies. The findings of this study suggest that more education on online searching strategies as well as evaluation standards should be provided for both in-service and pre-service teachers.     

英语师范教育职前与职后课程一体化发展性评价体系建构

教师专业化的发展对建构英语教育课程一体化（教师职前教育与职后教育）的发展性评价有很大作用。根据评价性体系建立的原则，我们应当从评价对象、评价主体、评价形式、评价范围、评价模式、评价手段与方法等方面对英语教育课程一体化发展性评价体系进行科学的建构。     

论继续教育的质量评估与监控

加强对各继续教育办学机构的质量评估与监控，是提高继续教育质量的重要手段。本从办学机构应真正树立“质量至上”的理念，把办学质量放在首位；制订科学而切实可行的继续教育评估指标体系采取多种措施，加强对继续教育质量的评估与监控；建立与国际接轨的ISO9000教育质量认证体系，进一步提高继续教育质量等四个方面论述了加强继续教育的质量评估与监控的方法。     

In-service training for teachers involved in link schemes: a consultative process

This article reviews the background to the current development of link schemes offering students (pupils) in mainstream and special settings an experience of functional integration. It documents the design and evaluation of in-service training for Irish teachers involved in developing link programmes. The content of two training workshops and the teachers' evaluation of their impact are presented, and recommendations for further development and evaluation of an in-service training process are suggested.     

Evaluation of Staff Development Methods for Measuring Client Products

This article reports the results of a study seeking to: (a) develop, validate, and implement in-service methods designed to teach program development and evaluation based on measured client products to guidance personnel; (b) determine which in-service methods were most effective; and (c) evaluate the attitudes of guidance personnel toward accountability and program evaluation based on measured client products.     

Concepts,policies and practices of teacher education: an analysis of studies on teacher education in Portugal

Education policies, and in particular those related to teacher education, are central to the construction of Europe as a knowledge society and for facing the social and economic challenges that European countries must respond to in this millennium. This article presents an analysis of studies on the evaluation of in-service teacher education conducted in Portugal since 1992. Based on the results of this analysis, the study develops a reflection on the concepts, policies and practices of in-service teacher education, contextualising it within a wider equation related to teachers’ education in Europe. The study consisted of content analyses of scientific articles, research reports, studies of evaluation and legal documents that provide the guidelines for in-service teacher education in Portugal. At the end, a final reflection and some general recommendations for teacher education are presented. There is a focus on the importance of placing in-service teacher education at the centre of educational contexts and on the problems that this causes in teachers’ work, emphasising its importance for social justice in Europe.     

Effects of the learning cycle upon student and classroom teacher performance

A great deal of research has been done regarding science in-service education and the conclusion can be drawn that positive results were generally achieved in workshop-participant attitude and implementation of instructional approaches into the classroom. One of the most important effects of an in-service workshop is upon the students of the teachers participating in an in-service program, but rarely, if ever, is this parameter assessed in the in-service evaluation design. This study investigated the relationships among (1) teacher's attitudes and implementation of in-service workshop developed science materials (learning cycles) and (2) elementary school student's conservation reasoning and language used to describe properties of objects. Data were gathered from over 100 students from grades K-5 and 16 teachers who had participated in an in-service program. A representative comparison group of students and teachers was selected which generally matched the teachers participating in the in-service workshop except for one variable–-the comparison group taught science traditionally, that is, by exposition. Data from the research indicated that the teachers involved in the science in-service workshop implemented the workshop-developed learning cycles into their science classes. Significantly greater gains in conservation reasoning and language usage occurred with the students of the teachers participating in the science in-service workshop as compared to students in the exposition classrooms.     

影响教师培训有效性的五个基本环节

教师继续教育工作的当务之急是通过教师培训的理论创新、制度创新和实践创新,强化教师培训有效性,为教师专业发展提供情意、智力和技能方面的支持。教师培训者要从五个基本环节关注培训的有效性：开展多维的培训需求分析;制定明确的培训目标;开发有针对性的培训课程;选择有效的培训方法;做好培训效果的科学评估。     

The use of inservice programs to diagnose sources of resistance to innovation

A novel approach to the evaluation of in-service programs in the propagation of change in elementary school science-one which employs techniques of engineering research in locating sources of resistance.     

