基于社会建构主义学习理念的体育教师角色定位

采用文献资料法,基于社会建构主义学习理论、维果茨基空间模型,从体育教师知识学习意义构建的内化、转化、外化、习俗化4个维度和社会建构主义学习理论对体育教师角色定位的启示,全面深入的了解体育教师在社会建构主义学习理念中与学生双向“学习共同体”中的相互作用。并提出体育教师角色定位：成为学生知识意义构建的“抛锚者”、成为学生知识意义建构的“提携者”、成为学生知识意义构建的“关注者”和“组织者”、成为学生知识意义建构的“对话者”、开发教师的“动态评价体系”等建议,为我国体育教师社会建构体系的建设提供参考。     

罗杰斯教育理论对中国学校体育改革的启示

运用文献资料法、逻辑分析法,在综合罗杰斯教育理论前期研究基础上,结合中国当前学校体育发展现状,提出了罗杰斯教育理论对中国学校体育改革的启示:1)真正理解与落实学校体育"以人为本"的课程理念;2)培养学生体育学习自主能力的作用与局限;3)形成积极互动的师生关系;4)培养体育教学中学生学习的责任感和自律意识。     

‘It doesn't matter how they move really,as long as they move.’ Physical education teachers on developing their students’ movement capabilities

Background: Movement is key in physical education, but the educational value of moving is sometimes obscure. In Sweden, recent school reforms have endeavoured to introduce social constructionist concepts of knowledge and learning into physical education, where the movement capabilities of students are in focus. However, this means introducing a host of new and untested concepts to the physical education teacher community.

Purpose. The purpose of this article is to explore how Swedish physical education teachers reason about helping their students develop movement capability.

Participants, setting and research design. The data are taken from a research project conducted in eight Swedish secondary schools called ‘Physical education and health – a subject for learning?’ in which students and teachers were interviewed and physical education lessons were video-recorded. This article draws on data from interviews with the eight participating teachers, five men and three women. The teachers were interviewed partly using a stimulated recall technique where the teachers were asked to comment on video clips from physical education lessons where they themselves act as teachers.

Data analysis. A discourse analysis was conducted with a particular focus on the ensemble of more or less regulated, deliberate and finalised ways of doing things that characterise the eight teachers’ approach to helping the students develop their movement capabilities.

Findings. The interviews indicate that an activation discourse (‘trying out’ and ‘being active’) dominates the teachers’ ways of reasoning about their task (a focal discourse). When the teachers were specifically asked about how they can help the students improve their movement capacities, a sport discourse (a referential discourse) was expressed. This discourse, which is based on the standards of excellence of different sports, conditions what the teachers see as (im)possible to do due to time limitations and a wish not to criticise the students publicly. The mandated holistic social constructionist discourse about knowledge and learning becomes obscure (an intruder discourse) in the sense that the teachers interpret it from the point of view of a dualist discourse, where ‘knowledge’ (theory) and ‘skill’ (practice) are divided.

Conclusions. Physical education teachers recoil from the task of developing the students’ movement capabilities due to certain conditions of impossibility related to the discursive terrain they are moving in. The teachers see as their primary objective the promotion of physical activity – now and in the future; they conceptualise movement capability in such a way that emphasising the latter would jeopardise their possibilities of realising the primary objective. Should the aim be to reinforce the social constructionist national curriculum, where capability to move is suggested to be an attempt at formulating a concept of knowledge that includes both propositional and procedural aspects and which is not based on the standards of excellence of either sport techniques or motor ability, then teachers will need support to interpret the national curriculum from a social constructionist perspective. Further, alternative standards of excellence as well as a vocabulary for articulating these will have to be developed.     

