English language teaching curriculum in Iran: planning and practice

The present study investigates English language teaching (ELT) curriculum planning in Iran's Ministry of Education and its implementation by teachers. We studied programme evaluation; needs analysis; the ELT-specific documents; communication channels between planning and practice levels; teacher evaluation and student assessment; interpretation and re-examination of national policies within the Ministry; and the criteria set for ELT material development. Instrumentation included: curriculum documents; interviews with Ministry officials, material developers and headteachers; and teacher questionnaires. Results attested to the lack of any ELT-specific document for material development and absence of research-based needs assessment as the foundation of the programmes. Also, there are no pre-defined linguistic and professional criteria for evaluating teachers, and planning for students' assessment is limited to a set of general guidelines. Moreover, there is neither a programme evaluation nor an ELT evaluation model and national-level policies are not re-examined at planning level. Results also indicate that politico-ideological beliefs of material developers are as important as their expertise and communication channels between planning and practice levels are of a top-down nature. It is argued that the gap between planning and practice results from a highly centralised policymaking process in which local policymakers (i.e. teachers) are not involved.     

基于学生发展的学习评价

分析了学生发展的学习评价的特点,提出了将学习评价贯穿于学习过程始终,实现评价与教学的统一,实施差异教学和异步评价,实行多主体评价,要注意评价目标和内容的多元化等构建学习评价体系的建议。     

全球化视野中的汉语教学

在全球化视野中考察,汉语教学要强化母语教学意识,在众多学科教学中突出汉语特性;人本思想还有待进一步确立;要转变汉语教师角色,从领导者、执行者、监督者、教书匠转向引导者、创建者、组织者和教学专家;还要革新汉语教学行为,做好了解与生成,注重倾听与讨论,更新评价与激励机制。     

中美两国大学课程教学质量评价的比较与思考

由于文化背景和教育体制的不同 ,中美两国大学课程教学质量评价的思想观念、指标体系、实施方式等存在较大差异。应相互借鉴和融合 ,建立能充分反映现代大学教学特点(学术性、民主性和自学性 ) ,评价方式多样化、评价主体多元化的现代大学课程教学质量评价体系。     

“以学评教”的数学课堂教学评价指标体系建构

文章从以学评教的内涵和课堂教学评价指标体系建构出发, 综合了有效教学的相关理论依据,紧密结合数学学科特点,围绕学生有效学习行为的针对性、能动性、多样性、选择性这四个维度,建立了“以学评教”的课堂教学评价指标体系,并对以学评教的意义做了分析。力图通过改变教学评价方式促进课堂教学观念的转变,尊重学生个体差异,努力实现学生全体发展和全面发展。     

服务学习课程的设计：基于设计思维的实践框架

通过梳理服务学习课程设计理论和实践的相关文献，分析了我国高校服务学习课程设计的现状。根据现有文献和作者在高校服务学习课程设计中的实践经验，提出了基于设计思维的服务学习课程设计实践框架。从多元主体团队、课程目标、课程设计的过程与步骤、课程设计的技术与工具、课程的价值与产出五个维度论述其在实践中的应用，并在此框架下介绍了一门服务学习课程设计的实践案例。此外，还讨论了服务学习课程设计存在的一些挑战，尤其在评价标准、时间管理、情境限制、伦理风险等方面，须通过整合教学实践和学术研究进一步优化。     

Early impact and outcomes of an institutionally aligned,student focused learning perspective on teaching quality assurance1

This paper describes an evidence‐based quality assurance system for teaching and learning, which takes as its starting point a well‐researched theoretical perspective on student learning in higher education. We argue this explicit use of a relevant theoretical base promotes coherence between quality assurance and improvement processes. We outline the principal features of our university's quality assurance strategy, systems and processes, and describe how the university's teaching quality assurance policy and systems have been implemented. We then consider the extent to which the project has achieved its goals of fostering an evidence‐based approach to teaching consistent with the student learning perspective on which the policy and systems are based. We also present data on student learning experiences showing reliable changes in the quality of the student learning experience. We discuss the applied significance of these changes, with a particular focus on changes in the experiences of commencing first year university students.     

高职院校课程体系建设基本特征与构想

分析高职院校课程体系建设基本特征,提出高职院校在学科建设、课程设置等方面应有的自主权,使学校课程体系适应经济社会发展要求;课程内容要影响人才培养和学生素质提高;开放的课程总量要有利于学生自主选择课程;课程教学过程和回应教学与社会、生产实践相结合问题.所有这一切,都不应因学校规模极度扩张而导致课程评价与管理效果的减弱.     

