Judging athletes’ moral actions: some critical reflections

Approving or disapproving of athletes’ moral conduct and character is commonplace. In this essay I explore to what extent such judgements are valid and reliable moral judgements. I identify some methodological problems associated with making moral judgements particularly, but not exclusively, from a virtue perspective. I argue that we have no reliable access to states of mind needed to make informed evaluations. Moreover, even if such access was available, the validity of our judgements would be compromised or limited by our own moral character.

Abbreviations: ECB: England and Wales Cricket Board; VAR: Video Assistant Referee     

"通过身体的教育"和"针对身体的教育"辨析

通过对美国体育思想发展的回顾，分析美国当代学者对体育的认识，进而辨析“通过身体的教育”和“针对身体的教育”两种观点的异同，得出以下结论，即“通过身体的教育”和“针对身体的教育”两种体育观的主要分歧不在体育手段上，而是在体育目的上。“通过身体的教育”目的众多，与目的的唯一性不符，在实践中表现为教授运动技术，目的是否得以实现无从知晓；“针对身体的教育”目的明确，就是完善人的身体，、在实践中表现为健身知识技能的传授。     

Researching the lived experience of physical education: some pedagogical insights

Research that focuses on the lived meaning of specific phenomena with pedagogical significance in physical education is very limited. Moreover, the relevant literature concerns studies that explore the lived meaning of specific physical education phenomena, instead of approaching the physical education lesson as a totality that comes into existence through the class period. This paper concerns a larger research study on the lived experience of physical education, and it reports the findings of two physical education class periods of two sixth-grade classes in a primary school. It draws on phenomenological philosophy and, in particular, van Manen’s methodological suggestions. The purpose is to provide an insightful pedagogical understanding of the physical education practice as it is lived through the class period. Derived from the philosophical method of reduction, the philological method of vocative dimension and the empirical data collected from close observations and interviews from both children and the physical education teacher regarding their lived experience of the two specific class periods, two essential themes are phenomenologically addressed. These are (i) play and the metaphor of the circle and (ii) the dynamic of the lesson turns upside down. The paper concludes by considering the issue of responsibility, which carries an essential character for the professionals who share a phenomenological interest on pedagogy.     

Developing principles of physical education teacher education practice through self-study

Background: The articulation of specific principles of teacher education practice allows teacher educators to make explicit the beliefs, values, and actions that shape their practice. Engaging in processes to articulate the principles that guide practice is beneficial not only for teacher educators and their colleagues but also for students. There are, however, few examples of principles that guide physical education teacher educators' practices. Self-study of teacher education practice (S-STEP) methodology offers one way of examining and articulating principles of practice. In this study, I make connections across several S-STEP research projects I have conducted individually and with colleagues, and share the principles that guide my practice with the physical education teacher education (PETE) community.

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to articulate my principles of practice using S-STEP. Specifically, I ask: (a) How can the articulation of my principles of practice reflect broad understandings of PETE? and (b) How can sharing principles of practice encourage debate and discussion amongst members of the PETE community? To what extent do the principles articulated have resonance for others?

Participants and data collection: Six published self-studies as well as the raw data from those studies provided the data for this research. The raw data used in those studies consisted of self-generated data and data generated by others. Self-generated data consisted of written reflective journal entries gathered over five years and recorded audio conversations with two critical friends. Data generated by others consisted of semi-structured interviews conducted with two cohorts of pre-service teacher candidates: one consisting of 10 pre-service primary generalist teachers the other of 9 pre-service physical education specialists. Three interviews were conducted with each participant. Exit slips (informal evaluations) were also gathered from the specialist cohort.

Data analysis: First, elements of the previously conducted self-studies were synthesised to identify general themes and outcomes that represented principles of practice. Second, in several instances, the raw data were revisited to verify and contextualise quotes and excerpts, and consider the extent to which the data captured the principles that were being articulated.

Findings: Three central principles were identified that shape my understanding of a pedagogy of PETE: (a) building community is the foundation of practice, (b) not just modelling – explaining and reflecting upon modelling, and (c) identity matters. Identifying these principles has enabled me to better enact social constructivist approaches to learning, make explicit my personal and professional knowledge to myself, students, and colleagues; find meaning in my practice, and; begin sharing my partial understanding of practice with others in the teacher education community to generate debate and discussion.

Conclusions: Self-study encourages teacher educators to share their knowledge so that it may be discussed, challenged, and critiqued to further collective understandings of teacher education practice. In this spirit, these principles are not offered as an exhaustive list of all that guides PETE practice, but as suggestive of possibilities that might reflect shared understandings of teacher education and thus have the potential to influence policy.     