Embodied learning and school-based physical culture: implications for professionalism and practice in physical education

We write as critical theorists, who consider that in terms of scoping out robust conceptual elaborations which are suitable for contemporary schooling, that physical education has ground to make up connecting theory with practice and practice with theory. We advocate that aspects of existentialism and phenomenology can provide a theoretically sound basis on which to argue that embodied learning should be the foundational cornerstone of physical education programmes. To avoid embodied learning becoming overly learner centric and insular, we advance Merleau-Pontian informed ideas on how learning could flourish when an individual and embodied focus merges with a school-wide physical culture agenda which is underpinned by social and moral theorizing. In developing our focus on merging embodied learning and physical culture, we draw upon MacIntyrean views on the goods which are internal to practice and extend thinking on how these goods could merge with the diverse aims and intentions informing the culture and ethos in schools. In pursuing these ambitions, we outline the constructive activist-based benefits of teachers working within subsidiarity-based school communities where pedagogical decisions are made at a level consistent with realizing whole schools aims. This is in spite of our acknowledgement that the lack of career-long professional learning adds to the difficulty of achieving these aims. In conclusion we argue that if physical education is to become a pivotal component of realizing a diverse range of whole school aims there is a need for greater professional engagement with pedagogical approaches that attempt to derive greater meaning from learners movement experiences and which help learners to understand better both their own identity and the ethos of the school context and environment they share with others.     

The expectancy-value theory: A meta-analysis of its application in physical education

BackgroundThe purpose of motivating students is to enhance their learning achievement. The expectancy-value theory (EVT) has demonstrated its efficacy in motivating students in classrooms and in gymnasia. Understanding student motivation in physical education is needed. This meta-analysis review aimed to reveal the determinants and functions of EVT by evaluating the evidence in physical education research.MethodsWe followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines to identify and meta-analyze the current research literature published from January 2010 to December 2020 by generating and analyzing the effect sizes from the studies.ResultsA total of 31 studies were included. The results show that social support, motivation of teachers and peers, and positive class climate can predict student EVT motivation. EVT motivation predicts student learning behaviors, situational interests, fitness performance, health behavior function, out-of-school physical activity, and physical skill development.ConclusionEVT motivation could facilitate learning behaviors and situational interest development in the gymnasium. It might lead to fitness enhancement, health behavior change, out-of-school physical activity participation, and physical skill development. Fostering a learning environment with a mastery-centered and/or student autonomy approach where students perceived success and the task values can enhance and maximize student EVT motivation and learning achievement.     

Teachers' and Students' Conceptions of Ability in Elementary Physical Education

Using Nicholl's (1989) and Dweck's (1999, 2002) theories on ability as conceptual frameworks, this study explored teachers' and students' conceptions of ability in elementary physical education. Participants were 8 physical education specialists from five public schools and 160 students from their second- and fourth-grade classes. Teacher and student interviews and questionnaires were used for data collection. When asked to describe the “best” and “poorest” students in their physical education classes, teachers defined or referenced student status solely in terms of class behavior and effort, such as participation and working hard. In contrast, students primarily used ability-related indicators, such as task mastery and social comparison along with class behavior as criteria of their own ability. Overall, teachers and students had different views of “good” students in elementary physical education. In an era of standards-based learning and accountability in education, teachers may need to focus more on a task-involved climate by taking into account student learning and achievement.     

浅析游戏在小学体育篮球教学中的运用

篮球是一项深受小学生喜爱的运动,也是小学体育的重要教学内容。小学生经常参与篮球运动可以增强体质,促进身体健康。但因小学生年纪小、活泼好动、理解能力还较差,体育教师在进行篮球教学时会受到一些阻碍。如今,游戏被很多小学体育教师引入到篮球教学当中,对激发学生学习兴趣、调动学习积极性、提升教学效果有很好的促进作用。因此,该文将对游戏在小学体育篮球教学中的运用策略进行探讨,以期为其他小学体育教师在进行篮球教学时提供一定的参考和借鉴。     

Preservice teachers perspectives and experiences teaching personal and social responsibility

ABSTRACT

Background: Pedagogical models have become an established component of physical education over the past several decades. One such model, the Teaching Personal and Social Responsibility model, has gained momentum in practice and research, though little is known regarding its use in preservice teacher training. The model follows a flexible format focused on teaching life skills (e.g. leadership) that can be applied in all lived ecologies. Occupational socialization theory provides insight into the pretraining and teacher education experiences of preservice teachers that shape their understanding and practice of physical education and associated pedagogical models.

Aims: The purpose of this study was to understand the influence of a sequence of methods courses and early field experiences on U.S. preservice teachers’ understanding and implementation of the teaching personal and social responsibility model with youth from a community affected by poverty.

