Neolithic informatics: The nature of information

The term informatics is used as an umbrella term to stand for the overlapping disciplinary areas of information systems, information management and information technology. The current paper is part of a series which documents an overarching attempt to develop a clearer and more sophisticated systematics for the area. It examines one of the foundation concepts of informatics – that of information – and aims to provide a definition for this concept based upon ideas from semiotics and communication theory. For this purpose we introduce the concept of a sign-system and consider the role such a system plays in human communication. We also highlight the fundamental difference between a communication system and an information system. To help ground our discussion and provide a necessary distance from the present-day concern with digital computing and communication networks we engage with the historiography of information. We consider the use of information in Neolithic times and describe the case of clay tokens in Ancient Sumeria as one of the earliest examples of information representation and manipulation. Examination of this case allows us to propose a number of universal features of information and ‘information technology’.     

Formated technology and informated action: The nature of information technology

This paper is part of a series examining the fundamental nature of informatics: a term used as a convenient umbrella term to stand for the overlapping disciplinary areas of information systems, information management and information technology. The aim of the current paper is to consider some of the universal features of information technology. This is accomplished in terms of a conceptual framework established in previous work. We ground the discussion in a significant historical case: that of Hollerith's electric tabulating system which constituted one of the earliest examples of automatic data processing. Through examination of this case and the technologies used we establish an interpretation of the essence of information technology in terms of formative acts of data representation and processing.     

公安情报学与情报学的关系研究

关于公安情报学与情报学的关系学术界存在两种截然相反的观点:一是公安情报学是情报学的分支学科;二是公安情报学与情报学无从属关系,公安情报学应完全脱离情报学进行专业建设。文章从学科名称、产生背景、历史渊源、研究对象、研究内容、学科定位、学科重点、实践工作、方法技术、基础学科与学科建制等多方面对两者异同与关系作了分析,据此指出:两种观点各有其合理性,但也有失偏颇,公安情报学与情报学关系密切亦有较大区别,公安情报学不宜作为情报学的分支学科而应作为公安学的分支学科进行建设,但也不能完全脱离情报学,情报学是公安情报学重要的基础学科。     

合作联盟视角下图情机构与智库协同创新效果评价

【Purpose/significance】The study aims to strengthen the synergy between libraries & information agencies and think tanks, and guide the collaborative innovation operation between them. [Methods/procedures] This paper uses litera⁃ ture review, case study and AHP to expound the principle of the evaluation of collaborative innovation effect for libraries & information agencies and think tanks. Based on this, a system of collaborative innovation effect evaluation is established in six aspects of thinking, organization structure, information resources, human resources, technical resources and service for libraries & information agencies and think tanks. Then the case study was conducted with the collaborative innovation alli⁃ ance of Meteorological Disaster Forecasting and Warning. [Results/conclusions] This paper proposes a system of collabora⁃ tive innovation effect evaluation for libraries & information agencies and think tanks from the perspective of cooperative alli⁃ ances, which can provide a theoretical basis for the evaluation of collaborative innovation effects of other libraries & infor⁃ mation agencies and think tanks.     

The hidden investments in information technology: The role of organisational context and system dependency

Management effectiveness is strongly influenced by the quality and availability of the information resource available to managers. This is partially dependent upon the information and communication technologies which transport events, data and knowledge from isolated consciousness to individual and collective awareness. However, the use of these technologies rarely occurs in isolation. Rather, it is embedded in a far wider organisational context which recognises the politics of decision making and technical change, and the broader culture and experiences of organisations. Central to this is understanding how information technology (IT) investments cause organisations to reflect on the importance of their processes of communication and the value they place on information. A key part of this organisational flux acknowledges that IT applications are built on the existing systems, structure and past experiences of the organisation. Accordingly, investments in IT form part of an ongoing organisational development. Such intangible aspects create a dilemma for management in that they prove problematic to evaluate using conventional approaches to cost justification. By drawing on a series of case studies, questionnaires and interviews, this paper suggests a fresh approach to this dilemma by developing the concepts of dependency, legacy and heritage. The paper concludes by recognising that current approaches to investment appraisal emphasise a narrow, short-term perspective which focuses on a single investment, rather than on a continuous investment stream.     

