对玻尔原子理论发展历程的回顾

回顾历程,重塑精神,激发后人,积极探究,完善理论。玻尔原子理论是认识原子结构和规律的重要理论。玻尔在总结前人实验事实以及原子核模型的基础上,考虑到原子光谱的规律性,抛弃了部分经典理论的概念,并引入了量子概念,于1913年提出了三条假设,即玻尔原子理论。玻尔原子理论取得了巨大的成功,完满地解释了原子的结构和规律。面对复杂的原子体系,玻尔原子理论仍存在着一定的局限性,如用玻尔原子理论无法计算原子光谱的强度,对其他元素更为复杂的光谱包括氦原子光谱在内,理论推导与实验事实分歧较大的问题。至于塞曼效应、光谱的精细结构等实验现象,玻尔原子理论更是无能为力。因此,面对复杂的原子体系,需要后人重塑玻尔探究精神,积极投身实践,在量子理论的通道上持续探究,不断完善和发展玻尔原子理论,以解决前人没有解决的问题,造福人类。     

玻尔原子理论量子化条件的表述及其应用

玻尔原子理论是“强基计划”试题的重要考点,本文对其中量子化条件进行梳理,并通过实例显化量子化条件的应用。     

论证式教学在化学教学中的应用——以原子理论为例

论证在科学教育中具有构建科学概念、培养科学探究能力、促进科学本质观理解以及提高决策水平等功能。借由论证式教学经历,学生可以体会到科学家构建理论知识类似的过程,即通过评价资料、提出主张、为主张进行辩驳等过程获得知识或理论。以原子理论为例,借由链式问答展开原子理论及其模型构建以呈现课堂论证过程。     

原子观的演化

值此纪念量子论创建100周年之际，本试就原子观的演化作一扼要阐释，领略物理学家在构建原子理论过程中的创造性思维，以期从前人对原子结构的探索历程中受到启迪。     

向空白的第二卷进攻

夜阑人静,德国青年物理学家海森堡的窗口还闪着灯光,他还在钻研原子理论问题。他的老师玻恩暗暗赞赏:这小伙子真敢攻坚哩!当时,海森堡只有23岁,正给德国物理学家玻恩当助手。     

“玻尔理论”教学中必须讲清的几个问题

“玻尔的原子理论”一节的教学历来是高中物理的难点,学生把玻尔原子理论的三点假设背得滚瓜烂熟,一接触到实际问题,就不容易辨明是非,经常犯经验性错误。为使学生正确理解玻尔的原子理论,在教学中必须注意讲清下面几点。     

氢原子的能量及其变化

玻尔在卢瑟福的原子核式结构学说的基础上,把普朗克的量子理论运用到原子系统上,创立了新的原子理论.玻尔的原子理论对初学者来说最感困惑的是讨论原子的能量及其变化问题.对此,笔者充分利用课本资源,发挥课本对原子势能提示的功效,对原子能量公式进行了推导,原子能量变化进行了讨论,较好地解决了学生存在的问题.     

从原子和原子核高考热点谈其复习

在高考物理试题中,原子和原子核物理部分试题,所占的份量不多.但从学习和认识现代物理学基础知识的必要性及这部分试题的难度相对较小出发,笔者认为仍需加以重视.从近几年,原子和原子核物理的高考热点,谈谈这部分内容的复习.一、原子核式结构和玻尔原子理论这一热点是考查考生对近代物理的发展简史,原子与原子核式结构的基本实验.基本概念和基本理论,是否有较为全面的了解和认识.它涉及的主要内容有,汤姆逊的原子模型、α粒子的散射实验和卢瑟福的原子核式结构模型、玻尔的原子理论和氢原子的能级等等.例如,在全国高考物理试题中,’90第4题考玻尔的原子理论的有关内容,’92第5题     

德布罗依波长关系式的直接论证

从玻尔的原子理论出发，直接论证德布罗依波长的关系式。     

玻尔原子理论的一点探讨

通过对两定态间的原子跃迁过程做的一点探讨,认为玻尔理论给出的发射或吸收光子的能量等于两定态的能量差只是一种粗略的描述,忽略了原子放出或吸收光子后的反冲动能。     

原子物理学发展中的一座里程碑--玻尔理论

概括了自十九世纪以来经典物理学所取得的重大成就,并回顾了玻尔理论的建立背景,阐述了玻尔理论的基本原理.介绍了经典物理理论所不能解决的诸多物理现象,玻尔解释原子结构的稳定性和原子光谱规律的新理论,总结性的分析了玻尔理论的历史地位和它的相对局限性.     