Raising Reading Standards: What is the Headteacher's Role?

The role of the headteacher has been identificed as one of the key characteristics of schools which achieve high standards of reading. Eve Bearne here presents the findings of an evaluation which reveals ways in which headteachers influence reading standards, particularly through in-service provision. The evaluation's aim was to assess the effectiveness of in-service courses in raising standards of achievement in reading and to consider the implications for school provision and future in-service arrangements. One factor which emerged strongly was the importance of the headteacher's role in managing reading provision in the primary school. It appeared that where the headteacher had taken a proactive role, developments were likely to be more firmly and permanently established and staff more secure in extending their practice.     

教师在职申请学位的现状、问题及对策

在职人员申请学位工作的开展为教师在职学习提供了有效途径,满足了教师专业发展的要求,解决了知识更新的迫切性与工作时间的限制之间的矛盾,获得了更好的生存与发展条件,提高了职场竞争能力。由于教师本身的限制、高校教学管理人员的匮乏以及评估标准的不完善,在职申请学位的培养质量存在一定的问题,因此应该强化认识,建立完善的评估体系,严把学位论文质量关,以期进一步完善在职人员申请学位工作。     

对课堂教学质量评价结果的理性分析

课堂教学质量评价是对教学质量进行监控的主要途径。在对我院2001年至2002年对全校教师课堂教学质量分学生、同行、专家三条线评价的结果进行统计分析的基础上，认为评教方式宜采用学生评教为主，同行与专家评教作为补充；评教结果应作为学校对师资队伍建设和管理决策的参考信息及教师教学工作的反馈信息，不是奖惩的唯一指标。     

美国在职教师评价体系及其启示

美国在职教师评价体系有着体系严谨、评价多元化等特点。通过对美国在职教师评价体系的评价原则、评价内容、评价标准以及评价方法等方面进行深入分析和研究,结合我国教师评价存在的评价目的不明确、认识不充分等现实问题,提出改善我国教师评价内容、明确评价标准、建立多元评价体系和注重教师的自我评价与教学反思等建议,以建立适合我国教师专业发展特点的教师评价体系。     

Collaboration among teachers,researchers and in-service trainers to develop an integrated science curriculum

The German contribution to the OECD SMTE Project is based on an evaluation of the PING Project (Practising Integration in Science Education) where teachers, researchers and in-service trainers collaborate in the development of an integrated school science programme emphasizing the relationship between humanity and nature. Collaboration among teachers, administrators, a research institute and in-service activities allowed the development of materials whichreflect the students' relationship withnature, promote responsible action, andare sensitive tothe cultural aspects of the topic. There is acoordinating networkwhich gives teachers information and access to materials, and a coordinating center for organizational development, information exchange, collection of relevant literature, revision of existing materials and subsequent distribution. Workshops are heldfor teacher education andfor dissemination.     

In-service teacher training for agricultural education in the Netherlands: From supply to demand

This article reports the results of research on in-service teacher training in agricultural education in the Netherlands. Seven agricultural education centres (in Dutch: AOCs) and six institutes which are involved in in-service teacher training participated in this research. The data were collected by way of structured open interviews with persons (N = 16) responsible for the in-service policy of their organization. The Dutch government has changed the rules concerning in-service teacher training. The in-service budget has been transferred from in-service training institutes to schools. Accordingly, a new situation has arisen, for both schools and in-service training institutes. Schools will have to show a more active in-service policy than before; in-service training institutes can no longer offer schools in-service training activities which they deem necessary. More than in the past these institutes have to meet the in-service training needs of schools. In literature this is called a shift from a supplied to a demanded in-service training organization. This research has been carried out in order to gain insight into the way the institutes involved will organize their in-service policy in the near future, and, as a result, to give recommendations to help these institutes to make these policies. At this moment it appears that agricultural education in the Netherlands lacks certain fundamental conditions in order to achieve professional growth of teachers.     