信息技术课程教学评价改革初探

当前信息技术课程教学评价中存在重技能、轻素质,重结果、轻过程等问题。要解决这些问题,就要结合教学实践,对教学评价进行改革。首先要明确教学评价的目标,主要包括:促进学生全面发展、教师水平提高、课程不断完善。其次要创建科学合理的评价体系,从评价内容多元化、形成性与终结性评价有机结合、多方参与评价等几个方面着手开展改革。     

An individualised curriculum to teach numeracy skills to children with autism: programme description and pilot data

Teaching mathematics to children with autism is an area with limited research evidence. In this study we developed a teaching manual based on Maths Recovery, a numeracy programme designed for typically developing children. Six children with autism participated in the study and received daily numeracy teaching over a 20‐week period. Our aims were to explore whether Maths Recovery can be used as a numeracy curriculum for children with autism and to evaluate the progress the children make after a period of intensive teaching. Using a pre‐test post‐test design we found that the adapted Maths Recovery numeracy curriculum was successfully incorporated within each child's individualised teaching programme, and that all six children improved their mathematical ability over the course of the intervention. Our data show promising results and support the rationale for larger evaluation studies.     

Introduction of an emergent curriculum and an inclusive pedagogy in a traditional setting in Israel: a case study

This study seeks to determine how and to what extent the core principles of the early childhood education programme at Levinsky College of Education in Israel were applied by a third-year student teacher in a traditional fieldwork placement. At the beginning of the school year, the student planned to engage two small groups of children in her field placement in a learning project focused on children's literature related to witches, believing the children would be enthusiastic about the topic. Despite employing a meticulous traditional teaching plan, her attempts to engage the children failed. This led her to seek advice and form an authentic emergent teaching plan that was influenced by the children's preferences and social conflicts in the group. Furthermore, the student gained the teaching staff's approval and encouragement to develop a kindergarten curriculum very different from the traditional one. In this paper, we show an evidence of the learning processes undergone by both the children and the student.     

走出故步自封的“堡垒”:新课程背景下高中英语教学的时代诉求

教育教学具有鲜明的时代性。新课程背景下的高中英语教学目标、教学内容、教学方法、教学评价等都需要与时代要求相一致。然而,我国高中英语教学存在的问题在于:教学目标工具化、教学内容繁难偏旧、教学方法单调古板、教学评价一元化。当前高中英语的关注点应该集中于评价制度、英语课程方案、教师专业发展等方面,主要策略是变革高考评价制度,以监督并保证高中英语新课程的有效实施;修订更适切的课程设计方案,让高中英语课程目标趋于多维,让课程内容具有基础性、选择性、时代性统一的特点;建立教师支持系统、校本教研制度促进教师专业发展,以保证教师从教学信念到教学行为都有利于新课程的实施与推进。     

课程评价的现状、问题与展望

课程评价是课程改革中的重要问题。当前我国的课程评价工作主要表现为:课程改革开始之前进行需求评价;对课程标准的事前评价与修订评价;深入开展教材评价研究;课程实施情况的评价。通过审视和反思这些课程评价工作,当前课程评价还存在诸如对课程评价的宽泛理解、缺乏系统的课程评价组织、地方和学校层面的课程评价缺失、过于强调行政意义上的评价等问题。为解决这些问题,促使课程改革良性发展,提升课程整体品质,未来的课程评价工作还要进一步加强课程评价理论研究,加强地方特别是学校层面的课程评价,建立有效的课程评价标准和合理的课程评价机制,加强课程评价过程中的对话与协商。     

The reflection on the blackboard: student teacher self‐evaluation

A common aim of teacher education is to encourage prospective teachers to analyze carefully their instructional performance. Yet, research on teacher cognition heretofore has concentrated primarily on experienced teachers’ planning and instructional thinking. We need more information on how student teachers think about and engage in the evaluation of their teaching performance. This study used data from initial structured interviews to elicit student teachers’ self‐evaluation concerns and examined the student teachers’ journals, a final written self‐evalution, and tapes from post‐teaching interviews to create a profile of each student teacher's responses about self‐evaluation. In this paper I analyze the student teachers’ pre‐conceptions about success, examine their processes of self‐evaluation, and explore a conception of “interactive self‐evaluation.” I offer suggestions about the conditions that may enable student teachers to enhance their analytical processes.     

