高职学生英语组构能力培养的实证研究

《中国英语能力等级量表》中的组构能力量表主要衡量组构知识和策略,理解和表达意义的能力等级。在语言游戏说理论指导下,结合组构能力量表的能力内容与目标描述,高职英语课程中组构能力形成的过程被分解成3项具体任务:知识习得、内容运用、意义拓展,组构知识自主学习策略制定也相应更为完善。实证研究显示:学生组构知识成绩与学生的组构应用能力取得显著提高,语言哲学、语言量表、语言教学三者实现有效结合。     

Keys to the Gate? Equal Sign Knowledge at Second Grade Predicts Fourth-Grade Algebra Competence

Algebraic competence is a major determinant of college access and career prospects, and equal sign knowledge is taken to be foundational to algebra knowledge. However, few studies have documented a causal effect of early equal sign knowledge on later algebra skill. This study assessed whether second-grade students’ equal sign knowledge prospectively predicts their fourth-grade algebra knowledge, when controlling for demographic and individual difference factors. Children (N = 177; M_age = 7.61) were assessed on a battery of tests in Grade 2 and on algebraic knowledge in Grade 4. Second-grade equal sign knowledge was a powerful predictor of these algebraic skills. Findings are discussed in terms of the importance of foregrounding equal sign knowledge to promote effective pedagogy and educational equity.     

Mathematics knowledge for understanding and problem solving

Two important aspects of transfer in mathematics learning are the application of mathematical knowledge to problem solving and the acquisition of more advanced concepts, both in mathematics and in other domains. This paper discusses general assumptions and themes of current cognitive research on mathematics learning, focusing on issues of the understanding thought to facilitate transfer of mathematical knowledge. Two studies illustrating these themes are presented, one concerning students' understanding of numerical relationships involved in basic addition and subtraction combinations, the other dealing with students' understanding of algebraic expressions and transformations. Implications of these cognitive perspectives for instruction are discussed.     

Keep DRAGging ON: Is solving more problems in DragonBox 12+ associated with higher mathematical performance during the COVID-19 pandemic?

Prior research has shown that game-based learning tools, such as DragonBox 12+, support algebraic understanding and that students' in-game progress positively predicts their later performance. Using data from 253 seventh-graders (12–13 years old) who played DragonBox as a part of technology intervention, we examined (a) the relations between students' progress within DragonBox and their algebraic knowledge and general mathematics achievement, (b) the moderating effects of students' prior performance on these relations and (c) the potential factors associated with students' in-game progress. Among students with higher prior algebraic knowledge, higher in-game progress was related to higher algebraic knowledge after the intervention. Higher in-game progress was also associated with higher end-of-year mathematics achievement, and this association was stronger among students with lower prior mathematics achievement. Students' demographic characteristics, prior knowledge and prior achievement did not significantly predict in-game progress beyond the number of intervention sessions students completed. These findings advance research on how, for whom and in what contexts game-based interventions, such as DragonBox, support mathematical learning and have implications for practice using game-based technologies to supplement instruction.

Practitioner notes

What is already known about this topic

• DragonBox 12+ may support students' understanding of algebra but the findings are mixed.
• Students who solve more problems within math games tend to show higher performance after gameplay.
• Students' engagement with mathematics is often related to their prior math performance.

What this paper adds

• For students with higher prior algebraic knowledge, solving more problems in DragonBox 12+ is related to higher algebraic performance after gameplay.
• Students who make more in-game progress also have higher mathematics achievement, especially for students with lower prior achievement.
• Students who spend more time playing DragonBox 12+ make more in-game progress; their demographic, prior knowledge and prior achievement are not related to in-game progress.

Implications for practice and/or policy

• DragonBox 12+ can be beneficial as a supplement to algebra instruction for students with some understanding of algebra.
• DragonBox 12+ can engage students with mathematics across achievement levels.
• Dedicating time and encouraging students to play DragonBox 12+ may help them make more in-game progress, and in turn, support math learning.

     

输入理论的认知分析

Krashen提出的输入假设认为语言习得是在自然语言环境下，学习者大量地接触略高于学习者现有水平的可理解的语言输入（i＋1）自然而然地习得的；输出是习得之结果，而非原因，学习者输出不直接促进习得。而Merrill Swain提出的输出假设则认为输出对语言习得同样起着非常重要的作用。在我国的外语教学中，只有切实做到输入和输出并重，才能将“语言输入”真正转化为“语言能力”。     

The Development and Initial Validation of an Assessment of Algebraic Thinking for Students in the Elementary Grades

Elementary school students often exhibit a variety of conceptions associated with algebraic thinking that their teachers fail to recognize or understand. It is crucial that elementary school teachers possess knowledge of the variety of student conceptions and also have abilities to address varying states of conceptions. Otherwise, students who are not provided with opportunities to think algebraically may continue to struggle with algebra throughout school. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to develop and provide initial validity evidence for an assessment tool of algebraic thinking for the elementary grades. In the development of the tool, validation efforts were pursued, including multiple rounds of pilot-testing and think aloud interviews. Evidence for reliability of scores and validity of score interpretations of the overall score were collected. Results suggest that the assessment is a potentially valuable tool for teachers to elicit and learn about students’ algebraic thinking knowledge.     