Method: This study took on a phenomenological and social constructivist approach. Ten preservice teachers (9 males, 1 female) took part in the study. The participants were an average age of 22.10 years old (SD?=?4.38) and seven identified as White and three as Black. Each participant was enrolled in methods and early field experience coursework that provided scaffolded training in primary education in a community affected by poverty. Preservice teachers team-taught groups of 10–15 children twice a week along with one day committed to on-campus reflection. Data collection included autobiographical essays, critical incident reports, reflective journals, non-participatory observations and field notes, and semi-structured interviews. Data were analyzed deductively through the lens of occupational socialization theory, and inductively as theory divergent trends were sought. Open and axial coding was completed with member checking throughout, resulting in a final set of themes and subthemes.

Findings: The preservice teachers initially struggled to connect with their students due to conflicting backgrounds, but the teaching personal and social responsibility model guided the relationship-building process. As the model was continuously utilized, more empathy and care were shown towards the children. Preservice teachers felt there was a lack of progression in positive behaviors but were able to empower youth and felt that the model was culturally relevant. Overtime, the students began to appreciate the affective domain despite the challenge of working in a community affected by poverty through frustration towards the larger system limiting any potential progress was present.

Conclusions: Subjective theories transitioned to include relationship building and life skills learning, likely because of the extended field experience and faculty support. The preservice teachers desire to connect with and teach the students well displays the connection between models-based practice and positive relationships. Preservice teachers’ knowledge of their students was limited as it was based on secondhand knowledge of youth, teacher educators, and school staff. Evidence indicates some cultural responsiveness development though there were also elements of a deficit model due to white privilege and class differences. Further work explicitly integrating a culturally relevant approach and social justice in teacher education programming should occur.     

An investigation of pre-service teachers’ learning in physical education teacher education: schools and university in partnership

This study explores the role of school and university partnership teams in the professional development of physical education (PE) pre-service teachers (PSTs) during their one year Postgraduate Certificate in Education course in England. The paper focuses on the key influences and processes that impacted on PST subject knowledge development. An interpretive methodology informed by constructivist grounded theory [Charmaz, K. (2006). Constructing grounded theory: A practical guide through qualitative analysis. London: Sage.] was adopted. This research highlights that the process of knowledge development in physical education teacher education (PETE) is socially constructed and complex. Much of the PSTs’ development was influenced by various communities of practice, particularly their school placements’ PE departments, but also their university-based learning community. Of these, the legitimised practices within the PE departments were found to be especially important to PSTs’ development. University-based learning was credited by PSTs with enhancing their holistic understanding of the learning process, developing those aspects of critical pedagogy that were under-developed in schools. This study identifies the capability of school/university partnerships to facilitate enhanced knowledge development in PETE. Taking into consideration the evolving nature of PETE within a political context that is progressively moving towards an entirely school-based model, an evidence-based debate over the manner and nature of the subject knowledge to be developed is needed.     

东北师范大学体育教育专业(师范类)课程计划的特色

《东北师范大学体育教育专业(师范类)课程计划》目标定位为"培养适应现代社会发展需要,引导和促进学生成为有见识、有能力、有责任感的自主学习者,通过各种教育教学过程培养学生成为乐于为基础教育服务,富有创新精神和实践能力的高素质、专业化的中小学体育教师"。课程体系由通识教育课程、专业教育课程和生涯规划课程以及毕业论文等4个模块构成,突出科学教育、人文教育和审美教育3者的融合,加强通识课程教育人文性、科学性;精化专业教育基础课和主干课;引导专业系列课程学习,明确生涯规划课程的职业取向。     

Reactions to implementing adventure-based learning in physical education

The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore the reactions of 13 pre-service teachers (PTs) implementing an adventure-based learning (ABL) unit through the lens of occupational socialization. Data were collected through interviews, critical reflections and reflection of videotaped ABL lesson. Analysis of the data resulted in two themes: (1) This is harder than I remember and (2) Student reaction: It's not what I expected. It can be concluded from this study that: (1) ABL can challenge PTs prior beliefs about physical education, (2) the PTs had to negotiate a struggle of values between the student-centered unit and the prior experience and values of the middle school students, (3) student resistance to the unit was a strong socializing agent for the majority of the PTs and (4) teaching small groups of students and engaging in critical reflection with peers each day helped the PTs to persevere in the face of the student resistance.     

