Centralising space: the physical education and physical activity experiences of South Asian,Muslim girls

This paper explores the physical education (PE) and physical activity experiences of a group of South Asian, Muslim girls, a group typically marginalised in PE and physical activity research. The study responds to ongoing calls for research to explore across different spaces in young people's lives. Specifically, I draw on a ‘middle-ground’ approach, using Hill Collins' matrix of domination and the notion of intersectionality. These concepts offer the possibility to explore the kinds of settings (physical, social and cultural) in which girls undertake PE and physical activity, how these spaces influence experience and how the girls navigate these spaces. The study is based in a large, urban, co-educational, secondary school in Yorkshire, England (95% of the students are from minority ethnic communities, 91% are Muslim and 63% live in the top 10% most deprived neighbourhoods in the country). Data generation involved three phases: observations, creating research artefacts in focus groups and in-depth interviews. The findings reveal the diverse ways the girls are physically active. They also demonstrate a complexity to their involvement which is contingent upon space, discourses and people. For example, discourses of competition, ability and peers are more significant within PE; whilst family, religion and culture feature beyond this context. The paper concludes by acknowledging the girls' heterogeneity and agency in the ways they strategically navigate spaces in their quest to be physically active on their terms.     

Further thoughts on the writing of stories: a response to Michael Gard and Ian Wellard

The terminological disunity in the usage of the terms 'sport' and 'physical culture' leads to controversy over their meanings. This study recapitulates their content (substance) in a broader sense than is usual in common usage and points out some possible philosophical connections. The first part focuses on an analysis of the terms: 'culture' and 'body' and their joining together to form the term 'physical culture'. The author first calls attention to other levels of human corporeality than sport and movement (such as hygiene, body aesthetics, eroticism, etc.), which show us that the implications of the term 'physical culture' is too broad. On the other hand, the term 'sport' is delimitated too narrowly, because the cultivation of human motion is a concern in school physical education and recreational physical exercise as well. The second part gives reasons for the use of the term 'kinanthropology' and allows us to grasp its philosophical conception as 'philosophical kinanthropology'.     

城市中老年人体育锻炼自我效能感及影响因素研究——基于在上海市的抽样调查

体育锻炼自我效能感是个体对自己参与体育锻炼能力的信念。它对人们的体育锻炼行为具有很强的预测性。本文通过对上海市5个区县的中老年人的自我效能感进行问卷调查,采用spss20.0统计分析,得出结论:上海市中老年人的体育锻炼积极性较高,有较好的锻炼习惯;他们的体育锻炼自我效能感处于中等水平;上海市中老年人的体育锻炼自我效能感与平均每周参加体育锻炼时间和次数存在显著相关;性别与运动自信存在显著负相关;民族、学历与抗阻自信存在显著相关。     

‘If you miss the ball,you look like a total muppet!’ Boys investing in their bodies in physical education and sport

Connections have been drawn between masculinity, muscularity and physical or social status in sport. Not only are sporting bodies often related to masculinity but also to whiteness, leading to the devaluing of Asian boys' bodies and sporting experiences. This paper draws on three British Asian teenage boys' visual and verbal narratives to enquire how they negotiate these connections in their physical education and recreational sport experiences. Bourdieu's notion of capital is used to make sense of boys' ways of investing in their bodies to manage their status in school. Drawing from focus-group interviews which used participant-driven photography and photo elicitation techniques, the research indicates how three boys invested in their bodies by doing particular types of physical activity that would enable them to develop muscularity, fitness and/or motor competence, to attain or retain physical and social capital in school. Along the way, they add pertinent comments on the intersections of masculinity and ethnicity in constructing and performing a sporting body.     

The Early Development of Women's Judo in Belgium from the Liberation to the late 1950s: Emancipation,Sport and Self-defence

This cultural and comparative history examines the early development of women's judo in Belgium through gender and sport, and within the different communities and federations. Born in the late 1940s, women's judo in Belgium remained both a minority sport and under the domination of men during the 1950s. Circumscribed by dominant gender norms imposing a traditional representation of women, women's judo was, nevertheless, also a means for emancipation. It turned to recreational sport and self-defence in the Flemish part of the country, as well as temporarily to competitions in one part of the French-speaking community. The latter was generally a more conducive space to recognition and emancipation of female judokas. These similarities and differences lay in the articulation of several factors: cultural specificities of judo, influence of French and Japanese models, conceptions of pioneers and federal leaders, sociocultural characteristics of the linguistic communities, importance of Catholicism and emancipation of women.     

