论中长跑比赛战术及训练

合理的中长跑比赛战术对中长跑运动员取得好的比赛成绩和名次具有十分重要的意义。在赛前制定比赛战术时,要根据运动员和对手情况等因素做出周密细致的安排,并在平时训练中给予强化。     

Pacing,packing and sex-based differences in Olympic and IAAF World Championship marathons

The aim of this study was to describe pacing profiles and packing behaviours of athletes in Olympic and World Championship marathons. Finishing and split times were collated for 673 men and 549 women across nine competitions. The mean speeds for each intermediate 5 km and end 2.2 km segments were calculated. Medallists of both sexes maintained even-paced running from 10 km onwards whereas slower finishers dropped off the lead pack at approximately half-distance. Athletes who ran with the same opponents throughout slowed the least in the second half (P < 0.001, men: ES ≥ 1.19; women: ES ≥ 1.06), whereas other strategies such as moving between packs or running alone were less successful. Overall, women slowed less (P < 0.001, ES = 0.44) and were more likely to run a negative split (P < 0.001), and their more conservative start meant fewer women dropped out (P < 0.001). This also meant that women medallists sped up in the final 2.2 km, which might have decided the medal positions. Marathon runners are advised to identify rivals with similar abilities and ambitions to run alongside provided they start conservatively. Coaches should note important sex-based differences in tactics adopted and design training programmes accordingly.     

Champions are racers,not pacers: an analysis of qualification patterns of Olympic and IAAF World Championship middle distance runners

The aim of this study was to analyse qualification patterns in middle distance running and identify whether athletes adopt theoretically optimal tactics, or whether the will to win overrides these. The performances of 295 men and 258 women finalists in the Olympic and IAAF World Championship 800 m and 1500 m events from 1999 to 2017 were analysed across all three rounds of competition. Finishing position, time and ranking amongst all competitors were found for each athlete. Position in the final was correlated with finishing position in the heats and semi-finals (all P < 0.001), but not with finishing times in those rounds. Of the 57 champions, 40 won both their heat and semi-final, even though a lower automatic qualification position would have been sufficient, and only 18 achieved a season’s best time in the final. The will to win amongst the eventual champions (and other medallists) suggests predominantly ego oriented behaviour that is encouraged by a performance climate, and which did not appear to differ between men and women. Coaches and athletes are recommended to note that championship-specific physiological and psychological factors are important to develop in training and prior competition to improve both short- and long-term championship strategies.     

2008"好运北京"国际田联竞走挑战赛运动员战术特点分析

运用文献资料调研、调查、录像解析及数理统计等方法对参加2008"好运北京"国际田联竞走挑战赛运动员分段比赛名次和分段比赛速度趋势进行分析.研究发现,当前竞走战术安排包括:"领先走"、"跟随走"、"变速走"和"以我为主"4种位置模式;取得优异成绩的运动员在比赛中基本都采用"以我为主"的战术安排.比赛过程中的速度变化有匀速走、变速走.结论:采用"以我为主"的整体战术模式以及匀速走的战术安排是当前竞走比赛战术安排的趋势.     

女子手球运动员模拟运动情境中认知决策与直觉决策的实验研究

采用《运动情境决策测试系统(手球运动情境版)》，考察女子手球运动员的认知决策与直觉决策绩效。结果表明，手球运动中存在直觉决策；手球运动中的认知决策和直觉决策任务是两类不同性质的任务，不同水平的女子手球运动员在这两类任务的作业绩效上存在差异。     

Learning from the Experts: Practice Activities of Expert Decision Makers in Sport

Abstract

This study was an experimental investigation of the emotional responses of boys 9 through 15 years of age to highly organized competitive baseball. The subjects were 75 boys who participated in Little League Baseball, 50 boys who were members of Middle League teams, and 80 boys who did not play on an organized team.

The Galvanic Skin Response test was employed to measure the emotional changes of boys participating in league baseball and to compare the results of these tests with those of the same boys participating in softball competition in physical education classes. Insofar as the Galvanic Skin Response test can be taken to be a valid measure of emotional excitation of boys of this age level, the results of this study suggest that youngsters were no more stimulated by competition in league games than they were by competition in physical education games.     

