The major players in adaptive immunity

Our immune system, by and large, does a fine job in protecting us from opportunistic and infectious microbes, potential carcinogens and allergens. It is therefore crucial to understand the organization of the immune network. This article focuses on some important features and key players involved in adaptive immune response. The first part of the article dealt with the humoral immune response mediated mainly by immunoglobulins produced by the B cells. The second part deals with T cells, the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)-encoded molecules, and Recombination Activating Genes (RAG) responsible for generating diverse B-cell receptors (BCR) and T-cell receptors (TCR). With the advent of newer and smarter infectious agents, it is important to understand the working of the immune network as more research in this area may facilitate the development of better protective strategies.     

Innate immunity and the 2011 Nobel Prize

The 2011 Nobel Prize inMedicine or Physiology was awarded to Jules Hoffmann, Bruce Beutler and Ralph Steinman for their contributions in the area of Innate Immunity. This review introduces the readers to innate immunity and links the studies of the awardees to this area of research. The cells and mechanisms involved in the innate immune response are reviewed with a special emphasis on the discovery of the Toll receptors in Drosophila and the Toll-like receptors in mammals. The importance of the innate response during inflammatory conditions is discussed and examples of genes related to innate immunity that cause disease are also highlighted. Finally, the roles of innate immunity in modulating adaptive immune response, especially with respect to dendritic cells, are discussed. Further studies in this area are likely to enhance our understanding of the immune response and may lead to drugs to ameliorate excessive inflammatory responses.     

Immune response of T cells during herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection

Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), a neurotropic member of the alphaherpes virus family, is among the most prevalent and successful human pathogens. HSV-1 can cause serious diseases at every stage of life including fatal disseminated disease in newborns, cold sores, eye disease, and fatal encephalitis in adults. HSV-1 infection can trigger rapid immune responses, and efficient inhibition and clearance of HSV-1 infection rely on both the innate and adaptive immune responses of the host. Multiple strategies have been used to restrict host innate immune responses by HSV-1 to facilitate its infection in host cells. The adaptive immunity of the host plays an important role in inhibiting HSV-1 infections. The activation and regulation of T cells are the important aspects of the adaptive immunity. They play a crucial role in host-mediated immunity and are important for clearing HSV-1. In this review, we examine the findings on T cell immune responses during HSV-1 infection, which hold promise in the design of new vaccine candidates for HSV-1.     

对虾免疫系统及调控机制的研究进展

对虾是现代生活中重要的水产品,随着养殖规模和密度的增加,对虾疾病也愈发严重,造成了不可估量的经济损失.因此,对虾的免疫系统及其调控机制一直是人们关注和研究的重点.与脊椎动物不同,对虾拥有完善的非特异性免疫系统,主要包括细胞免疫和体液免疫两个体系.当感受到外来物入侵以后,对虾会立刻启动相关的免疫级联反应,一方面触发细胞免疫系统,包括血细胞的吞噬、包掩和凝集等免疫反应;另一方面也会诱发体液免疫系统,包括血淋巴或体液中酶(如溶菌酶、酚氧化酶、超氧化物歧化酶等)、免疫因子(如凝集素、溶血素等)以及调节因子(如酚氧化酶原激活系统等)的防御功能.针对对虾的免疫系统及其调控机制进行了概述,以期为对虾养殖业的病害防治研究提供参考.     

肠道病毒 EV71引发脑干脑炎的细胞因子免疫发病机制研究进展

肠道病毒71型（ EV71）是疱疹性咽峡炎和手足口病最重要的诱因之一,并能引发严重的中枢神经系统并发症,伴随着肺水肿的脑干脑炎可致死。细胞因子作为先天免疫的一部分,有利于抗病毒和Th1免疫反应的进行。细胞因子和炎症趋化因子在EV71脑干脑炎发病中起重要作用。在EV71肺水肿发病过程中,中枢神经系统和全身炎症应答对感染扮演重要但明显不同的角色。静脉滴注免疫球蛋白和磷酸二酯酶抑制剂,对EV71自主神经系统失调和肺水肿患者可以起到调节炎症、降低交感神经过度兴奋和提高存活率的作用。     

Roles of pattern recognition receptors in diabetic nephropathy

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is currently the most common complication of diabetes. It is considered to be one of the leading causes of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and affects many diabetic patients. The pathogenesis of DN is extremely complex and has not yet been clarified; however, in recent years, increasing evidence has shown the important role of innate immunity in DN pathogenesis. Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are important components of the innate immune system and have a significant impact on the occurrence and development of DN. In this review, we classify PRRs into secretory, endocytic, and signal transduction PRRs according to the relationship between the PRRs and subcellular compartments. PRRs can recognize related pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), thus triggering a series of inflammatory responses, promoting renal fibrosis, and finally causing renal impairment. In this review, we describe the proposed role of each type of PRRs in the development and progression of DN.     

