国外青少年体质健康促进政策的经验与启示

主要运用文献研究、逻辑分析、比较研究等方法,对美国、英国、加拿大、澳大利亚和日本等5个发达国家青少年体质健康促进政策的概况及共性经验进行分析与归纳,研究认为,注重学校、家庭、社区的协调发展,发挥青少年体育组织的积极作用,推动青少年行动计划的实践实施,建立激励政策引导青少年体育锻炼是国外青少年体质健康促进政策的主要经验。据此提出对我国青少年体质健康促进政策发展的主要启示：政府在青少年体质健康促进中的准确定位、发挥社会组织在政策运行中的基础性作用、出台促进青少年体质健康发展的法律法规、建立青少年体质健康多维联动的发展机制。     

近10年我国校园足球政策：回顾、审思与建议

运用文献研究、问卷调查、实地调研等方法,对近10年我国校园足球政策的演进历程与总体特征、实施成效和存在问题等进行了全面梳理和分析,进而提出我国校园足球政策的未来发展建议。10年来我国校园足球取得了令人瞩目的发展成效,但基于公共政策发展与运行的整体视角进行全面分析与考察发现,校园足球政策仍存在政策之间内在逻辑衔接不足,校园足球整体与协同性推进受阻;政策传导差异化反应,执行效果产生较大偏差;评估机制不够完善,政策评估实效性不强;基层权益表达渠道不畅,政策调整内生动力不足等问题。据此,提出我国校园足球政策的未来发展建议:加强政策统筹治理,促进校园足球系统性与整体性推进;健全政策监督体系,增强校园足球发展协同效应;建立第三方评估参与机制,提升校园足球政策评估实效;推进科研成果转化应用,助力校园足球政策调整科学。     

Testing,training and tensions: the expression of health within physical education curricula in secondary schools in England and Wales

This paper utilises critical discourse analysis to explore and discuss the expression of health within physical education (PE) curricula in secondary schools in England and Wales. The study adopted a case study approach, involving three state secondary schools in England and two in Wales. Data were drawn from interviews with PE teachers and health-related school documentation in the five schools plus observation of a health-related unit of work in one of the schools. The expression of health in PE broadly reflected ideologies associated with promoting ‘fitness for life’ and ‘fitness for performance’. The extent to which teachers could express their favoured discourses in policy and practice was partly determined by their position of power, relative to others within the department, although they could find ways of privileging their favoured discourse in their own lessons. Curiously, rhetorical ‘fitness for life’ discourses were commonly expressed through ‘fitness for performance’ practices in the form of testing and training activities. These were found to be the most common contexts for the delivery of health-related learning. In terms of Bernstein's location of discourses within contexts of educational systems, the findings suggest that recontextualisation of statutory PE curricula occurred at the site of the relocation of discourse (in this case, within PE departments in secondary state schools), resulting in the privileging of discourses heavily influenced by sport- and fitness-related ideologies. Improved awareness of the expression of health in secondary school PE curricula should help to better understand and address the complex tensions between health-related policies and practices in schools.     

Deviations from China's School Football Policies during the Implementation Process: Signs,Causes, and Countermeasures

Abstract

As China has issued a range of policies to elevate football development to a national strategy, school football has been gaining the attention of the public and scholars. This study reviews the implementation of school football policies for the purpose of facilitating development of school football. By combining methodologies such as a literature review, interview survey, and questionnaires with theories of public policy implementation, an analysis framework was set up under which deviations from the school football policies during the implementation process were analyzed comprehensively. It was found that symbolic, selective, and additional implementation and collusions are common when the policies are implemented. Action is needed to strengthen policy promotion and precisely define the goals. Improved mechanisms are needed to manage the policy implementers, differentiating functions of school football. More resources are needed to facilitate policy implementation, which should be allocated in a reasonable manner. Enhanced supervision and appraisal of school football policies is needed, and accountability for their implementation must be clarified.     