足球运动员战术意识及战术素养的培养

采用文献资料分析、推理、归纳等方法对足球比赛中的战术意识、特点、影响因素及策略进行分析。结论:战术意识和战术素养的发挥决定着整场比赛中足球运动员的状态和比赛成绩,需要从不同的方面对运动员进行战术意识的培养和战术训练,保证运动员在最佳状态下完成每一场比赛。     

Simple heuristics in sports

How do people make decisions under conditions of limited knowledge, time, and cognitive capacity in real-life situations such as sports? In this review I will introduce the concept of simple heuristics – rules of thumb that are based on the building blocks of decision making: how to search for information, stop information search, and decide quickly and accurately – and how they can help us understand the decisions made by athletes, coaches, referees, managers, and fans in tasks involving high uncertainty, such as predicting tournament outcomes, allocating balls to teammates, or determining when to buy or sell a talented player. I will present an ‘adaptive toolbox’ of such heuristics, that is, a collection of strategies that work effectively in specific environments. Additional building blocks will be added to explain motor behavior itself, which is central to many sport applications. Finally, principles for studying the use of simple heuristics by people involved in sports will be presented to guide future applications.     

Pacing profiles and pack running at the IAAF World Half Marathon Championships

The aim of this study was to describe the pacing profiles and packing behaviour of athletes competing in the IAAF World Half Marathon Championships. Finishing and split times were collated for 491 men and 347 women across six championships. The mean speeds for each intermediate 5 km and end 1.1 km segments were calculated, and athletes grouped according to finishing time. The best men and women largely maintained their split speeds between 5 km and 15 km, whereas slower athletes had decreased speeds from 5 km onwards. Athletes were also classified by the type of packing behaviour in which they engaged. Those who ran in packs throughout the race had smaller decreases in pace than those who did not, or who managed to do so only to 5 km. While some athletes’ reduced speeds from 15 to 20 km might have been caused by fatigue, it was also possibly a tactic to aid a fast finish that was particularly beneficial to medallists. Those athletes who ran with the same competitors throughout sped up most during the finish. Athletes are advised to identify rivals likely to have similar abilities and ambitions and run with them as part of their pre-race strategy.     

Early visual cues associated with a directional place kick in soccer

The purpose of this paper was to establish postural cues in kicking that may be of use to goalkeepers. Eight male soccer players (age 20.5 ± 1.1 yrs; height 1.78 ± 0.053 m; mass 75.18 ± 9.66 kg) performed three types of kick: a low side-foot kick to the left hand corner of the goal, a low side-foot kick straight ahead, and a low instep kick straight ahead. Kicks were recorded by an optoelectronic motion analysis system at 240 Hz. At kicking foot take-off (about 200 ms before ball contact) the variables which were significantly different and could act as cues were support foot progression angle, pelvis rotation, and kicking hip and ankle flexion. The support foot progression angle was considered to be the most valuable of these variables as its angle coincided with the direction of ball projection. The other variables were less clear in their interpretation and so less valuable for a goalkeeper to use for decision making. Cues appearing after support foot contact were thought unlikely to be of value to a goalkeeper in their decision making. These include kicking leg knee flexion angle, and support leg shank and thigh angles.     

足球运动员战术意识活动过程是否有序的调查研究

分析认为 ,提高足球运动员的战术意识思维决策活动过程中的有序性是提高运动员在比赛中的无球活动效率的重要途径。但是 ,运动员的战术意识思维决策活动过程是否有序 ,尚无人进行研究。笔者通过大量的调查 ,证实了运动员的战术意识思维决策过程是有序的。这一研究结果 ,对运动员的战术意识思维决策水平的训练与培养具有积极的理论与实践意义。     

Age and gender interactions in short distance triathlon performance

Abstract

This study investigated the participation and performance trends as well as the age and gender interaction at the Olympic distance ‘Zürich Triathlon’ (1.5?km swim, 40?km cycle and 10?km run) from 2000 to 2010 in 7,939 total finishers (1,666 females and 6,273 males). Female triathletes aged from 40 to 54 years significantly (P?<?0.05) increased their participation while the participation of younger females and males remained stable. Males of 50–54 years of age and females of 45–49 years of age improved their total race time. For elite top five overall triathletes, mean gender differences in swimming, cycling, running and overall race time were 15.2?±?4.6%, 13.4?±?2.3%, 17.1?±?2.5%, and 14.8?±?1.8%, respectively. For both elite and age group athletes, the gender difference in cycling time was significantly (P?<0.001) lower than for swimming and running. The gender difference in overall Olympic distance triathlon performance increased after the age of 35 years, which appeared earlier compared to long distance triathlon as suggested by previous studies. Future investigations should compare gender difference in performance for different endurance events across age to confirm a possible effect of exercise duration on gender difference with advancing age.     