On dendritic cell-based therapy for cancers

Dendritic cells (DCs), the most prevalent antigen-presenting cell in vivo, had been widely characterized in the last three decades. DCs are present in almost all tissues of the body and play cardinal roles in recognition of microbial agents,autoantigens, allergens and alloantigen. DCs process the microbial agents or their antigens and migrate to lymphoid tissues to present the antigenic peptide to lymphocytes. This leads to activation of antigen-specific lymphocytes. Initially, it was assumed that DCs are principally involved in the induction and maintenance of adaptive immune responses, but now it is evident that DCs also have important roles in innate immunity. These features make DCs very good candidates for therapy against various pathological conditions including malignancies. Initially, DC-based therapy was used in animal models of cancers. Data from these studies inspired considerable optimism and DC-based therapies was started in human cancers 8 years ago. In general,DC-based therapy has been found to be safe in patients with cancers, although few controlled trials have been conducted in this regard. Because the fundamentals principles of human cancers and animal models of cancers are different, the therapeutic efficacy of the ongoing regime of DC-based therapy in cancer patients is not satisfactory. In this review, we covered the various aspects that should be considered for developing better regime of DC-based therapy for human cancers.     

纤维胶凝蛋白(ficolin)在非特异性免疫中的作用

纤维胶凝蛋白（ficolin）是一组存在于人的不同组织中含有胶原样结构域和纤维蛋白原样结构域曹磐蛋白。人血多中的Ficolin通过胶原样结构域与病原微生物表面的寡聚糖结合后，激活补体凝集素途径，并起调理作用，在非特异性免疫中起着重要作用。     

心理免疫力：涵义、结构及其影响因素

心理免疫力是个体在后天社会实践活动中不断与内外环境刺激进行交互作用基础上获得的、并受先天生物性因素影响的、维持自身心理健康的应对能力.由免疫心理活动、免疫心理品质和免疫心理调控三个子系统有机组成的一个完整的结构系统,各子系统又包含自己的组成成分.理免疫力形成和发展既受到先天生物性因素的影响,又受制于后天社会性因素和个体因素的制约.     

Review:On dendritic cell-based therapy for cancers

Dendritic cells(DCs),the most prevalent antigen-presenting cell in vivo,had been widely characterized in the lastthree decades.DCs are present in almost all tissues of the body and play cardinal roles in recognition of microbial agents,autoantigens,allergens and alloantigen.DCs process the microbial agents or their antigens and migrate to lymphoid tissues topresent the antigenic peptide to lymphocytes.This leads to activation of antigen-specific lymphocytes.Initially,it was assumedthat DCs are principally involved in the induction and maintenance of adaptive immune responses,but now it is evident that DCsalso have important roles in innate immunity.These features make DCs very good candidates for therapy against variouspathological conditions including malignancies.Initially,DC-based therapy was used in animal models of cancers.Data fromthese studies inspired considerable optimism and DC-based therapies was started in human cancers 8 years ago.In general,DC-based therapy has been found to be safe in pati     

Toll样受体信号转导与中枢神经系统疾病

Toll样受体（toll-like receptors,TLRs）是一类模式识别受体,在药物研究领域受到广泛关注,TLRs能特异地识别病原相关的分子模式,在激活天然免疫和调节获得性免疫中发挥重要作用。近年来,TLRs信号转导在中枢神经系统疾病方面的研究进展迅速,该文对TLRs信号传递新进展及TLRs在中枢神经系统疾病中的研究现状进行综述。     

Interactions between mycoplasma lipid-associated membrane proteins and the host cells

Mycoplamas are a group of wall-less prokaryotes widely distributed in nature, some of which are pathogenic for humans and animals. There are many lipoproteins anchored on the outer face of the plasma membrane, called lipid-associated membrane proteins （LAMPs）. LAMPs are highly antigenic and could undergo phase and size variation, and are recognized by the innate immune system through Toll-like receptors （TLR） 2 and 6, LAMPs can modulate the immune system, and could induce immune cells apoptosis or death. In addition, they may associate with malignant transformation of host cells and are also considered to be cofactors in the progression of AIDS.     