Understanding China’s School Football Fever in the Post-Beijing Olympic Era, 2009–2016: Policy and Practice

Abstract

This article aims to understand the current policies, practices, and challenges in the sphere of football training in schools of China by investigating campus football development in Anhui province. From 2009 to 2016, China has formulated policies to improve the popularity of football at the school level. With the Chinese government’s investment, the number of primary and secondary schools with specialized football training facilities has increased to 13,382 by 2016. These schools with football as a specialty (SFS) enjoy policy support in teaching, training, competitions, and in many other fields. By employing semistructured interviews, participatory observations as well as an analysis of various policy documents, this article provides an insight into the implementation of China’s school football policies by local government. It shows that these SFS have demonstrated desires and capacities to develop football performance in response to demands from the Chinese government. However, a number of developing issues exist in both SFS and non-SFS, such as lack of football fields for training and shortage of professionally qualified coaches as well as tensions between football training and other subjects learning. China still needs more time to fulfil her task for the promotion of grassroots football on campus and to achieve elite football dreams.     

构建校园青少年体质健康体系的研究与分析

青少年体质健康状况薄弱是长期以来困扰我国教育和社会发展的问题之一。2006年12月,国家颁发了《关于开展全国亿万学生阳光体育运动的决定》,督促各级各类学校全面实施《学生体质健康标准》。健康体魄是青少年为祖国和人民服务的基本前提,是中华民族旺盛生命力的体现。学校教育要树立健康第一的指导思想,切实加强体育工作,使学生掌握基本运动技能,养成坚持锻炼身体的良好习惯。由此可见青少年体质健康是学校体育教学工作中的重要环节,也是学校教育体系中的重要组成部分。正确合理地推行体质健康体系,对于促进学校体育教育工作有着重要的意义,对深化学校体育改革、完善体质健康评价体系、促进全体学生综合素质的提高具有深刻的影响。文章试图探索构建校园青少年体质健康体系以及相关理论问题,丰富我国青少年体质健康的研究,并为决策管理部门制定有关青少年体质健康促进方而的制度及政策提供参考。这对提高全民族体质健康水平,有着积极而深远的意义。     

我国体育产业政策实施执行的分析研究

基于有效促进我国体育产业政策落实、科学调整体育产业政策发展轨道,采用文献资料、实地调研、归纳分析等方法,从国家体育产业政策制定、政策目标、实施主体、政策措施、实施成效等层面,对我国体育产业政策实施执行情况进行分析。据此,审视当前地方在落实执行国家体育产业政策中存在的问题。由此提出,紧扣"五大发展理念",优化体育产业发展顶层设计;围绕"供给侧改革"、"经济体制改革"、"突出重点战略"3大着力点,提升地方体育产业政策执行效力;通过"营造理性体育产业政策环境,实现考评机制再造"、"完善体育产业政策评估手段,调控政策执行效果"、"完善相关立法,提升政策执行能力"、"发挥企业能动作用,实现政策需求与供给的效接"等措施提升国家体育产业政策落实效果。     

体育中考政策执行的制约因素与改进对策

运用文献资料、逻辑分析、实地调查和深度访谈等方法,从政策自身、政策执行机制、政策主体与客体、政策资源和政策环境5个维度对我国体育中考政策执行现状进行分析。研究认为政策方案本身的欠缺,政策体系的不健全,政策执行机制存在梗阻,政策主体和客体的利益分歧,政策资源的短缺、不均衡,以及中考竞争性的加剧都是我国体育中考政策执行中的制约因素。基于此,提出在体育中考的持续推进中应确立以发展学生体育素养为核心的政策目标,不断完善体育中考政策体系,提高政策自身品质;从高位推动,层层落实,健全教育部门的上下联动机制;加强对政策的宣传和引导,寻求目标群体的政策认同,在社会、学校、家庭间形成统一的"目标函数";突出教师的主体地位,加大对体育教师和学校体育场地器材建设的持续投入。     