浅析研究性教学在高校教学中的运用

本文分析了当前课程教学中存在的主要认识误区；从研究教育理论的发展入手，归纳出研究性教学的基本理念；阐述了开展研究性教学应注重把握的目标和特点；对研究性教学实施过程中的类型与阶段划分、评价体系与指标的建立等均进行了相应的探讨。     

Competent performances of situated identities: Adult learners of English accessing engaged participation

The Communities of Practice (CofP) framework and theories of engaged participation have profoundly shaped how we theorize, investigate, and represent a variety of learning and teaching processes, both in and out of classroom contexts. Within this framework, useful distinctions have been made between a teaching curriculum and a learning curriculum, with the former being interrogated for ascribing limited identities to its learners and the latter valued for the ways it prioritizes learning (and its resources) from a learner's perspective. Analysis of data collected utilizing ethnographic methods (e.g. document collection, participant observation, interviews) demonstrates that, even though the teaching curriculum of one adult ESL program itself provided limited “structuring resources” (and learning opportunities) to its learners, the learners' participation in the program helped them to recognize and value the kinds of engaged participation necessary to access membership in local workplace communities of practice. However, findings also show that while these adult learners of English managed to learn and adopt the practices of one community of practice, they remained excluded from legitimate membership in other communities of practice. The analysis raises questions about the limits and possibilities of a teaching curriculum that values “real world” experiences (and situated learning) in theory but does not prioritize them in practice.     

Science curriculum and teacher education: The role of presuppositions,contradictions, controversies and speculations vs Kuhn's ‘normal science’

Kuhn (1970) considered textbooks to be good 'pedagogical vehicles' for the perpetuation of ‘normal science’. Collins (2000) has pointed out a fundamental contradiction with respect to what science could achieve (create new knowledge) and how we teach science (authoritarian). Despite the reform efforts, students still have naïve views about the nature of science. Textbook analyses show almost a complete lack of understanding of the role played by presuppositions, contradictions, controversies and speculations in scientific progress. A possible solution to the contradiction pointed out by Collins is provided by the comparison of teaching approaches based on Kuhnian and Lakatosian perspectives of history and philosophy of science. It appears that the Kuhnian approach leaves out what really happens, that is the 'how' and 'why' of scientific progress. On the other hand, the Lakatosian perspective would enable students to understand that scientific progress is subsumed by a process that involves conflicting frameworks (dispute in science, according to Collins, 2000), based on processes that require the elaboration of rival hypotheses and their evaluation in the light of new evidence. It is plausible to suggest that the teacher by 'unfolding' the different episodes (based on historical reconstructions) can emphasize and illustrate how science actually works (tentative, controversial, rivalries, alternative interpretations of the same data), and this will show to the students that they need to go beyond ‘normal science’ as presented in their textbooks.     

网络教学中数学课程教学设计实践探索

基于网络学习中,教师与学生处于分离状态,教师和学生面对面的交流很少,教学信息的传递、教学活动的开展、教学过程的实施以及教学评价等环节多数要通过网络来完成。这样,网络环境下的教学设计也显得尤为重要。如何进行网络环境下数学课程教学设计,使现代远程教育数学课程真正实现满足不同学生需求的个别化教学,是我们数学教师应该深入研究、探索的问题。     

Teaching as creating space for participation – establishing a learning community in diverse classrooms

The relationships between teacher and students are interdependent and rely on their mutual interaction. In the classroom, teaching involves daily face-to-face encounters between students and teachers and therefore could be considered a moral as well as an academic issue. A central question is how the teacher can establish and support a learning community in diverse classrooms where the different learners are recognized as participants, not just as recipients. In this article, a situation from a science lesson has been selected as a case to highlight/illuminate teaching as creating space for participation. The theoretical framework used in this discussion underlines participation as intersubjectively dependent. This perspective points to the ambiguity and uncertainty embedded in teaching and learning situations. It also emphasizes the importance of the teacher's role in inviting students into meaning-making processes. Special attention is paid to essential features of teaching as creating space for participation; 'the act of holding back', 'the act of passing on' and 'the act of non-valuing'. Teaching as creating space for participation is also discussed as an issue that needs greater attention in teacher education.     

浅议《体育与健康课程标准》中学生的学习评价

《体育与健康课程标准》中学生的学习评价依据中学阶段学生的身心特点,总结我国体育教学几十年评价的理论成果和实践经验,同时借鉴一些国家的先进评价理念与模式,完成了新课程标准较完备的学生学习评价体系,但其中评价目的、评价内容及标准、评价方法等方面仍存在一些需完善的内容。