Telling physical education teacher education tales through pedagogical case studies

This paper analyses two pedagogical case studies (PCS) from a multidisciplinary perspective to highlight the problems of theoretical knowledge in tertiary physical education teacher education (PETE) programmes, school-based physical education (PE) practice and continuous professional learning (CPL) in PE. We argue that a critical view of tertiary PETE and PE teacher educator CPL practice or practices is particularly important if PETE programmes want to develop future PE and current teacher practitioners who are transformative agents. In setting up the pedagogical case study accounts, we recall common conversations about the bodies of knowledge in tertiary PETE programmes that have been positioned as problematic. The accounts highlight the existence of an artificial divide between PE educators as theory generators and both pre-service PE teachers and school-based PE practitioners as theory appliers. We suggest that part of the reason why this divide exists can be attributed to a general misunderstanding of theoretical and practical knowledge that have been wrongly compartmentalised into ‘theory’ and ‘practice’, and hence erroneously taught as isolated entities without any connection or direct link with each other, or the former considered to be less relevant and perhaps even irrelevant in practice.     

对民族传统体育的几点思考

围绕我国民族体育所代表的中国人体育价值观向奥运如何接轨、能不能接轨的问题，从两个方面进行了探索：民族体育在中华民族化的发展与演变过程中所起的凝聚作用十分突出；历史上，民族体育的理念主要依托孔子所确立的儒学表达出来的，但它并不是跟在儒学后面亦步亦趋，相反，在一定程度上抵制了后期儒学愈演愈烈的重轻武倾向，对社会的健康发展起了明显的积极作用。     

以"人文奥运"理念促进高校体育教学改革

借助北京“人奥运”的理念,突出“以人为本”、普及奥林匹克精神,简要论述了在高校体育教学改革中,应加强对学生的人格教育、个性教育,培养学生进取精神的意义和方法。     

Learning through group work in physical education: a symbolic interactionist approach

In line with contemporary constructivist pedagogies, students are frequently expected to learn through interaction in physical education (PE). There is a relatively sophisticated body of literature focusing on learning in groups, peer teaching, and cooperative learning. Current research has not, however, focused on how the body is implicated in interactional learning. This is surprising given that much learning in PE is expected to take place in the physical domain. The aim of this paper is to contribute to current theorizing by examining social interactions in PE practice. By drawing on symbolic interactionist theory, we put forward a framework for considering how inter-student interactions occur in a multimodal sense. Key ideas relate to (1) the sequential organization of interactions; (2) the ways in which semiotic resources in different fields are used to elaborate each other; (3) the importance of interpretation as a driver of interaction; (4) the creation of local environments in which participants attend to and work together within a shared world of perception; and (5) the influence of material environments on social interaction. The specific concepts employed are epistemic ecology, epistemic position, and learning trajectory. The paper includes observational data from an investigation of learning in Swedish PE to demonstrate the explanatory power and limitations of the theoretical tenets presented. The paper is concluded with practical implications of understanding group work in a multimodal manner.     

发挥体育学科优势促进心理健康教育

从心理健康教育的目的和任务出发，结合体育教学的特殊性以及自己多年的体育教学实践，阐述了在体育教学中如何开展心理健康教育的一些做法。     

在体育教学中贯彻终身体育观的探讨

终身体育作为一种符合现代教育的观念对传统学校体育的观念有了很大的冲击，在学校体育教学中全面贯彻终身体育思想，是体育教学改革所面临的关键问题。结合教学实践，提出了在学校体育教学中实施终身体育的对策和建议。     

Teaching responsibility through sport education: prospects of a coalition

The purpose of this study was to provide a database analysis of a combined sport model and from this to develop a theory from practice. In particular, the original concern was to examine the extent to which the teaching of personal and social responsibility (TPSR) could form a coalition with the Sport Education model. Forty-five 6th-grade boys, who had a previous history of struggling with the fair play requirements of Sport Education, participated in a 26-lesson season of Xball, an invasion game designed by those students. As a general summary, it was found that some of the features of TPSR strengthened the foundation of Sport Education, but due to the need to introduce new tasks and problems for students, a hybrid model (Empowering Sport) was developed. This hybrid, with a predominately ecological integration perspective, presents a curriculum model that allows for achievement within a powerful triangle of goals--sport skill competence, social responsibility, and personal empowerment.     