大学生身体自尊水平与体育锻炼的相关研究

通过对大学生身体自尊水平与体育锻炼进行相关研究,探索体育锻炼与大学生身体自尊各因素的相关关系;分析大学生整体自尊、身体自尊、心理健康水平存在性别差异的各方面原因;对体育系大学生和非体育系大学生的身体自尊、整体自尊、心理健康水平进行比较分析,探究产生差异的原因,发现体育运动量与大学生身体自尊、整体自尊、心理健康水平的相关关系,探讨影响大学生参加体育锻炼的原因以及影响体育锻炼持续性的原因,为大学生参加适当体育锻炼,提高身体自尊,进而促进心理健康提供理论参考。     

Correlates of Physical Activity Behavior in Rural Youth

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to identify correlates of physical activity behavior in a sample of rural, predominantly African American youth. Three hundred sixty-one fifth-grade students from two rural counties in South Carolina (69% African American, median age = 11 years) completed a questionnaire designed to measure beliefs and social influences regarding physical activity, physical activity self-efficacy, perceived physical activity habits of family members and friends, and access to exercise and fitness equipment at home. After school physical activity and television watching were assessed using the Previous Day Physical Activity Recall (PDPAR). Students were classified as physically active according to a moderate physical activity standard: two or more 30-min blocks at an intensity of 3 METs (metabolic equivalents) or greater, and a vigorous physical activity standard: one or more 30-min blocks at an intensity of 6 METs or greater. According to the moderate physical activity standard, 34.9% of students were classified as low-active. Multivariate analysis revealed age, gender, television watching, and exercise equipment at home to be significant correlates of low activity status. According to the vigorous physical activity standard, 32.1% of the students were classified as low-active. Multivariate analysis revealed age, gender, television watching, and self-efficacy with respect to seeking support for physical activity to be significant correlates of low activity status. In summary, gender and the amount of television watching were found to be the most important correlates of physical activity in rural, predominantly African American youth.     

新疆高校少数民族学生课余体育锻炼现状调查与研究——以塔里木大学为例

课余体育锻炼是培养学生体育锻炼意识,发展身体素质,丰富学生课余文化生活的一个重要途径.运用文献资料法、问卷调查法、数理统计等方法,对少数民族大学生参加课余体育锻炼情况进行研究.研究发现：课余体育锻炼已成为少数民族大学生课余生活的主要方式之一.锻炼场所、锻炼项目、锻炼持续时间具有明显的集中趋势;强身健体、调节情绪是少数民族大学生课余体育锻炼的主要价值取向.少数民族大学生参与课余体育锻炼的频度明显不足,这主要与学习任务繁重、缺乏兴趣、缺乏喜爱运动项目等因素有关.同时,在余暇时间安排方式、锻炼项目、锻炼场所、锻炼频度,锻炼价值取向等方面存在性别差异.     

新冠肺炎疫情背景下大学生锻炼态度、锻炼行为与身体自尊的关系研究

本研究以1 628名参与体育网课的大学生为调查对象,对新冠肺炎疫情期间大学生的锻炼态度、锻炼行为与身体自尊进行测量,并探讨三者之间的关系。结果表明：居家期间大学生的锻炼态度不够积极;女生的锻炼行为与男生存在明显差距;女生的身体自尊水平相对偏低。研究发现锻炼态度、锻炼行为、身体自尊三者之间具有显著的相关性,体育网课期间需要高度重视大学生尤其是女大学生的身体自尊水平,需要加强锻炼态度的引导以及锻炼行为的干预。     