西南农村小学教师继续教育现状调查研究

调查西南农村小学教师继续教育现状，调查目的和内容包括：教师和管理人员对教师继续教育的积极性；教师和管理人员对各种继续教育方式的认可度；教师参与继续教育的比例和教师继续教育遇到的困难。有效地推进西南农村小学教师继续教育，需要做好以下几个方面工作：加强师资队伍建设，逐渐消除“班级承包”现象；构建高师院校高年级学生顶岗实习和城市优秀教师支教系统；增加对农村小学教师继续教育的投入；充分挖掘教研活动潜能；将新课程培训建设为教师继续教育的重要方式；改革在职培训模式。     

Stichwort: Weiterbildung im Spiegel empirischer Bildungsforschung

In the course of empirical educational research, there is an increasingly broad approach to inter-disciplinary contributions to academic questions related to the processes of institutionalised teaching and learning and their effects. By reference to a multi-level structure, inter-disciplinary studies are presented which focus on continuing education, the level of participation in continuing education and the effects of continuing education. A particular concern is to review approaches to research which are methodically designed to generalise findings about the effects of continuing education. Using monitoring studies as a starting point, economic and sociological education studies are considered which have their empirical basis in large-scale data records; the evaluation of in-service training courses in business enterprises is a branch of research which has been used, especially in the meta-analysis of smaller evaluation studies, to develop models of the effectiveness of company in-service training. To supplement these approaches which consider the effects of continuing education especially in the context of paid employment, the discussion also examines further social benefits of continuing education and various approaches to teaching and learning research. Finally, the current state of the research is then discussed in order to examine the implications for research strategy.     

An in service training course, (INSET) on ICT pedagogy in classroom instruction for the Greek primary school teachers

To meet the increasing demand for change in the incorporation of ICT in education the Greek Ministry of Education and the Institute of Educational Policy of Greece, launched a nationwide project of in-service training (INSET) of teachers of the second level, training of teachers in the use and evaluation of ICT pedagogy in classroom instruction. The main focus of the study was to evaluate the implementation and effectiveness of this in-service training in the pedagogic use of ICT in classroom-based instruction. Through the data collected and analyzed it is argued that a successful training course could be associated with the selection and utilization of specific research and instruction theories. These theories tailored to the acknowledged different profiles of the teacher-trainees as well as the time and setting of the course could promote effectiveness and produce fruitful outcomes.     

Development of the instrument of question-answer process (IQAP) and its application in examining salient characteristics between pre- and in-service teachers in senior high school chemistry class

The purpose of this study is to examine the salient characteristics of the ‘Question-Answer Process’ (QAP) in senior high school chemistry class between pre- and in-service teachers. We first developed the ‘Instrument of Question-Answer Process’ (IQAP), and then, applied it to compare salient characteristics of QAP between pre- and in-service teachers. Data collection consists of classroom observation and structured-interview. Participants are seven pre-service and seven in-service chemistry teachers. The results are: (a) Both pre-and in-service teachers ask most of the questions and students ask few questions; (b) Pre-service teachers ask more lower cognitive level questions, while in-service teachers ask more higher cognitive level questions; (c) Pre-service teachers tend to ask non-volunteer students while in-service teachers tend to ask volunteer students to respond; (d) Pre-service teachers tend to be ‘no feedback or ignore’ after students provide answers and both pre- and in-service teachers seldom guide students to reflect on answers; and (e) The frequency of authority of ‘student’ in pre-service teachers’ class is much higher than those in in-service teachers’ class, while the frequency of authority of ‘teacher and student’ is much lower than those of in-service teachers’ class.     

师范生实践技能现状调查及对策

对将毕业的师范类学生及在职教师进行调查,了解当前师范生实践技能培养的现状,并对调查结果进行分析,提出“以制度为制约,规范实践工作指导;以课程为依托,坚持理论与实践教学并重;以竞赛为引领,以赛促练;以评价为抓手,构建实践技能评价体系;以监督为‘丝线’,形成监督‘他律网’”五条提高师范生实践技能的措施.