Youth sport policy: the enactment and possibilities of ‘soft policy’ in schools

Youth sport policies are increasingly driven by health concerns and social issues, and focus on broad participation outcomes. Given the significant financial investment in, and critique of, such policies internationally, this study aimed to examine the implementation of Sporting Schools (SS), a $100 million programme intended to increase children’s sport participation in Australia. In addressing the limited research in this area in the Australian context, we draw on the notion of policy as process [Penney & Evans, 2005 Policy, power and politics in physical education. In K. Green, & K. Hardman (Eds.), Physical education: Essential issues (pp. 21–38). London: SAGE] and Fullan's [Fullan (2015) The new meaning of educational change (5th ed.). New York, NY: Teachers College Press] work on educational change. This analysis employed a qualitative methodology. Data collection included interviews with 32 sporting organisation (SO) representatives, coaches, and teachers involved in the implementation of SS. Data were analysed using a combination of inductive and deductive approaches, and the trustworthiness of the findings was supported using several strategies. Findings indicated divergent understandings of the need for the SS programme by stakeholders, as well as a lack of clarity of the policy aims and the means for realising them. There was little indication that SOs, coaches and teachers were engaged in a meaningful, working relationship to accomplish the reform objectives of SS; however, each saw benefit in the programme. Youth sport policy implementation in schools is a complex process. The dynamic interplay among the various factors influencing such policies makes realising their stated intentions nigh on impossible. While working to enhance the enactment of SS as intended is important, we propose that youth sport policies written for enactment in schools need to be viewed as ‘soft policies’. The simplicity and limited accountability associated with ‘soft policies’ can be viewed as an opportunity to recognise the expertise of those who work, learn and move in schools, and trust them to use resources effectively and reconcile tensions based on their unique knowledge of their local school contexts.     

The School Sport Co-ordinator Programme: Changing the Role of the Physical Education Teacher?

Over the last decade or so, young people have increasingly become a focus of UK sport policy. Fuelled in part by concerns such as the increasing levels of childhood inactivity and obesity, and the lack of international success in sport, a plethora of policy initiatives aimed at young people have been developed. In April 2000, the government published its sport strategy document, A Sporting Future for All, pulling together all the threads of recent policies, and in it, restating its commitment to youth sport, sport in education, excellence and sport in the community. One such policy initiative, the School Sport Co-ordinator programme, is the focus of this paper. The School Sport Co-ordinator programme, currently being introduced into schools in England, is an initiative that involves two government departments (sport and education) and a number of other agencies, reflecting the government's current agenda to ensure 'joined up policy' thinking. It aims to develop opportunities for youth sport through co-ordinated links between PE and sport in schools, both within and outside of the formal curriculum, with those in local community sports settings. The essence of the School Sport Co-ordinator programme is to free up nominated teachers in schools from teaching to allow them time for development activities, specifically to encourage schools and community sports providers to work in partnership. This paper draws on data from an ongoing research project examining the implementation of one School Sport Co-ordinator partnership, 'Northbridge'. Drawing on in-depth interviews, it explores the perceptions of the newly established School Sport Co-ordinators of their changing role. The paper highlights some of the initial tensions and challenges for them in their task of working across different educational and sporting contexts.     

HPE in Aotearoa New Zealand: the reconfiguration of policy and pedagogic relations and privatisation of curriculum and pedagogy