Teachers' and students' conceptions of ability in elementary physical education

Using Nicholl's (1989) and Dweck 's (1999, 2002) theories on ability as conceptual frameworks, this study explored teachers' and students' conceptions of ability in elementary physical education. Participants were 8 physical education specialists from five public schools and 160 students from their second- and fourth-grade classes. Teacher and student interviews and questionnaires were used for data collection. When asked to describe the "best" and "poorest" students in their physical education classes, teachers defined or referenced student status solely in terms of class behavior and effort, such as participation and working hard. In contrast, students primarily used ability-related indicators, such as task mastery and social comparison along with class behavior as criteria of their own ability. Overall, teachers and students had different views of "good" students in elementary physical education. In an era of standards-based learning and accountability in education, teachers may need to focus more on a task-involved climate by taking into account student learning and achievement.     

体育教学注重教育情感构建和谐师生关系

本文对体育课教学中教育情感与和谐师生的关系进行了分析,认为教育情感是建立师生之间和谐关系的基础。和谐的师生关系不仅是教师提高教学质量的需要,而且也是学生提升学习动机的需要。在体育教学中,和谐的师生关系才能培养学生的自信心,增强学生的学习热情,达到良好的教学效果。     

Teacher Cognition: Differences in Planning and Interactive Decision Making between Experienced and Inexperienced Teachers

Abstract

The purpose of the present study was to describe the decision making processes employed by experienced and inexperienced teachers as they planned for and taught two lessons in physical education. Eight elementary physical education teachers with five years or more of teaching experience and eight elementary teachers in training thought aloud as they planned two physical education lessons subsequently taught to four elementary school children. Following each lesson, the decision making strategies employed during interactive instruction were accessed using a stimulated recall technique. Results indicated that, when planning, experienced teachers made more decisions concerning strategies for implementing instructional activities than did inexperienced teachers. During interactive teaching, experienced teachers focused most of their attention on individual student performance, while inexperienced teachers attended most frequently to the interest level of the entire class of students. The findings indicated that experienced teachers possess knowledge structures rich in strategies for managing students and facilitating psychomotor performance that enabled them to attend to individual student performance and alter their lessons in accordance to student needs. In contrast, inexperienced teachers possessed fewer of these strategies and focused their attention on the interest level of the entire class to insure that the children were busy, happy and well-behaved.     

In defence of white privilege: physical education teachers’ understandings of their work in culturally diverse schools

Research suggests that physical education (PE) in Western countries is not providing equitable experiences for non-white students. Responsibility for shortcomings has often been ascribed to white PE teachers. Scholars have claimed that teachers lack cultural competence and know little about how physical cultures or health are understood by the young people with whom they work. The objective of this investigation was to investigate this claim and generate an understanding of how white PE teachers in a culturally diverse high school make sense of their work with non-white students. Data with three Swedish teachers of varying experience were produced using semi-structured interviewing. A series of school visits provided a complementary line of data. Four themes emerged from the data. These related to: (1) differences between white and non-white values; (2) the knowledge and dispositions necessary for success in PE; (3) the broad purpose of PE, and; (4) the differences between boys’ and girls’ experiences of PE. Data were interpreted using a Critical Race Theory (CRT) perspective, with the notion of ‘whiteness’ providing a specific analytic concept. The general thesis developed in the second part of the paper is that problems result not from insensitivity or incompetence but from discourses of whiteness in which many teachers live and work. By building on critical research both in general education and physical education literature and by utilizing whiteness as an analytical concept, the investigation shows how three PE teachers draw extensively on the racial discourse of whiteness and how this disadvantages non-white students. The paper is concluded with a consideration of how racial disadvantage could be challenged or disrupted.     

中学体育课程教材与教法和学法改革

素质教育是充分弘扬主体性的教育。它要求教师的教和学生的学必须采取与之相适当的方法。学校体育教学实行素质教育改革必须依赖于体育课程的改革并通过载体———教材以及教师的教与学生的学双边活动来实现。本文从中学体育实验教材特点出发,讨论体育教学中教法与学法的改革问题并提出看法。     