中国武术散打运动员在K-1比赛中的制胜策略研究

文章通过对我国武术散打运动员参加K-1比赛的录像研究分析,对双方运动员在比赛中的技术水平、身体素质、心理竞技状态进行对比分析,找出我国武术散打运动员在K-1比赛中的的优势和不足,并试图找出原因,以期为以后中国散打运动员在K-1比赛取得更好的比赛成绩乃至成为K-1比赛的王者提供理论指导。同时促进我国武术散打的更新和完善、更快地与世界搏击运动接轨。     

Performance analysis research: Meeting the challenge

Abstract

The keeper-independent strategy, in which a football penalty kicker selects a target location in advance and ignores the goalkeeper's actions during the run-up, has been suggested to be the preferable strategy for taking a penalty kick. The current in-field experiment investigated the question of whether the goalkeeper can indeed be ignored. Ten intermediate-level football players were instructed to adopt a goalkeeper-independent strategy and to perform penalty kicks directed at one of two targets located in the upper corners of the goal under three conditions: without a goalkeeper, in the presence of a goalkeeper (who tried to save the ball), and in the presence of a goalkeeper who was informed by the penalty kickers where they intended to direct the ball. The mere presence of a goalkeeper impaired shot accuracy. The shots were more centralised, that is, biased toward the goalkeeper. The effects were enhanced for the condition in which the penalty kicker knew the goalkeeper was knowledgeable about ball direction. The findings were consistent with the response activation model that holds that aiming at a target can be biased toward salient visual non-targets. The implications for adopting and practising goalkeeper-independent strategies are discussed.     

中国女子手球队技战术训练特点分析

中国女子手球队在第28届奥运会获得较好成绩。研究运用观察统计法,对中国女子手球队技战术训练组织实施和方法手段进行统计分析,并对其奥运会比赛中技战术运用情况进行统计,探讨中国女子手球队技战术训练的特点及效果,为提高我国女子手球技战术训练水平和其它同场对抗性球类项目备战大赛的技战术训练安排提供参考和借鉴。研究表明,中国女子手球队技战术训练以提高比赛能力为宗旨,技战术训练安排层次清楚、针对性强;中国队在雅典奥运会比赛成绩与赛后技术统计结果基本适应,体现了技战术的要求和原则,初步形成了快速、灵活的技战术特点。     

我国女子20 公里优秀竞走运动员心理训练结构及训练策略

通过调查法、测试法、数理统计法对决定我国女子20 km优秀竞走运动员心理训练功能的心理训练结构及心理训练实施进行研究,认为女子20 km心理训练结构包括基础训练要素(训练依据与准备要素)、核心训练要素(训练操作要素)及支持训练要素(训练保障要素),求出核心训练要素各心理变量与竞走成绩相关关系、数量关系;对女子竞走运动员心理训练实施及实施问题进行分析.     

A systematic review of the technology-based assessment of visual perception and exploration behaviour in association football

To visually perceive opportunities for action, athletes rely on the movements of their eyes, head and body to explore their surrounding environment. To date, the specific types of technology and their efficacy for assessing the exploration behaviours of association footballers have not been systematically reviewed. This review aimed to synthesise the visual perception and exploration behaviours of footballers according to the task constraints, action requirements of the experimental task, and level of expertise of the athlete, in the context of the technology used to quantify the visual perception and exploration behaviours of footballers. A systematic search for papers that included keywords related to football, technology, and visual perception was conducted. All 38 included articles utilised eye-movement registration technology to quantify visual perception and exploration behaviour. The experimental domain appears to influence the visual perception behaviour of footballers, however no studies investigated exploration behaviours of footballers in open-play situations. Studies rarely utilised representative stimulus presentation or action requirements. To fully understand the visual perception requirements of athletes, it is recommended that future research seek to validate alternate technologies that are capable of investigating the eye, head and body movements associated with the exploration behaviours of footballers during representative open-play situations.     

对中外优秀中长跑运动员战术谋略的研究

本交通过对中外优秀中长跑运动员比赛战术谋略的比较研究,探讨了中长跑运动员战术谋略的过程、运用方法和运用原则。     

Contextual influences on baseball ball-strike decisions in umpires,players, and controls

Abstract

Baseball umpires, players, and control participants with no baseball experience were asked to call balls and strikes for video clips. In a basic judgement task, umpires and players were significantly better at calling pitches than controls. In a direct information task, borderline pitches were presented following clips of definite balls and definite strikes. Participants called target pitches closer to the strike end of the scale when viewed after definite balls than when they followed definite strikes. Similarly, when borderline pitches were shown in different pitch counts, participants called pitches more towards the strike end of the scale when there were three balls in the count (3–0, 3–2). These findings indicate that the standard for evaluation changes based on the context in which stimuli are processed. Moreover, the strength of the contextual factors is illustrated in that the effects were shown in observers with and without experience in the task. Overall, however, umpires had a greater tendency to call strikes, indicating that they may use a norm of “hastening the game”.