This paper centres on research that investigated the contemporary policy, curriculum and pedagogical landscape of Health and Physical Education (HPE) in Aotearoa New Zealand, in the light of increasing impressions that provision was moving to an ‘open market’ situation. Publicly available information sourced via the Internet was used to examine the public and privately funded initiatives, programmes and resources targeted towards the provision of HPE across all phases of education. The data arising revealed an array of government and non-governmental agencies and organisations acting as producers of resources and deliverers of HPE-related programmes in schools. It also clearly pointed to structural convergence between government and non-government sectors. This paper locates the findings from the research amidst developments in policy relations and networks spanning education, health and sport, and presents a theoretically oriented critical re-examination of the structural reconfiguration of contemporary HPE in Aotearoa New Zealand. Analysis brings together insights from Ball and Junemann's work on policy networks and Bernstein's theorising of the social construction of discourse to explore linkages between policy and pedagogic relations, and the discourses and practices in HPE. Attention is directed to the significance of changes in the nature of both the Official Recontextualizing Field and Pedagogic Recontextualizing field, and the connections between the two fields. Changes in the recontextualizing fields are discussed in relation to official pedagogic discourse of HPE and the pedagogic discourse of reproduction. This analysis brings to the fore prospective curriculum and pedagogic implications of new policy networks and new networks of providers associated with provision of HPE in schools. Discussion acknowledges potentially varied readings of contemporary developments and addresses the opportunities and challenges for teachers and teacher educators in Aotearoa New Zealand and internationally.     

Public policy,physical education and sport in English-speaking Africa

Background: Physicality in human movement characteristic of indigenous sporting forms in Africa is grounded in a multitude of cultures. During the period of colonial Africa, there was the introduction of British sporting forms, policies, and practices in schools and society. It was through schools and missions that the colonists introduced sport activities, with colonial administrators and officers prioritizing athleticism over other activities, evident in after-school sports and games. Thus, schools along with Christian missions served as the instruments of colonial education, culture, and sport, with resources allocated selectively to advance racialized and classist education.

Purpose: This paper explores how colonialism, particularly British forms of sport physicality, impacted African people and deconstructs how curriculum and teaching in physical education (PE) during the post-colonial era is lost to the politics of knowledge in the school–society nexus, revealing how the school curriculum serves as a contested terrain. This contestation discloses how colonial and post-colonial narratives intertwine to influence public policy and school practices in the development and implementation of PE curriculum.

Themes: Examination of the literature produced themes associated with stratification of school subjects and marginalization of PE in particular – the exam-oriented and elitist-oriented education – which characterized British Africa, and made British education part and parcel of policy development and implementation, influencing the nature of education, and PE in particular. The elitist education influenced public policy initiatives, frameworks, and corresponding reforms resulting in stratification of school subjects, the use of public school expenditure, and in the type of teacher training followed. In addition, negative school-wide practices became apparent with public policy, rules, and regulations being loosely coupled with school realities, leading PE to be considered as a ‘toothless subject' in the school curriculum. Besides physicality and learning in PE are not distinguishable from sporting forms and practices, bringing out the emphasis on competitive school sport that has been used to promote nation's prestige, social engineering, and economic development.

Conclusion: A development of way forward for PE in British Africa is considered critical and warranted for adequate development of children and youth and for promotion of the health welfare of society. PE plays a critical part in the nexus between education and development; including meeting individual and social welfare goals of post-colonial British Africa; and as such the needs of all children should be at the forefront of policy development and implementation. What is warranted is a development of a standard-based reform that is grounded in a strong formulated public policy that acknowledges diversity in the centralized system of education; with its implementation showing a balance of PE with after-school sport programs and incorporation of indigenous sporting forms.     

基于内容分析法的我国冰雪运动政策研究

推广冰雪运动是体育强国建设的重要举措之一,是新时代促进体育事业发展的组成内容。运用内容分析法,从政策工具与冰雪运动价值判断两个维度对《群众冬季运动推广普及计划(2016-2020年)》和《冰雪运动发展规划(2016-2025年)》的政策文本进行分析,探讨体育强国建设中的冰雪运动政策制定规律及问题。研究发现:我国冰雪运动政策存在需求型政策工具过少、供给型政策工具不足和环境型政策工具较多的结构失衡问题;冰雪运动价值判断维度总体呈现"一中心三围绕两辅助"的发展布局;大众体育与体育产业领域侧重环境型建设,欠缺供给型和需求型的助推;学校体育领域偏重供给型建设,环境型和供给型搭配适中;体育文化和竞技体育领域关注面缺乏。最后针对政策存在的问题提出建议:合理搭配冰雪运动政策工具的使用;注重冰雪运动政策的侧重点;阶段性调整和优化政策工具;加强实施的监管和调控。     

