身体活动对HDL-C及其亚类HDL2-C和HDL3-C的影响

通过对大量文献资料的研究表明，经常从事身体活动，尤其是有氧运动的个体，与惯于久坐不动的个体，其血中的HDL—C水平有较大的差异。这种差异意味着规律性的参加有氧运动锻炼是预防冠心病的一项长期干预措施。评述了身体活动在增加血液HDL—C水平的作用及其可能性机制。指出增加能量消耗和限制饮食摄入是减体重、增加HDL—C水平的最有效方法。     

体能概念研究综述

为了更好地认识体能的本质属性、体能的内涵和外延,以便为体能的研究界定一个明确的逻辑起点,运用文献资料法和逻辑分析法,对国内外具有代表性的研究观点进行了概述和分析。通过归纳和总结后认为：体能是指人体通过先天遗传和后天训练获得的在身体形态、生理机能和运动素质方面所表现出来的具有一定方向性和相对稳定性的一种综合能力,它是竞技能力的重要组成部分。     

肥胖与脂代谢紊乱及运动对其的影响

肥胖正成为危害全人类健康的重要问题,肥胖者,特别是腹部肥胖者,常伴有脂代谢紊乱和心血管疾病（ＣＶＤ）的发生和发展。肥胖者脂代谢紊乱的特点是：血浆甘油三酯（ＴＧ）、总胆固醇（ＴＣ）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（ＬＤＬ－Ｃ）和载脂蛋白Ｂ（Ａｐｏ－Ｂ）浓度升高,高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（ＨＤＬ－Ｃ）和载脂蛋白Ａ（Ａｐｏ－Ａ）降低,脂蛋白的组成向致动脉粥样硬化（ＡＳ）的方向改变。长期有规律的有氧耐力运动可以改善肥胖者的异常脂蛋白代谢,与饮食治疗相结合可以防止减重引起的瘦组织丢失、提高机体有氧工作能力、降低ＣＶＤ的危险性     

Position statement: Testing physical condition in a population – how good are the methods?

Abstract

A poor physical condition – expressed as physical inactivity and poor physical fitness – is associated with the development of chronic diseases and premature death. Our aim was to evaluate the methods currently available for measuring physical activity and physical fitness in the general population.

Physical activity is determined by duration, frequency, and intensity and derives from many different domains, making it difficult to assess over long periods and no feasible general criterion measure exists. Both objective and subjective methods are available. Of the objective methods, accelerometry is the most attractive technology, and is well enough developed for general use in large populations. The advantage of accelerometry is that it is not dependent on the memory of the individual, but its main disadvantage is that it grossly underestimates energy expenditure, due to the lack of registration of certain activities. This may be overcome to a certain extent by combining accelerometry with heart rate monitoring, although this still does not measure activity in different domains. Of the subjective methods, self-report questionnaires are inexpensive and easy to administer. Many questionnaires have been developed, but we require (1) consensus on which measures to use for validation and (2) further development of internationally standardized questionnaires for use in different settings and to address different scientific questions. Many questionnaires correlate well with biological markers and development of chronic diseases, but subjective measurement will always entail a certain degree of misclassification. Furthermore, unstructured physical activity such as housework and gardening may be subject to recall bias. No method appears better to any other, and the choice of instrument will depend on the research question being asked. Future research should combine information from both objective and subjective methods.

Physical fitness comprises several components, including cardiorespiratory endurance and muscle strength and endurance. Direct measurement of oxygen consumption is the criterion measure for cardiorespiratory endurance. As regards muscle strength and endurance, only test–retest reliability is available. Hand-held dynamometers greatly facilitate field testing for maximal isometric muscle strength assessment, while force plate measurements can be used for the lower extremities. For endurance, simple tests such as push-ups and sit-ups are reliable.     

对上海市中学体育课免修学生参加体育活动的现状调查

文章主要调查上海市60所中学713名体育免修生参加体育活动的情况,发现63.5%的体育免修生参加校外体育活动,在影响体育免修生参加体育活动的因素中,运动损伤是导致中学生体育免修的首要病因。这些结果提示应进一步提高中学对体育免修生参加体育活动的重视程度,这对减少体育教学中运动损伤的发生具有良好的保健作用。传统医疗体育项目如太极拳为主的体育保健班教学实验研究,就是探索适合体育免修生的教学模式。     

‘You don’t want to stand out as the bigger one’: exploring how PE and school sport participation is influenced by pupils and their peers

Background: Population health concerns related to physical inactivity and obesity appear in policy documents, government campaigns and popular media across western societies. Children and young people have been targeted for physical activity promotion and schools have been positioned as sites for intervention. In particular, Physical Education and school sport (PESS) has been framed as a key part of the solution. While some interventionist programmes in schools have reported positive outcomes, they have also been criticised for stigmatising fatness, contributing to a culture of surveillance and fuelling body image anxieties. Despite ongoing work to ameliorate these critical issues by addressing physical activity promotion discourses, curricula and teaching practices many of the same challenges persist. In seeking alternative explanations (and solutions) this paper shifts attention to exploring the role of pupils and their peers.

Purpose: While the critical literature on health and physical education has been illuminating, few studies explore the role of pupils and their peers. Further research is necessary to understand how school peers contribute to pupils’ engagement with PESS. This paper, therefore, draws on Bourdieu’s notion of physical capital and seeks to understand how pupils’ physical activity is influenced by lived-body experiences in school spaces.