对体育教学中排斥竞技运动观点的质疑

竞技运动在体育教学中虽有弊端,但仍然有独特的价值和作用。体育教学发展不能以牺牲竞技运动为代价,反而应该加强利用竞技运动资源,实现体育教学与竞技运动发展的双赢。     

Teaching values in physical education classes: the perception of Brazilian teachers

The contribution of Physical Education (PE) and School Sport to learning of values has been identified by teachers and researchers. However, we know little about how that teaching takes place during classes. This study aimed to understand the perceptions of teachers on teaching values in their classes and to analyse the conception of values that have guided their professional intervention. To do this, a qualitative study was conducted with a sample of three teachers, using class observations and interviews with the teachers as research tools. For all these teachers, teaching values is a central goal of PE classes; for two of the teachers, it is the main goal. Because of this conviction, their pedagogies prioritize the teaching of moral values over others that can be taught in PE. A belief in the possibility of teaching values in the classroom is part of the habitus of the PE teacher; it can sometimes be characterized as an illusio. For these reasons, teachers can set unrealistic expectations, disregarding their own limitations as well as the conflicts and complexity involved in the construction of value systems.     

体育媒体化:当下媒体与体育的现实关系形态解析

体育媒体化是当下媒体与体育关系的极端表现形态,是两者关系发展的历史必然,体现了媒体商业化和体育商业化、体育精英化的"合谋",走到了媒体体育社会责任论的反面,导致了体育社会效益的异化。通过文献资料、传播学的基本理论和逻辑分析法,在多元视角下对当下媒体体育传播进行分析,旨在运用体育媒体化概念及其运作过程中的偏颇与不足进行探讨,为改进和完善媒体体育传播提供理论参考。     

中小学体育教师继续教育的教学设计

加强中小学体育教师继续教育教学设计的研究,有利于做到因材施教,因地、因校制宜,突出培训教学的实践性特点,切实提高培训效果.中小学体育教师继续教育教学设计可分为学习需要的分析、制订教学目标、选用教学内容、设计教学策略、设计成果及过程评价等5个基本步骤.教学策略的设计是中小学体育教师教学设计的核心环节,其主要内容包括教学组织形式、教学方法及教学手段的设计3个方面.     

Working through whiteness,race and (anti) racism in physical education teacher education

Background: The persistent gaps between a largely white profession and ethnically diverse school populations have brought renewed calls to support teachers' critical engagement with race. Programmes examining the effects of racism have had limited impact on practice, with student teachers responding with either denial, guilt or fear; they also contribute to a deficit view of racialised students in relation to an accepted white ‘norm’, and position white teachers ‘outside’ of race. Recent calls argue for a shift in focus towards an examination of the workings of the dominant culture through a critical engagement with whiteness, positioning white teachers within the processes of racialisation. Teacher educators' roles are central, and yet, while we routinely expect student teachers to reflect critically on issues of social justice, we have been less willing to engage in such work ourselves. This is particularly the case within physical education teacher education (PETE), an overwhelmingly white, embodied space, and where race and racism as professional issues are largely invisible.

Purpose: This paper examines the operation of whiteness within PETE through a critical reflection on the three co-authors' careers and experiences working for social justice. The research questions were twofold: How are race, (anti) racism and whiteness constructed through everyday experiences of families, schooling and teacher education? How can collective biography be used to excavate discourses of race, racism and whiteness as the first step towards challenging them? In beginning the process of reflecting on what it means for us ‘to do own work’ in relation to (anti) racism, we examine some of the tensions and challenges for teacher educators in PE attempting to work to dismantle whiteness.

Methodology: As co-authors, we engaged in collective biography work – a process in which we reflected upon, wrote about and shared our embodied experiences and memories about race, racism and whiteness as educators working for social justice. Using a critical whiteness lens, these narratives were examined for what they reveal about the collective practices and discourses about whiteness and (anti)racism within PETE.

Results: The narratives reveal the ways in which whiteness operates within PETE through processes of naturalisation, ex-denomination and universalisation. We have been educated, and now work within, teacher education contexts where professional discourse about race at best focuses on understanding the racialised ‘other’, and at worse is invisible. By drawing on a ‘racialised other’, deficit discourse in our pedagogy, and by ignoring race in own research on inequalities in PETE, we have failed to disrupt universalised discourses of ‘white-as-norm’, or addressed our own privileged racialised positioning. Reflecting critically on our biographies and careers has been the first step in recognising how whiteness works in order that we can begin to work to disrupt it.

Conclusion: The study highlights some of the challenges of addressing (anti)racism within PETE and argues that a focus on whiteness might offer a productive starting point. White teacher educators must critically examine their own role within these processes if they are to expect student teachers to engage seriously in doing the same.     

论素质教育与体育教学

素质教育是以全面提高全体学生素质为目的而进行的教育。由学生的创新精神、创新意识和创新能力构成的创新素质的培养，应作为素质教育的重点。当前，要围绕素质教育，深化体育教学改革，突出教学目标的整体性、教学内容的全面性、教学方法的综合性、教学组织的多样性、教学氛围的愉悦性。同时，要建立高素质的教师队伍与需要广泛系统的政策支持和实行合理的教学评价。