Institutional perspectives on the implementation of disability legislation and services for Spectators with Disabilities in European professional football

Contemporary national and international football governing bodies and professional football clubs are expected to comply with stadium accessibility laws and regulations. They are also required to demonstrate that they are responsible to all their customers, including those who experience impairment and/or disability as part of their Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) policies. One strategy to address stadium accessibility and wider-equity issues for spectators with disabilities (SwD) and their companions, is through appointing the ‘incipient managerial position’ of the Disability Liaison Officer (DLO). This exploratory paper is motivated by a paucity of studies examining impairment and/or disability within sport management. Drawing on institutional theory (DiMaggio and Powell, 1983, Friedland and Alford, 1991) this paper seeks to address this gap by examining the implementation of disability legislation in professional football within England, Germany and Spain. This paper critically reviews both the actions of the governing bodies and clubs to interpret and implement services for Spectators with Disabilities (SwD). Our findings revealed a significant variance in the depth of policy implementation between these countries. This variation was due to the relationship between the prevailing institutional logic and the management of accessibility which resulted, or did not result in isomorphism occurring. The article concludes with implications for the management of sport and a call for further research into the implementation of equity policies.     

美国《全民健身计划》解读及对我国的启示

《全民健身计划》是美国政府颁布的最新国民健康促进计划,其在目标、内容、实施策略方面均与传统健康政策有所不同,标志着美国相关政策的发展与转变。分析揭示促使《计划》颁布的外显和内隐因素,阐述《计划》在核心目标和实施策略方面的主要内容,指出《计划》与美国传统健康促进政策的不同。《计划》对我国的启示有两方面:一是全民健康政策应逐步实现从"全民健康"向"全面健身"的回归;二是应从执行机构设置、社会资源整合、区分实施对象等5个方面提高国民健康政策的可操作性。     

政策工具视角下《身体活动全球行动计划(2018-2030)》文本分析及对我国全民健身政策制定的启示

采用内容分析法，按照政策工具的分析框架从X基本政策工具和Y统筹协作多元主体两个维度对《身体活动全球行动计划（2018-2030）》的政策文本进行分析单元界定、内容编码、计量与分析。研究发现：世卫组织《行动计划》政策文本兼顾了三种类型的政策工具，运用较为均衡，推动和拉动及影响效用较为显著。其中供给型政策工具内容占据主导，重点关注科技的使用与创新；环境型政策工具内容运用合理，长短期政策相互配合；需求型政策工具内容比例适中，更为侧重国际交流与服务外包。该计划以公共健康为本，注重跨区域跨部门合作，发挥社区组织为支撑的多元主体协作机制，以推动全民健身的开展与实施。最后，针对《行动计划》政策文本中政策工具运用情况的分析，以期为我国全民健身政策的优化与完善提供启示与借鉴。     

Monitoring health,activity and fitness in physical education: its current and future state of health

Various government policies, strategies and responses in England over the years have highlighted schools and physical education to be instrumental in addressing health and the focus on health has been strengthened within subsequent revisions of the National Curriculum. Whilst this might seem encouraging, concerns have been expressed that such policies and governmental regulation increasingly bear features of a ‘performative culture’ and that these have led to increasingly widespread health surveillance in schools. Linked to this are long-standing concerns over the way in which health is addressed in schools and physical education, as well as over some of the monitoring measures and practices employed within the curriculum. Despite this, little is known about monitoring practices in physical education. This article, therefore, presents findings of a study which aimed to (1) determine the nature, prevalence and purpose of monitoring health, physical activity and physical fitness within the physical education curriculum and (2) establish physical education teachers' views of and approaches to monitoring. The study comprised two phases. The first phase involved a survey completed by Heads of Physical Education in 110 secondary schools from across England, and the second semi-structured interviews with 18 of those from the original sample. The findings revealed monitoring, and in particular fitness monitoring, to be a common feature within the physical education curriculum in many schools. However, a number of issues and limitations associated with monitoring and some of the schools' monitoring practices were identified, and the individualistic nature and performative culture reflected in and reinforced through monitoring were acknowledged as potentially problematic. It was thus suggested that if the findings are typical, then monitoring practice is currently not in a good state of health. The article concludes proposing a way forward for monitoring within physical education in the form of some recommendations for practice.     