基于E—leaning的体育课程网络化教学改革

E—leaning可以优化教育资源、提高学习效率、降低学习成本,对于体育课程教学而言,其灵活便捷的教学方式能够解决“学训矛盾”,方便学生自主学习。学习过程记录方便、教学管理和课程资源及时有效的更新,既方便了教学管理,也为体育远程教育创造了条件。E—leaning借助网络跨越了校园空间的限制,给学习者提供了一个全新的学习环境,促使了学校与学习者之间距离的缩短,让学校教育向更广泛的地区辐射。借助E—leaning进行体育精品课程和网络课程整合,开展体育远程教育有助于现有体育精品课程和网络课程的可持续发展,有利于体育教育资源共享,是未来学校体育教育和终身体育教育的重要途径。     

Tennis Shoes Required

Reform efforts to improve physical education often rely on facilitators to promote positive change. Although it is becoming more common, little is currently understood about the facilitation role. Our purpose was to examine facilitators' collective knowledge and experience with ongoing physical education professional development (PD), specifically regarding conceptions of their role in the process. Participants included 12 experienced PD facilitators. Data sources included formal semistructured and informal conversational interviews and participants' curriculum vitae. Results indicated that facilitators held common beliefs about teacher learning and self-identified actions aligned with those beliefs. Adhering to constructivist views of learning, facilitators underscored the role of prior knowledge and the active and social nature of learning. Their remarkably similar views emphasized multiple aspects of teacher capacity building.     

Activating the curriculum: a socio-ecological action research frame for health and physical education

The health and physical education (HPE) profession needs to find alternatives to its individualistic and performative focus if it is to remain relevant and meaningful for all learners. This paper presents a way of framing HPE that helps to shift the focus from the individual as autonomous decision-maker, and goes beyond sport and fitness testing as the main contexts for learning. To do this we present the socio-ecological action research (SEAR) frame for unit development that was co-created and enacted over a six-month period involving dialogue between teachers, students, parents, researchers and community. This paper presents findings from semi-structured interviews, student artefacts and field notes collected as one component of a broader three-phase study which spanned three years. The data describe how generalist primary teachers (n=4) from a small Victorian community and their students (aged 8–10 years) tackled a unit of work that positioned centrally the everyday physical experiences of active school travel (AST). Teachers supported students in exploring barriers to their AST, and developing strategies that would counteract some of the negative perceptions that had limited their AST in the past. The findings suggest that the unit of work evolved from an exploration of AST into a much broader exploration of the whole community. This paper does not provide evidence for an alternative way to view HPE, rather it represents an embryonic exploration of how a SEAR frame might support teachers in applying inquiry-based pedagogies that extend beyond the individual as autonomous decision-maker, and promote opportunities for exploration and understanding of environmental, social and personal factors that influence our health and everyday physically active lives. Despite students being positioned as central actors within the SEAR frame, obtaining genuine student voice throughout the process proved challenging.     

对高校师生关系现状的调查研究——以太原科技大学为例

师生关系是教育过程中最重要、最基本的人际关系。师生关系的好坏,直接影响教育活动能否顺利完成及教育质量的高低,对师生的发展都有着重大的影响。良好的师生关系是推动教育水平不断提高的重要因素。然而,随着社会的发展、教育的改革,师生之间的关系也相应地发生一些改变。比如师生感情淡漠、师生关系不够民主、平等许多需要解决的问题。本文拟以我校大一大二学生和所有公体课体育教师为研究对象,运用文献综述法、问卷调查法、访谈法、数理统计等方法,了解目前我校公共体育课的＂师生关系＂现状,并对现状进行研究分析,在此基础上提出相关建议,为我校更好进行公共体育教学提供第一手材料。通过调查分析得出：1.当前高校体育师生关系在整体上还是比较和谐的,但是在＂师生关系和谐＂的广度和深度上体育教师和学生认识不同。通过双样本T检验男女生之间和不同院系之间存在显著性差异。2.体育教师和学生对沟通程度的回答差异较大,这既反映了师生之间对师生关系认识上的差异,也反映出师生间缺乏沟通与交流的现实。3.体育教学中师生关系对体育课教学效果有比较强的影响。4.体育教师应具备的品质在学生心目中列前三位的分别是：第一、对学生热情、耐心、理解;第二、灵活安排教学;第三、公正、公平。在体育教师心目中列前三位的分别是：第一、对学生热情、耐心、理解;第二、学识渊博,技术水平高超;第三、关心学生、善于与学生交往。5.体育教师认为影响高校体育师生关系的主要因素排在前三位的分别是：体育教师、社会环境和学生,而学生则认为是体育教师、学生和场地器材。