“体医融合”视域下“运动是良医”的再认识——历史、现状和争议

在“体医融合”新时代背景下,体育与医学结合,共同促进全民健康成为一种新的体医结合实践模式,为“运动是良医”的推广提供了重要的平台。运动元素在中西方古代医学理论和实践中早就已经存在了,医学先驱们已经认识到了运动对健康的重要作用。文章对一些针对常见疾病的系统性综述和元分析的结果进行了汇总,这些系统性评价和元分析为“运动是良医”提供了科学的循征医学证据。然而,与任何药物或治疗手段一样,当把运动作为治疗或辅助治疗手段治疗疾病时,需要根据患者的病情和身体状态来制定相应的运动处方。尽管大量的研究表明了运动对健康以及不同疾病的益处,但运动促进健康的生物学机制并未完全阐明。同时,在谈到“运动是良医”时,仍有一些重要的问题值得讨论和商榷,比如关于运动“预防”和“治疗”疾病的讨论,关于运动“适用症”和“适用人群”的讨论,关于运动“剂量”和“成分”的讨论等。     

浙江省高校教师体育锻炼现状的调查与分析

通过问卷调查、文献资料和数理统计等研究方法,对浙江省高校教师体育锻炼的现状进行研究。结果发现：浙江省高校教师参加体育锻炼的人数较少,活动时间大多少于30min;在体育锻炼的项目以及场所的选择方面带有明显的年龄和性别特征;他们参加体育锻炼的动机呈多样化状态;工作繁忙是影响高校教师参与体育锻炼的最主要因素。     

体育锻炼中的社会分层:现象、机制与思考

从结构的视角出发对体育锻炼中分层现象进行了分析,并利用CHNS2006数据实证了体育锻炼的分层机制。通过分析得出如下结论:1)总体而言,我国居民体育锻炼行为中存在着显著的社会分层现象;2)体育锻炼分层形成既有个体因素的影响也有社会结构因素的影响;3)体育锻炼行为存在着显著的性别差异、城乡差异,在年龄和婚姻状态上也存在差异;4)年龄与体育锻炼之间呈现U型关系,已婚群体的体育锻炼显著地比未婚群体降低,说明了中国中青年的体育锻炼的时间和机会受到了"家庭生活"和"职业生涯"的双重挤压;5)通过对城乡模型的比较,发现农村与城市存在不同的分层机制。并指出农村群众体育的矛盾不仅有体育资源严重短缺,还存在体育资源被少数阶层所垄断以及由此产生的体育锻炼的不公平问题。社会分层将是现在乃至未来认识和分析体育社会不平等结构的重要视角,其中的许多问题值得进一步深入分析和探讨。     

Attraction to Physical Activity in Urban Schoolchildren: Parental Socialization and Gender Influences

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to gain a better understanding of the contribution of parental socialization processes and gender to children's interest in physical activity using Eccles' expectancy-value model of motivation. An additional purpose was to examine the nature of these relationships among children of a lower socioeconomic level, a sample that has been underrepresented in pediatric exercise research to date. Fourth- through sixth-grade children (N = 107) from a large metropolitan school district were participants in this study and completed questionnaires assessing attraction to physical activity, perceived physical competence, and perceptions of their parents' physical activity beliefs and behaviors. Multivariate regression analyses revealed a significant relationship between parental socialization processes and children's perceived physical competence and attraction to physical activity. Gender differences were also identified and were primarily related to liking of the exertional characteristics of physical activity and exercise. These findings are consistent with theory and research regarding parental and gender-role socialization during childhood.     

Recreational activities and motor skills of children in kindergarten

Background: Developmental theorists suggest that physical activity during early childhood promotes fundamental motor skill (FMS) proficiency; and that differences in FMS proficiency are largely related to children's experiences.

Aim: To examine associations between participation in different types of recreation/leisure and FMS proficiency of boys and girls in their first year of school. We hypothesized that there would be positive associations between FMS proficiency and participation in organized sport, physical activities, and active physical recreation; but not for other types of recreation/leisure.

Method: Participants (n?=?74) were kindergarten children (Mage?=?5y11?m; boys?=?55%). Parents completed the diversity dimension of the Children's Assessment of Participation and Enjoyment (CAPE) survey. The CAPE measures children's participation in everyday activities outside of mandated school activities in the past four months in five types of formal and informal activities, specifically: Recreational activities, Physical activities, Social activities, Skill-Based activities, and Self-Improvement activities. Two categories of activities were also reported: Organized Sport and Active Physical Recreation. Locomotor and object control skills were assessed using the Test of Gross Motor Development-2 and static balance was assessed using a stork stand. Sex-based differences in motor skills and participation were examined using chi-squared analyses. Correlation coefficients were used to examine relationships between motor skills and CAPE sub-domains and categories. Linear regression was used to examine whether the type of activity predicted motor skill proficiency and the reverse.