‘How do you feel? What is your heart doing?’ … ‘It’s jumping’: the body and health in Early Years Education

Policy agendas for early childhood education in the UK as in many countries elsewhere are driven by expectations that play will impact positively on a child’s educational attainment, health and well-being. This paper focuses on health knowledge, social class and cultural reproduction within early year education in England, looking specifically at how health discourse is framed by Early Years Foundation Stage (EYFS) policy imperatives and subsequently by practitioners as they re-contextualise health knowledge through play across three socially and culturally different early years education (EYE) settings within England. Across the three settings, 15 practitioners and 80 children, aged 3–4 years old, participated in the research. Drawing on the theoretical work of Basil Bernstein particularly his concepts, ‘pedagogic device’ and ‘classification’ (c) and ‘framing’ (f), the paper documents how health is designed, defined, constructed and experienced through play pedagogy within each of these EYE settings. The analyses illustrate how the different organisational and curriculum structures, pedagogical interactions and transactions of each setting cultivate distinctive relationships to health knowledge. These relationships, in turn, play their part in the reproduction of social class and cultural inequalities, despite the best intentions of EYE policy to address these matters.     

The evidence for the impact of policy on physical activity outcomes within the school setting: A systematic review

BackgroundDespite the well-established health benefits of physical activity (PA) for young people (aged 4–19 years), most do not meet PA guidelines. Policies that support PA in schools may be promising, but their impact on PA behavior is poorly understood. The aim of this systematic review was to ascertain the level and type of evidence reported in the international scientific literature for policies within the school setting that contribute directly or indirectly to increasing PA.MethodsThis systematic review is compliant with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis guidelines. Six databases were searched using key concepts of policy, school, evaluation, and PA. Following title and abstract screening of 2323 studies, 25 progressed to data synthesis. Methodological quality was assessed using standardized tools, and the strength of the evidence of policy impact was described based on pre-determined codes: positive, negative, inconclusive, or untested statistically.ResultsEvidence emerged for 9 policy areas that had a direct or indirect effect on PA within the school setting. These were whole school PA policy, physical education, sport/extracurricular PA, classroom-based PA, active breaks/recess, physical environment, shared use agreements, active school transport, and surveillance. The bulk of the evidence was significantly positive (54%), 27% was inconclusive, 9% was significantly negative, and 11% was untested (due to rounding, some numbers add to 99% or 101%). Frequency of evidence was highest in the primary setting (41%), 34% in the secondary setting, and 24% in primary/secondary combined school settings. By policy area, frequency of evidence was highest for sport/extracurricular PA (35%), 17% for physical education, and 12% for whole school PA policy, with evidence for shared use agreements between schools and local communities rarely reported (2%). Comparing relative strength of evidence, the evidence for shared use agreements, though sparse, was 100% positive, while 60% of the evidence for whole school PA policy, 59% of the evidence for sport/extracurricular PA, 57% of the evidence for physical education, 50% of the evidence for PA in classroom, and 50% of the evidence for active breaks/recess were positive.ConclusionThe current evidence base supports the effectiveness of PA policy actions within the school setting but cautions against a “one-size-fits-all” approach and emphasizes the need to examine policy implementation to maximize translation into practice. Greater clarity regarding terminology, measurement, and methods for evaluation of policy interventions is needed.