Teaching of social and philosophical background to atomic theory

The history of atomic theory is outlined from earliest times up to the orbital model, and a corresponding teaching method described. The first, historical part of the paper emphasizes social and philosophical aspects in the development of atomic theory. The following milestones are dealt with: the development of the concept of matter from Greek mythology up to the atom; the spreading of Arab philosophy to the Occident during the Middle Ages; the conflict between the church and its opponents in the Middle Ages about the nature of the individual and society; and the status of atomic theory at the time of Newton, and its final acceptance after Dalton. The second part of the paper describes a method for teaching this material at secondary level, in which students are encouraged to make their own conclusions from the range of material offered.     

中专化工专业原子结构理论教学初探

在核外电子运动状态的描述和s、p电子云图教学的基础上,如何进一步将核外电子排布、轨道表示式、电子云图一一对应联系起来,并用电子云图来表示简单原子结构的“立体”模式,从而提高学生对原子结构的理解,为化学键及分子结构理论的学习打下基础等方面提出几点教学体会。     

四能级原子系统中非线性原子吸收的理论研究

利用精确求解的方法,以N型四能级原子系统为例研究了原子吸收的非线性理论.借助于数学计算,探讨了外场失谐、探测光强及激发态能级向低能级衰减的分配系数对原子吸收的影响.结果表明：信号光的失谐使原子吸收谱发生纵向变化,增强透明效应;控制光的失谐使原子吸收谱吸收发生横向变化,透明窗口右移.当探测光强远小于或接近于信号光和控制光时,原子吸收均表现为电磁感应透明特征,只是在共振处透明程度发生改变.当衰减向两通道的分配系数改变时,原子吸收也改变.     

Niels Bohr and the atomic structure

Niels Bohr developed hismodel of the atomic structure in 1913 that succeeded in explaining the spectral features of hydrogen atom. In the process, he incorporated some non-classical features such as discrete energy levels for the bound electrons, and quantization of their angular momenta.     

Infant humor: the theory of the absurd and the empowerment theory

This study looked at how six infants in a group child care setting produced and appreciated humor. With the use of multiple qualitative methods, participant and non‐participant observations, journal writing, videotaping, interviewing, and document review this study looked at children’s humor as indicated through their smiles and laughter. Findings of this study suggest that there are two theories that best describe young children’s humorous behavior, namely the Theory of the Absurd and Empowerment Theory. The Theory of the Absurd includes events that are out of the ordinary and violate children’s existing schemata. It emphasizes the incongruity of an event through funny gestures or positions, the incongruous use of materials and actions. Empowerment Theory describes young children’s ability to violate the expectations of their caregivers and use humor to empower themselves. It highlights a different form of incongruity which has to do with the violation of expectations, intentionally or otherwise.     

从道德阶段理论到道德类型理论——西方道德认知理论的最新发展研究

道德类型理论的提出是近年来新科尔伯格理论的最新发展.道德类型理论的提出,对进一步探讨个体道德认知发展规律有重要意义.本文系统评价这个新的道德类型理论,重点阐述道德类型的细化研究,为今后更加深入的研究提供思想启示.     

Applying Lakatos' theory to the theory of mathematical problem solving

In this paper, the relation between Lakatos' theory and issues about mathematics education — especially issues about mathematical problem solving — is reinvestigated by paying attention to Lakatos' methodology of a scientific research programme. By comparing the same findings about mathematical problem solving with the discussion in Lakatos' theory — e.g. research programmes' hard cores, their negative and positive heuristics, and their goals — we establish the correspondence between research programmes and solver's structures of a problem situation, i.e. structures given by a solver to a problem situation. After establishing this, the implications of Lakatos' theory, i.e. the nature of selection from competing programmes and the social origins of the cores of programmes, are applied to the discussion about mathematical problem-solving, with indications of the related evidence in the theory of mathematical problem solving which seems to support the application of those implications. Such an application leads to one view of mathematical problem solving, which reflects the irrational nature and social aspects of problem-solving activities, both in solving problems and in selecting better solutions.     

相对原子质量基准的演变

现代相对原子质量的基准是经过漫长的演变才形成的。公元前四世纪左右,早期的原子论者留基伯(Leucippus)、德谟克利特(Democritus)和伊壁鸠鲁(Epicurus)就指出原子有质量,而且原子的大小、形状、质量各自不同。但当时的科学技术很不发达,以亚里士多德(Aristotle)为代表的哲学思想又统治了科学界一千多年,所以对相对原子质量的研究一直进展不大,直到英国化学家道尔顿(John Dalton)的原子论发表后,才有了重大突破。     

The theory of equations and the birth of modern group theory

A mathematician whose collected works run to a mere sixty pages, one who did not live to be 21 and yet truly revolutionised modern mathematics through his pioneering discoveries — this uniquely defines évariste Galois!