Behind the Rhetoric: women academic staff in colleges of higher education in England

The paper is based on research into the position of women academic staff in a sample of colleges of higher education in England. This reveals a pattern of entrenched sexual inequality in these institutions, especially at middle and senior management levels. A similar pattern has been found in the university and polytechnic sectors of higher education. However, in the colleges there is an even greater disjunction between the sexual distribution of students and staff. The research is related to recent literature on equal opportunities in education. It is argued that the formal curriculum of equal opportunities is continually subverted by a hidden curriculum of unequal opportunities. Finally, several approaches to positive intervention are suggested.     

Eliciting personal constructs of research,teaching, and#shor professional development

This paper introduces a research methodology in higher education that elicits personal theories of several aspects of higher education (e.g., research, teaching, learning, and/or professional development) and that is an alternative to traditional methods of studying people's perceptions and perspectives (by questionnaire, interview, or structured group discussion). The paper outlines Kelly's repertory grid technique and the theoretical assumptions on which it is based. Some examples are given to illustrate how the research method may be applied to higher education research and development and how it may assist people in reconstructing their teaching or research practice.     

马寅初高等教育思想述评

马寅初先生是我国著名的经济学家和教育家。他的“新人口论”早已为人们所熟知，他的教育思想则不为多数人所知。他的高等教育思想极为丰富、深刻，对教育目的、课程设置、教学内容、教学方法和师资培训等方面都极有见解，研究这一思想，对促进今天的高等教育大众化发展不无稗益。     

高等教育多学科研究的基本问题探析

厘清高等教育多学科研究的基本问题是开展高等教育多学科研究的前提,是获得高等教育多学科研究科学结论的保障。目前,学界对高等教育的多学科研究逐渐增多,但对高等教育多学科研究的内涵、基础、原则等基本问题仍然认识模糊。从本质看,高等教育多学科研究是对高等教育的研究,是相对于高等教育学研究方法的其他学科方法的研究,是对高等教育同一问题运用两门以上学科方法进行的研究。从事高等教育多学科研究,研究者一定要有高等教育学的学科基础、高等教育哲学的理论基础和高等教育学之外两门以上学科的理论与方法基础。进行高等教育多学科研究,必须遵循外观与内省相结合、现象与规律相结合、方法与理论相结合的原则。     

Democratising higher education in Ghana and Tanzania: Opportunity structures and social inequalities

This article is based on an ESRC/DFID funded research project on Widening Participation in Higher Education in Ghana and Tanzania: Developing an Equity Scorecard (http://www.sussex.ac.uk/education/wideningparticipation). There are questions about whether widening participation in higher education is a force for democratisation or differentiation. While participation rates are increasing globally, there has been scant research or socio-cultural theorisation of how different structures of inequality intersect in the developing world. Questions also need to be posed about how higher education relates to policy discourses of poverty reduction and the Millennium Development Goals. The article explores participation in higher education, utilising statistical data and life history interviews with students in two public and two private universities. It focuses on how gender and socio-economic status intersect and constrain or facilitate participation in higher education. Findings to date suggest that opportunity structures reflect social inequalities.     

学位点评估工作的研究与实践

建立高等教育评估制度，是教育体制改革的必然要求，是在扩大高等学校办学自主权的新形势下，加强对高等教育宏观指导和管理的重要手段。对学校来说，进行学位点评估，是保证研究生培养质量，强化学科、学位点建设的重要举措，是学校生存发展的必由之路。     

天津高等学校科学研究机构发展历史沿革概述

天津高等教育已有百余年的历史。天津高等学校的科学研究工作由于经济、人员、设备等方面的原因,没能和天津高等教育同时起步,它始于20世纪的20年代的北洋大学和南开大学,经历了三个历史阶段。随着科学技术事业的发展,科学研究工作已成为高等学校教学工作不可或缺的重要组成部分。各校越来越重视加强基础理论和高科技研究与社会需求的紧密结合,注重科研成果转化为生产力;同时对学校的教育教学改革以及产教结合,提高教学质量等具有十分重要的作用。科研机构从无到有,其数量、规模及研究领域不断扩大,科研队伍不断发展壮大,人才结构日趋合理,一大批科研成果达到国家先进水平,为国家和天津市的现代化建设做出了巨大贡献。     

The purpose, value and structure of the practicum in higher education: a literature review

The practicum constitutes an integral part of many professional courses in higher education; and is manifest in several different forms depending on the discipline: field experience, cooperative education, sandwich programs, internships, clerkships, clinical practicum, and the like. This paper provides an overview of different ways in which the practicum has been conceptualised, implemented and evaluated in higher education. It focuses attention on the purpose and value of the practicum; the relationship between the practicum and the learning outcomes of a course as a whole; and the structure and placement of the practicum within a course. Findings indicate that whilst the practicum is widely accepted as a valuable and successful component of professional education, it has a number of shortcomings; and the lack of good quality research into the practicum makes it difficult to draw unequivocal conclusions. A number of questions are posed to guide further research into the role of supervision during practicum placements; the kinds of learning goals and outcomes that are best achieved through the practicum; and the impact on student learning of the length and structure of the practicum.     