The study: Data were produced from a 6-month bricolage-based study with pupils (N?=?29, aged 13–14) across four diverse school settings in England. Multiple qualitative methods were deployed to enhance methodological rigour with what is often a challenging age group for research. Data were interpreted and theorised using the concept of physical capital.

Findings: Pupils themselves play a significant part in establishing the physical body as a symbol of power and status in school settings. Participants understood the health risks of being both underweight and obese, but they regarded obesity as being more problematic because of the immediate social risks of ‘standing out as the bigger one’. Following this rationale, participants sought to accumulate physical capital through engaging in exercise as a purposeful calorie-burning activity intended to avoid the pity, abnormality and derision which is expected to be directed towards overweight pupils. Furthermore, during PESS in clear view of peers, distinctions between pupils’ physical capital could be made by recognising differences in sporting skill. In this context, physical capital mediated engagement in PESS in various ways.

Conclusion: This study has revealed that peers play a significant part in constructing the lived-body experiences of young people. In order to address the criticisms raised about some school-based health promotion interventions, it is crucial to attend to pupils’ relationships with peers as well as addressing policies, curricula and teaching practices. Being sensitive to peer relationships and their understanding of health may help teachers and health promoters decide how to manage the spaces where PESS takes place.     

体育课教学质量与学习满意度及课外体育锻炼意向关系研究

以东北石油大学大一、大三年级的学生为研究对象,采取问卷调查的形式对学生课外体育锻炼行为、体育课的教学质量、体育课学习满意度和课外体育锻炼意向进行调查,旨在了解学生业余时间的体育锻炼参与行为,并进一步探讨体育课教学质量与学生学习满意度及体育锻炼意向之间的关系。结果发现：学生对体育课的教学质量评价较好,学习满意度较高,且体育课教学质量和学习满意度均会影响学生的课外体育锻炼意向。因此建议教师要通过提高体育课教学质量和学生的学习满意度来进一步影响学生的课外体育锻炼意向,使更多的学生积极参加到课外体育锻炼中。     

Physical education teacher educators’ views regarding the purpose(s) of school physical education

The aim of this paper was to gain an understanding of the views of a group of physical education teacher educators on the purpose(s) of school physical education and whether, how and why these views have changed over time. Semi-structured individual interviews were carried out with thirteen physical education teacher educators; a fourteenth participant responded to interview questions in writing. Participants were based in seven countries: Belgium, Finland, Germany, Ireland, New Zealand, Switzerland and the USA. A relative consensus on the overarching purpose of physical education was evident, centred on physical education preparing young people for a lifetime of physical activity. The framing of this shared purpose differed somewhat between participants, reflecting a range of perspectives on the value of physical activity. Delineating the boundaries of their subject, participants characterised obesity prevention and maximising in-class physical activity as potential by-products rather than as goals of the subject. The views of many had changed over time, influenced by such factors as findings from research, societal expectations and a perceived need to legitimise physical education within school and university contexts. We note that many of the influences acting on the views of the physical education teacher educators are also known to affect practicing teachers. This suggests a possibility, in the open reflection of physical education teacher educators on the interaction between their views and the institutional and societal contexts within which they work, to provide future teachers with alternative value pathways paved with relatable explanations and shared experiences.     

体育锻炼与女性骨骼疏松症的关系

综述了不同年龄阶段女性参加体育锻炼与骨质密度的关系，体育锻炼对预防骨质疏松症的作用。适当的运动强度并且坚持长时间的锻炼，可以提高女性骨质密度。体育锻炼效果的大小还受女性月经状况、营养条件及雌性激素水平等方面的影响。通过坚持长久的体育锻炼来提高骨质密度以及肌肉力量、人体协调及平衡性，其作用的结果可以有效地预防由于骨质疏松症而导致的骨折。     

江苏省省级机关公务员体力活动情况调查

目的:探讨江苏省机关公务员的体力活动水平和不同种类体力活动的分布情况。方法:用国际体力活动量表长卷来评价机关公务员的体力活动情况。共1224名机关公务员参加测试。结果;调查的机关公务员中有62.1%的人体力活动充足;女性体力活动充足的人(69.0%)明显高于男性(58.5%),差异有显著性(P<0.05)。交通行程体力活动是机关公务员体力活动的最主要形式,其次是闲暇时间体力活动。女性在交通和家务体力活动强度显著高于男性(P<0.01)。只有交通行程的体力活动随着年龄的增大,其活动强度在下降(P<0.01)。结论:调查的江苏省省级机关公务页人群中有37.9%的人体力活动不足;交通行程体力活动是公务员主要的体力活动形式;女性体力活动充足的比率和强度都比男性高。     

A longitudinal assessment of the links between physical activity and physical self-worth in adolescent females

Abstract

A longitudinal framework was used to examine the hypotheses of (1) whether physical activity predicts changes in physical self-worth or (2) whether physical self-worth predicts changes in physical activity in adolescent girls. Participants (n=272) completed measures of physical self-worth and participation in physical activities at three different points spanning a two-year interval. A cross-lagged panel model using structural equation modelling analyses indicated that physical self-worth predicted subsequent physical activity and physical activity in turn predicted subsequent physical self-worth across time. Findings demonstrated a reciprocal relationship between physical self-worth and physical activity during early adolescence. This study supports the use of the reciprocal effects model (REM) in gaining an understanding of the cross-lagged relationships between physical self-worth and participation in physical activities amongst adolescent girls.