努力降低“过度学习”的影响——初中教学测验的命制策略与教学导向

当前初中教学问题集中体现在简单以应试训练替代本质学习的“过度学习”现象的泛滥。因而要改进教学测验,调整教学导向,以降低“过度学习”的影响。初中教学测验的命制策略与教学导向主要有:要控制难度,保持稳定,适应学生的发展水平与现状;要依照课程标准,加强基础知识,重视核心知识与核心能力的掌握;要体现能力立意的思想,重视信息获取、归纳与表达能力的培养;要联系实际,注重知识的生活应用,以体现学以致用的原则。     

再议“幼儿园教师的专业技能”——基于《幼儿园教师专业标准（试行）》的思考

已有研究及现状表明,幼儿园教师专业技能的界定及其认识,需要基于《幼儿园教师专业标准（试行）》进一步梳理和反思。通过相关文本调研,并运用内容分析法进行分析、整理和统计,结果显示：1.在幼儿园教师的实际工作中,＂观察了解儿童、交流沟通、教育活动设计与组织＂等心智技能的需求更为迫切,而绘画、弹唱、舞蹈等操作技能,则实现着锦上添花的作用。2.专业技能和专业知识是幼儿园教师提升自身专业能力之必要条件,幼儿园教师的工作性质和状态决定了其专业技能和专业能力常常互通互融,而专业能力能更加全面地反映幼儿园教师的专业技能及其所处的水平和状态。     

Development in early literacy skills during the pre-kindergarten year in Head Start: Relations between growth in children's writing and understanding of letters

Children's literacy skills are an important predictor of success in the early elementary grades. Education programs for at-risk preschool students target children's acquisition of specific literacy skills, including knowledge of letters of the alphabet, in preparing children for early school success. Writing has been proposed as a complementary approach to other instructional strategies for teaching young children about letters. This study examines relations among preschool children's early writing competence, knowledge of letter names, sensitivity to initial sounds in words and understanding of print concepts in a sample of low-income children enrolled in Head Start. Data were collected from the beginning to the end of the school year, which offered the opportunity to examine concurrent development of these early literacy skills. Results revealed that children whose writing was more sophisticated knew the names of more letters, understood more about print concepts and were more sensitive to initial sounds of words. There was evidence of bidirectional influences of writing on growth in letter knowledge, and of letter knowledge on growth in writing competence.     

语言习得有效路径对日语翻译教学的启示简

翻译教学是一个完整、科学的体系,其课堂目标是要培养学生的翻译能力,因此在日语翻译教学的改革中要重视学生翻译能力的习得。翻译能力的习得像其他学习过程一样,是一个动态的、螺旋上升的过程,从入门知识逐步演化为专业技能知识。语言习得有效路径启示我们,在日语翻译教学中,要创设多种互动环境,要加强双语交互思维训练和翻译过程的训练,并建立相关的数据库。     

基于职业导向的高职学生口语交际能力的培养

高职英语口语教学要针对存在的不足,以职业为导向,将二语习得理论运用到教学当中,在教学内容上选择与职业紧密相关的知识或教材,为学生创设真实的习得环境,并帮助学生正确认识职业英语的重要性,为其营造习得口语的氛围,以更好地培养学生的语言交际能力。     

第二语言语用习得研究对外语教学的启示

二语习得过程中的语用能力的发展问题正受到研究者的关注。二语语用能力的发展受多种因素的影响,如语法能力,语言迁移以及学习者地位和社会交往等。本文探讨了在课堂环境下二语语用能力的培养,涉及到课堂语用知识的可教性和语用输入,重视个体的发展和文化意识的培养,目的在于帮助学习者在语言交际中强化语用意识,提高语言能力。     

掌握知识：知识与能力的关系新视角

知识和能力之间是相互联系、相互交融、密不可分的.对知识的掌握即表现为一种能力,在掌握知识的过程中,知识和能力实现了统一.对知识的选择、理解和创造是掌握知识的能力的三种表现,是循序渐进提高掌握知识能力的重要途径.     

“自主性学习“教学模式的运用——《外国文学》课教改中的一些思考

自主性学习是学生在明确学习任务的基础上,自觉自主地进行学习并完成学习任务的一种学习方式."自主性学习的教学"的操作要点一、充分了解学生原有知识基础和能力水平;二、制订出具体体现知识和能力协调发展的教学目标;三、使教学过程成为学生知识和能力协调发展的过程;四、重视学生能力水平发展的评价.     