网络舆情应对策略探讨

网络舆情是社会舆情的重要组成部分,更是党和政府治国理政、领导干部了解社情民意的重要平台。本文在分析网络舆情演变规律的基础上,以建立完善组织保障体系、畅通的信息公开机制、舆论引导机制等为重点,提出应对群体性突发事件网络舆情的对策与建议。     

Optimum coherent imaging of a limited field of view in the presence of angular and aperture noise

An optimal procedure is established for the reconstruction of the angular object distribution in a given field of view (FOV). The object is coherently illuminated and located in the far zone of the receiving aperture. The procedure is “uniformly” optimal in the sense of minimizing the statistical r.m.s. difference between the object distribution, modeled as a random function of the angular coordinates and its reconstructed image, for each direction belonging to the FOV. The observable complex amplitude distribution of the field on the aperture is due in the general case not only to the incidentfield scattered by the object but also to background disturbance, or “angular noise”, randomly distributed inside and outside the FOV, and is affected by “measurement noise”, that is random errors introduced in measuring the aperture field. The reconstruction algorithm consists of summing a truncated series of special functions—prolate spheroidal for the linear case and their generalizations for two dimensional apertures—weighted by appropriate coefficients. These coefficients depend upon the observed aperture field and upon the relative power densities associated with the object field and the various types of noise. The series is truncated to a number of terms (“effective degrees of freedom” of the image) determined through an information theoretical method: each term of the series, suitably ordered, provides an information gain less than the preceding one, and the information gain goes rapidly to zero. A relationship between information transfer and mean squared error for each term in the image series is established. Numerical examples are discussed.     

The ethics in Japanese information society: Consideration on Francisco Varela’s The Embodied Mind from the perspective of fundamental informatics

The ethics in an information society is discussed from the combined viewpoint of Eastern and Western thoughts. The breakdown of a coherent self threatens the Western ethics and causes nihilism. Francisco Varela, one of the founders of Autopoiesis Theory, tackled this problem and proposed Enactive Cognitive Science by introducing Buddhist middle-way philosophy. Fundamental Informatics gives further insights into the problem, by proposing the concept of a hierarchical autopoietic system. Here the ethics can be described in relation to a community rather than a coherent self. The philosophical bridge between East and West is expected to solve the ethical aporia in the 21st century.     

Activating <Emphasis Type="Italic">quasi</Emphasis>-organizational memory in environmental scenario building

This paper presents the results of an on-going research project aiming at developing GraviCS, an information system supporting local government and citizens in managing argumentations during the setting up of a Regional Natural Park in Southern Italy. We consider that organizational memory, structured within information systems supporting decision-making and action in organizational environments, can be a useful means for developing multilevel (individual, group, organizational) collaborative learning; in this sense the system architecture was designed referring to the organizational domain emerging in the decision making context of a Natural Park and was finalized to the dynamic representation of the organizational memory. Starting from the case study – the process for the Gravina Natural Park setting-up – , the paper describes the system's architecture and discusses some issues related to: possible dynamic representations of organizational memory; creation, use and storage of decision/learning histories.     

A universal model for the normative evaluation of internet information

Beginning with the initial premise that as the Internet has a global character, the paper will argue that the normative evaluation of digital information on the Internet necessitates an evaluative model that is itself universal and global in character (I agree, therefore, with Gorniak- Kocikowska’s claim that because of its global nature “computer ethics has to be regarded as global ethics”. (Gorniak-Kocikowska, Science and Engineering Ethics, 1996). The paper will show that information has a dual normative structure that commits all disseminators of information to both epistemological and ethical norms that are in principle universal and thus global in application. Based on this dual normative characterization of information the paper will seek to demonstrate: (1) that information and internet information (interformation) specifically, as a process and product of communication, has an inherent normative structure that commits its producers, disseminators, communicators and users, everyone in fact that deals with information, to certain mandatory epistemological and ethical commitments; and (2) that the negligent or purposeful abuse of information in violation of the epistemological and ethical commitments to which its inherent normative structure gives rise is also a violation of universal rights to freedom and wellbeing to which all agents are entitled by virtue of being agents, and in particular informational agents.     