谈高职院校科研方向与项目获取途径

高等职业技术教育必须从事科学研究；科学研究分为基础研究、应用研究、发展研究等类型。高职院校科研方向应该符合国家有关高职教育人才规养规格的意见；针对高等职业技术教育的实际，探讨了获得科研项目的若干途径。     

Conceptions of Contemporary European Universities: to do research or not to do research?

The article examines the extent to which the notion of a publicly-funded university as an institution engaging in both teaching and research is likely to be sustained in the European higher education space of the future, given the variety of pressures (including funding and mass higher education) on such a conception of a university and changes in how national governments regard the purposes of higher education. Relevant literature on the changing purposes of universities is reviewed. For illustrative purposes, the article uses an example of recent legislation, the 2004 Higher Education Act, in England, whereby research degree awarding powers are no longer a pre-requisite for the conferral of university status. The position in England's higher education system with regard to research and teaching is contrasted with that of a second UK country, Scotland, which has contrasting policies on teaching and research in universities. The article examines the research-teaching debate from the perspective of individual academics, universities and policy-makers, using recent empirical data where available. It is suggested that whilst academics and their institutions (for different reasons) may be in favour of retaining a link between teaching and research and may resist changes to this, policy-makers faced with rising demands on the public purse may see such links as suited only to an academic elite. Such pressures apply equally to other member countries of the European Higher Education space, so the outcomes of this policy debate about the centrality of research and teaching to universities have many implications for the future shape of European higher education.     

External peer review of assessment: an effective approach to verifying standards?

There is growing international concern to regulate and assure standards in higher education. External peer review of assessment, often called external examining, is a well-established approach to assuring standards. Australian higher education is one of several systems without a history of external examining for undergraduate programmes that is currently considering the approach. What can entrants to external examining at that level learn from the UK higher education system's long history of external examining? To that end, this paper reports on a mixed methods research project designed to investigate current practices in how academic standards are conceived, constructed and applied by external examiners and debates the implications of the findings for the development of external examining in other countries. The findings suggest that the potential of experienced peers in a subject discipline to provide the assurance of standards is limited. It concludes by presenting various possible enhancements that might be considered.     

Centralization and diversity: Evaluating the effects of government policies in U.S.A. and Dutch higher education

The article details a comparative study of higher education policies in the U.S.A. and The Netherlands. The policies are similar in their attempt to centralize the governance of public higher education in state and national systems in an attempt to promote and maintain diversity. The authors examine the policies in the context of previous research on higher education and provide data that shed light on the growth of degree programmes within public universities. Findings show that public higher education systems in several U.S.A. states and The Netherlands have not grown less diverse over time. Other findings provide mixed support for the argument that centralization is an effective means of limiting homogeneous growth in public systems of higher education.     

教育券:高等教育拨款机制的创新

教育券制度是一种教育投资体制的创新,对我国教育发展有相当大的借鉴意义.本文试图对一些国家高等教育的教育券制度进行系统分析与研究,提出以教育券制度作为一种有效的方式解决当前我国高等教育的一些问题,以期为我国高等教育经费制度的改革提供借鉴.     

Social Inequality and Access to Higher Education in Russia

This article analyses research on social inequality and access to higher education in Russia. It argues that the myth about equality of life chances, as with certain other myths, was an important part of the Soviet ideology. However, children from privileged groups traditionally received the education and professional training which were most advantageous for their subsequent lives and careers. Recent research indicates that conditions in post-Soviet Russia are not eliminating social differentiation. This is clearly seen in access to higher education. It is shown that the inequality is noticeable in secondary education and is aggravated during the transition to higher education and vocational training (universities, colleges, vocational schools). In order to explain the genesis of such inequality, the article considers research focusing on the situation at secondary school. The dynamics must be analysed over a long period, since the problems that post-Soviet youth face today have roots in the Soviet past. Hence, the article considers the results of studies conducted between the 1960s and today.     