Profiles of Child Developmental Dimensions in Kindergarten and the Prediction of Achievement in the First and Second Grades of Primary School

A successful transition from kindergarten to 1st grade requires a positive combination of multiple dimensions of child competence. Using latent class analysis, we simultaneously examined the academic skills, work attitude, and social/behavioral competence of a large sample of Dutch kindergarten children to identify profiles of kindergarten competence. We tested the predictive power of the profiles by means of multivariate multilevel analyses with language, arithmetic, and work attitude scores as outcome variables. Research Findings: Five profiles of children with distinctive combinations of skills were identified. The results showed that the profile solution forms a significant basis on which to predict later performance. In particular, children in the 2 profiles with the highest kindergarten competence levels perform significantly better in Grade 1 than children with less advantageous skill sets, an effect that tends to increase in magnitude at the end of Grade 2. Practice or Policy: We suggest a practical validation of these profiles to be used as tools for tailoring learning opportunities in kindergarten according to children's skill sets.     

论宗白华美学思想的贡献

宗白华作为一位中国现代美学的开拓者，对20世纪中国美学作出了卓越的贡献，他那非凡的艺术气质，独特的知识结构，留学德国学习美学和哲学的经历，以及对中国艺术的深切体验，使得他在美学的研究方法和研究思路上，能以西方美学为参照，以中国传统思想为本根，以体现生命意识的中国艺术为核心，为后人的美学研究提供了范式，在审美的人生观方面，宗白华推崇一种既超尘脱欲又积极进取的人生境界，反映了艺术化的心灵境界。同时，他还继承中国传统的诗学观，将意境看成艺术家由情景交融而创构的境象，其中体现着艺术家的人格涵养，在虚实相生的意境中，宗白华特别强调了艺术的动静相成，在叔本华的影响下，宗白华对中国艺术中的音乐精神有深刻的感受和见解。     

Professional Competence of Prospective Teachers in Business and Economics Education: Evaluation of a Competence Model Using Structural Equation Modeling

Teacher competence is crucial for quality of teaching and learner achievement. Competency models and competence measurement are prevalent in domains such as the natural sciences and lacking in others. We conducted our research in the field of business and economics education by focusing on the accounting domain because it is key to a deep understanding of the economic context and the development of economics competence. To teach well, teachers require professional knowledge, which is mainly composed of content knowledge (CK), pedagogical content knowledge (PCK), and pedagogical knowledge (PK). Our competence model comprises the cognitive component of professional knowledge and the noncognitive components of beliefs, self-efficacy, and self-regulation. To measure competence in competence of prospective teachers, we employed novel instruments to test for professional knowledge and beliefs as well as established ones to test for self-regulation and self-efficacy. The sample consists of 1,152 students at 24 German universities. The structure of the competence model was tested. Results suggest that professional competence in accounting has at least four distinct dimensions (CK, PCK, beliefs, and self-regulation aspects).     

拉格朗日的代数方程求解理论及其影响

拉格朗日的代数方程求解理论是整个代数方程求解史中不可或缺的一部分,并且该理论对以后的代数学家产生了重要的影响。为展示拉格朗日代数方程求解理论的内容,说明该理论产生的深远影响,从原始文献出发,叙述了拉格朗日的代数方程求解理论的内容,重点阐述了该理论产生的重要影响。因此,清楚拉格朗日的代数方程求解理论不仅有利于了解辅助方程理论、置换思想的内涵,更有利于清楚整个代数方程的求解历史。     

The Relationship between Attitudes, Knowledge, and Demographic Variables of High School Teachers Regarding Food Irradiation

ABSTRACT:  The purpose of this study was to use a validated instrument to determine the attitudes and knowledge of high school teachers regarding food irradiation, and to determine the correlations among their knowledge and attitudes and certain demographic variables. Knowledge and attitudes about food irradiation were measured in selected high school family and consumer sciences teachers ( n = 121) who taught Food and Nutrition, Food Science and Technology, and/or Food Production Management and Services, via a 24-item instrument with 6 factors. Results revealed these teachers held neutral to positive attitudes about the safety of irradiated foods, their perception of the risk of foodborne illness, and learning about food irradiation, and neutral to negative perceptions of their understanding of food irradiation and their competence to teach about it. These teachers had a moderate knowledge base regarding food irradiation. Teachers' attitudes regarding the safety of food irradiation were positively correlated with their perceived understanding of food irradiation, actual knowledge of it, and competence to teach about it. Their perceived understanding of food irradiation was positively correlated with competence to teach about it, knowledge, and attitudes toward the safety of food irradiation. The only demographic variable correlated with knowledge or attitudes was teachers' previous food irradiation educational experiences. These data suggest the importance of education for family and consumer sciences teachers concerning food irradiation.