网络信息环境的特征

作者将用户认知信息的因特网交互活动及其相关因素作为一个统一的整体来看待，在此基础上提出了网络信息环境的概念，并进一步剖析了网络信息环境的诸多特征。     

基于景气预警分析方法的城市产业体系战略环境评价——以大连市为例

针对目前战略环境评价技术方法的不完善，采用宏观经济预警基本原理及景气分析方法，结合大连市城市产业体系环境经济运行特征，建立了大连市城市产业体系环境经济景气指数系统，对城市产业体系发展的战略环境评价进行了探讨，结果表明大连市城市产业体系环境经济系统运行状况良好，但同时也要警惕个别指标的大起大落，所以有必要在发展规划的决策中对其环境经济景气调节给予更多关注。     

基于TRIZ的多视角下知识产权预警体系

知识产权预警体系是帮助解决知识产权纠纷的最有效手段。文章阐述了知识产权预警的必要性,从三个视角对知识产权预警进行具体探讨:企业视角、政府视角、国际合作的视角。针对三个视角分别提出基于TRIZ的三个预警体系框架,并在此基础上提出了一个综合预警架构。     

信息伦理初探

新世纪情报学的发展呈现出了新的趋势，而人文化是其中之一，本文就情报学人文化发展的新热点：信息伦理方面的研究进行了一些总结和探索。     

基于多通道虚拟现实环境的应用开发研究

研究了基于多通道虚拟现实环境的网络通讯模块实现方法,以及复制式网络模型下的应用开发方法,并给出了三维城市地质信息系统的具体应用实例。网络通讯模块采用面向对象（OO）技术对TCP、UDP协议进行封装,以消息形式通过网络传输客户端与服务器端的交互信息。应用程序框架采用虚拟现实插件技术实现功能的即插即用。     

How open source software works: “free” user-to-user assistance

Research into free and open source software development projects has so far largely focused on how the major tasks of software development are organized and motivated. But a complete project requires the execution of “mundane but necessary” tasks as well. In this paper, we explore how the mundane but necessary task of field support is organized in the case of Apache web server software, and why some project participants are motivated to provide this service gratis to others. We find that the Apache field support system functions effectively. We also find that, when we partition the help system into its component tasks, 98% of the effort expended by information providers in fact returns direct learning benefits to those providers. This finding considerably reduces the puzzle of why information providers are willing to perform this task “for free.” Implications are discussed.     

拟像时代情报学范式转换的基本路径

话语是思想的表现形式,话语的贫困意味着思想的贫困。情报学的话语是人们在思考、表达情报学问题时的习惯性用语,它既标示出了情报学研究的内容,同时也标示出一个时期或一段时间内情报学研究的兴奋点。目前,情报学范式主要存在实用主义价值观与科学理性主义两种话语体系。依据解构主义理论,提出了拟像时代通过撒播、补充、实用创新情报学话语的逻辑,并据此提出了情报学话语创新的路径。     

地理信息在4G网络的发展探究

文章介绍了地理信息和第四代移动通信网络的相关特性,并归纳总结了地理信息在3G网络下近年的发展。在此基础上,结合大数据,物联网和云计算等热门技术,对地理信息在4G网络下发展应用的新特点进行了展望。     

Accessibility,Disability, and Inclusion in Information Technologies: Introduction

Abstrat

The inclusion of informatics supporting trans‐border data flows (TDFs) in research and action related to the New World Information Order is essential. Documents prove the fact that information has been treated by developing countries as a critical element in the establishment of a New International Economic Order.

The author calls for the recognition of TDFs as an integral element of the debate over information. Such issues as free flow of information, national sovereignty, and dependent development are addressed. In the conclusion, it is argued that the International Telecommunication Union is well equipped to expand its domain of jurisdiction to TDFs in coordination with a maturing Intergovernmental Bureau for Informatics.     

网络文化传播对高校图书馆信息服务的冲击分析

首先阐述了网络文化传播的内涵和基本特点，以及对高校图书馆信息服务的冲击所造成较大负面影响的几种网络文化形式。接着论述了高校网络文化对大学生健康成长的影响和网络文化传播对高校图书馆信息服务冲击的反思与对策。以期望对高校图书馆的信息服务工作有所启示。