Results: There were no sex-based differences in locomotor skills; whereas boys' object control skill scores were significantly higher than girls, and girls' stork stand scores were higher than boys'. Although there were no sex-based differences in the more active categories of recreational pastimes; girls participated in significantly more formal and informal dance and the prevalence of participation in team sports was significantly higher for boys. For boys, participation in physical activities predicted both locomotor and object control skill scores, organized sport predicted object control skills, and active recreation predicted stork stand times and object control skill scores. These relationships were not evident among the girls.

Conclusions: These findings illustrate that young children participate in a narrower array of physically active recreational pursuits compared with less active pursuits. There were notable sex-based differences in the relationships between participation and motor skill proficiency. For girls, none of the associations between recreational pastimes and motor skill proficiency were significant. This suggests that the motor proficiency of girls, as assessed in this study, is neither a precursor to, nor an outcome of, participation in active recreational pastimes. Contrastingly, the findings for boys support theory that suggests that physical activity is driving the acquisition of particular types of motor skills. Less active recreational activities were not associated with motor skill levels of boys, whereas each of the more active categories of recreational pastimes (active recreation, physical activities, and organized sport) predicted at least one sub-type of motor skill. It also seems clear from our findings that more light needs to be shed on how to optimally portray young girls' motor skill proficiency; as well as the relationships between their participation and motor skills.     

Physical Education Students’ Ownership,Empowerment, and Satisfaction With PE and Physical Activity

Individuals experiencing a highly caring, task-involving, and low ego-involving exercise climate have reported greater ownership in exercise class and empowerment to exercise in general. Purpose: This study examined the relationship between ownership and empowerment in exercise, with 2 context-specific outcomes, satisfaction with physical education (PE) and physical activity, respectively. Given the mission of PE to foster individuals’ lifelong physical activity habit, the perceptions of high school students were collected for this study. Ownership in exercise was hypothesized to be significantly, positively correlated with students reporting satisfaction in PE more than their satisfaction in physical activity, whereas empowerment in exercise was hypothesized to be more strongly, positively correlated with students’ physical activity satisfaction. A second purpose of this study was to test the measurement quality of the updated Empowerment in Exercise Scale (EES; now 13 items). Method: High school students (N = 502, 43% female) in a Midwestern U.S. school district completed a survey. Results: Confirmatory factor analysis supported the internal measurement structure of the EES (λ = .62–.91; McDonald’s omega = .89) across student gender (strong invariance). Additionally, the structural equation modeling analysis revealed only 1 parameter moderated by the students’ gender (latent mean of ownership). The hypotheses were supported, such that ownership in exercise was more strongly correlated with PE satisfaction (r = .87) and empowerment in exercise had a stronger correlation with physical activity satisfaction (r = .92). Conclusion: These results support the beneficial effect a satisfying experience in PE can have on students’ satisfaction with physical activity outside of school.     

广州高校学生体育锻炼与手机依赖的关系分析

运用体育活动等级量表和大学生手机成瘾倾向量表等对广州大学城10所高校共计700名在校大学生进行调查研究,探讨大学生体育锻炼与手机依赖之间的相互关系。结果显示:(1)大学生体育活动等级处于中低等水平,主要表现为体育锻炼的运动强度较小、运动时间较短、运动频率较低、运动量较少;男生体育活动等级明显高于女生,文科生体育活动等级显著低于理科生。(2)大学生手机成瘾倾向处于中等以上水平,手机依赖程度普遍较深;男生手机成瘾倾向显著低于女生,文科生手机成瘾倾向明显高于理科生。(3)大学生体育活动等级与手机成瘾倾向存在显著负相关,不同体育活动等级的手机成瘾倾向及其各维度得分均存在显著差异;从无运动量到中等运动量大学生的手机成瘾倾向呈明显下降趋势,但中等运动量与大运动量之间无明显差异。(4)除突显行为外,人口统计学指标和体育活动等级均能显著预测大学生手机成瘾倾向;其中,性别指标显著正向预测手机成瘾倾向,体育活动等级显著负向预测手机成瘾倾向。研究表明:体育锻炼可以有效减轻高校大学生手机依赖程度,且中等运动量的体育活动能够显著改善大学生手机依赖现象。     