自适应防火墙设计及实现

防火墙作为网络安全使用量最大的安全产品,是实施网络安全策略的重要组成部分,一直受到网络信息用户和研发机构极大关注。本课题针对目前国内外通用的企业级硬件防火墙Netfilter架构,提出了基于动态深度检测的自适应防火墙总体的体系结构,将状态检测和应用防火墙技术结合在一起,采用L7深层过滤技术,应用C语言的编写,把整个体系结构进行了实现。     

“Variation problems” and their roles in the topic of fraction division in Chinese mathematics textbook examples

This article deals with the roles of variation problems (“one problem multiple solution” and “one problem multiple changes”) as used in Chinese textbooks. It is argued that variation problems as an “indigenous” Chinese practice aim to discern and to compare the invariant feature of the relationship among concepts and solutions. This practice also aims to provide opportunities for making connections, since comparison is considered the pre-condition to perceive the structures, dependencies, and relationships that may lead to mathematical abstraction. In the first part of the article, the “indigenous” practice is discussed against its philosophical Daoism and Confucianism backgrounds. To grasp its distinctiveness, a comparison between Chinese and American textbooks is carried out. In the second part of the article, the focus is on the manner in which fraction division is articulated in an important Chinese textbook. A framework to understand variation practice is introduced and some educational implications are suggested.     

自适应网络题库浅析

本文介绍传统试题库存在的问题，并进一步分析已成为试题库建设发展趋势的自适应网络试题库的特点及实施方法。     

基于免疫机理的控制调节器设计

在生物适应性免疫调节系统中,免疫系统根据入侵抗原体的数量自动调节这种刺激和抑制作用,从而维持自身的平衡.人工免疫控制调节器,基于生物的这种适应性免疫机理,借鉴了生物免疫系统的作用原理,其仿真结果表明,该调节器能有效增强系统鲁棒性和抗干扰性能.     

Seasonal coronaviruses and SARS-CoV-2: effects of preexisting immunity during the COVID-19 pandemic

Although the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic is still ongoing, vaccination rates are rising slowly and related treatments and drugs are being developed. At the same time, there is increasing evidence of preexisting immunity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in humans, mainly consisting of preexisting antibodies and immune cells (including T cells and B cells). The presence of these antibodies is mainly due to the seasonal prevalence of four common coronavirus types, especially OC43 and HKU1. The accumulated relevant evidence has suggested that the target of antibodies is mainly the S2 subunit of S protein, followed by evolutionary conservative regions such as the nucleocapsid (N) protein. Additionally, preexisting memory T and B cells are also present in the population. Preexisting antibodies can help the body protect against SARS-CoV-2 infection, reduce the severity of COVID-19, and rapidly increase the immune response post-infection. These multiple effects can directly affect disease progression and even the likelihood of death in certain individuals. Besides the positive effects, preexisting immunity may also have negative consequences, such as antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) and original antigenic sin (OAS), the prevalence of which needs to be further established. In the future, more research should be focused on evaluating the role of preexisting immunity in COVID-19 outcomes, adopting appropriate policies and strategies for fighting the pandemic, and vaccine development that considers preexisting immunity.     

Roles of neutrophil reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in organ function impairment in sepsis

Sepsis is a condition of severe organ failure caused by the maladaptive response of the host to an infection. It is a severe complication affecting critically ill patients, which can progress to severe sepsis, septic shock, and ultimately death. As a vital part of the human innate immune system, neutrophils are essential in resisting pathogen invasion, infection, and immune surveillance. Neutrophil-produced reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a pivotal role in organ dysfunction related to sepsis. In recent years, ROS have received a lot of attention as a major cause of sepsis, which can progress to severe sepsis and septic shock. This paper reviews the existing knowledge on the production mechanism of neutrophil ROS in human organ function impairment because of sepsis.     

急腹症与某些免疫指标的变化

本文阐述急腹症时免疫功能的某些指标的变化，如非特异性免疫及特异性免疫两方面指标的变化特点，为急腹症临床的诊断、治疗、预后提供重要的参考价值。