PUBLIC EXPENDITURE ON HIGHER EDUCATION: A COMPARATIVE STUDY IN THE EC‐MEMBER STATES, 1975‐1990

This article is an exercise in cross‐national comparative research on the financing of higher education, the countries involved being the EC countries. Before relevant comparisons could be made, agreement had to be reached as to what “higher education” is and what “students” are. It was then necessary to find some way of making accurate comparisons of monetary units and of dealing with contradictory ways in which educational statistics were and still are collected and collated. A research strategy was developed using existing sources, a specially developed questionnaire, and consultation with national experts. The results displayed biases for which corrections had to be made. They also, however, displayed a wide variety in the level of higher education expenditure in the EC countries. The project gave rise to the creation of the first comprehensive database that covers public expenditure on higher education in the twelve member states of the EC. It can be regarded as the first step in the creation of the “perfect database” on higher education expenditure which in turn would be a most valuable tool for higher education policy‐makers.

     

开放的发展领域--后现代视阈中的高等教育学科

后现代视阈中的高等教育学科是一个开放的发展领域,其开放发展通过问题的开放和研究的开放得以实现,根本在于人的开放。中国高等教育学的发展应在坚持问题研究和多范式实践的同时,促进研究者以及研究文化的开放,努力拓展自身的开放性。     

基于员工专业学习满意度的酒店管理教育质量评价

目前,全球旅游酒店教育机构在教学方法与教育对象方面的研究仅局限于在大学这一封闭系统内展开,对酒店业界,特别是酒店员工对酒店管理专业教育的评价关注不够。文章在问卷调研的基础上,研究了中国星级酒店员工对酒店管理专业学习的满意度,以此视角评价国内酒店管理教育质量。研究发现,工作经验与就业技能教育对于酒店员工专业学习满意度贡献最大。同时,酒店员工专业学习满意度在性别、收入水平、教育水平方面有显著差异,在年龄、婚姻状况、酒店的任职部门与星级方面差异不显著。     

The Bologna Process and the Lisbon Research Agenda: the European Commission's expanding role in higher education discourse

This article examines the role of the European Union's Commission in weaving together the Bologna Process and the Lisbon research strategy with its existing educational initiatives to define and disseminate an influential vision of European higher education. The article begins by outlining the Commission's activities in relation to EU education programmes, the Lisbon research agenda and the Bologna Process. It goes on to examine, in a variety of policy texts, the discourse of European higher education that is supported by, and supporting, these large-scale policy developments. Whilst the overall coherence and cohesiveness of this emerging discourse can be queried, the article argues that the Commission is drawing effectively on both Bologna and Lisbon to firmly constitute — and reconstitute — higher education as a European policy domain. The article concludes with an analysis of how different educational stakeholders are supported and restricted by the Commission's views of higher education, as articulated through its 'hybrid' Bologna/Lisbon agenda.     

三十年来的中国高等教育改革研究：进展和问题

自1978年改革开放以来,我国高等教育积极适应社会变革,进行了一系列的改革,广大高等教育研究者也对改革的多方面问题进行了研究,经历了酝酿、起步、确立和成熟四个阶段。对高等教育改革的研究主要集中于对高等教育改革过程及高等教育改革内容的研究,在取得一定成果的同时,研究也存在着一定问题。     

Bologna in Context: a horizontal perspective on the dynamics of governance sites for a Europe of Knowledge

This article presents a horizontal perspective on the dynamics of governance sites currently active for the European of Knowledge and places the Bologna process in this wider European level context. It introduces two dynamics of change in political organisation: a) institutional differentiation and specialisation and b) the interaction between institutional spheres and sectors. Signs of sectoral differentiation are identified in the history of European integration that is relevant to the Europe of Knowledge. The argument is that the nature and sequence of the differentiation process are key to understand current governance processes. It is illustrated by showing how a horizontal dynamics has been played out in the case of the EU's Lisbon strategy and in particular the cooperation taking place in the framework of the EU's “Education and Training 2010” work programme. The analysis shows how the Bologna process, although perpetuated as a sector internal governance site, has co-evolved and interacted with this strategy, partly as an object of emulation and source of support and partly as a competing governance site. A horizontal dynamics of change is also evident in the larger Lisbon strategy as it lifted research and higher education policy to the centre of the European integration project. It resulted in the development of several governance sites with different foci targeting European higher education. A more prominent place on the political agenda came together with demands that research and education should be integrated with the overall political and economic objectives of the EU.