民族地区城乡居民体育锻炼行为调查与分析——以四川省甘孜、阿坝和凉山为例

为顺应群众体育可持续发展趋势,促进城乡体育的均衡发展,研究采用问卷调查、个案访谈等方法,以四川省甘孜、阿坝和凉山为例,对四川省民族地区城乡居民参与锻炼的人数差异、经常锻炼的人数、锻炼项目、锻炼区域和体育锻炼的消费水平的差异进行调查与分析。四川民族地区是少数民族聚居地,同时甘孜、阿坝和凉山地处偏远地区,地势崎岖,昼夜温差较大等自然环境影响城乡居民参与体育锻炼。结果表明：农村锻炼人数随年龄增长而下降的趋势比城镇更显著;城镇经常参加体育锻炼的人数要远远高于农村;城镇居民体育锻炼项目更具休闲性,而农村居民更具实用性;城镇居民锻炼区域倾向于公众场所,而农村居民倾向于私人地域;城镇居民参加体育锻炼的消费水平高于农村居民。     

体育锻炼活动量对中等职业学校学生健康影响的分析

本文提高中等职业技术学校学生体育锻炼及健康现状为研究目的,主要运用文献资料法、问卷调查法、测试法及数理统计法等研究方法,对河南省部分中等职业技术学校学生参与体育锻炼活动量和心理应对方式及体质健康的现状进行调查,研究发现：中等职业技术学生参与体育锻炼活动量、心理应对方式存在性别差异,且男同学的体育活动量大于女生,女同学更倾向于采用＂幻想＂、＂求助＂的应付方式;不同体育锻炼量对体质健康的影响存在差异性,中等体育锻炼量有助于身体健康的提高。     

我国西部地区农民健身现状及制约因素研究报告

对西部地区12个省、自治区、直辖市镇(乡)农民健身现状进行调研,结果表明,农民文化水平是制约其体育锻炼的最重要因素;性别、民族及婚姻状态也显著影响农民的体育参与选择,其中,女性参与意识明显高于男性,汉族比少数民族拥有更高的参与优势,已婚者参与优势明显好于未婚者;日劳作时间每减少一个单位,农民参与体育活动频次将大大提升,个人及家庭收入增长超过某一范畴,体育参与选择优势比将成倍增长;农民对健康关注度、锻炼同伴选择、项目选择、时间选择及锻炼意识获取途径等方面不存在性别差异,但在锻炼价值取向认同度、锻炼频次及强度上带有明显的性别特征;不参加体育锻炼的农民,其不参与原因不存在性别差异但带有明显的年龄色彩.村级体育活动场所建设,构建镇(乡)、村体育活动组织,开放邻近公共体育(学校)场所,加强体育知识与锻炼方法的宣传报道,健全各种体育法规和政策,体育健身的专人指导及农民体育活动赛事开展被认为是发展西部地区农民健身活动要解决的关键问题.     

Promoting physical activity in a socially and economically deprived community: a 12 month randomized control trial of fitness assessment and exercise consultation

The main aim of this study was to assess the effects of a fitness assessment and exercise consultation on physical activity over 1 year in non-regularly active participants drawn from a socially and economically deprived community. Of 3000 people invited to volunteer for either intervention, 225 fitness assessment volunteers were randomly assigned to an experimental or control group; 145 exercise consultation volunteers were similarly assigned. Physical activity was measured at baseline, 4 weeks, 3 months (plus an intervention re-test), 6 months and 1 year. Analysis of variance and follow-up Bonferroni analysis showed that, for those not regularly active at baseline, physical activity increased significantly to 4 weeks, was maintained to 6 months but had fallen by 1 year. Only those receiving an exercise consultation significantly increased their physical activity after 1 year. Compared with fitness assessments, chi-square analysis showed that significantly more non-regularly active participants volunteered for an exercise consultation and those receiving an exercise consultation had significantly better long-term study adherence than those receiving a fitness assessment. The study also showed that, contrary to popular opinion, those in a socially and economically deprived community are not 'hard to reach' and respond well to physical activity interventions.