也谈由重“教”转为重“学”

什么是教学？过去往往理解成“教师教-学生学”,现代教学论认为应是“教师-教学生学”。学生的学习固然需要教师的指导,但归根结蒂要靠自身的努力和能力。教师的“教”只有通过学生主动的“学”才能起作用。离开了学生的自主学习,实现教学目的将是一句空话,学生在校期间获得的知识是有限的,大量的要靠离校后的体现,因此,掌握学习本领至关重要,教师“教”学生“学会了”学习（即掌握了学习本领）。并养成自我学习的习惯,那么,教学目标才以实现,教学的价值才得以真正的体现,本文从教师要教“学”的理由（转变观念）、如何教“学”（改革教法）、完成教学轨道转移的标志（达到效果）三个方面探讨教学的成功模式。     

University Positioning and Changing Patterns of Doctoral Study: the case of the University of Bath

The study examines the changing nature of doctoral study in higher education in the context of significant global changes in higher education. From its origins with Humboldt, the trajectory of doctoral study is traced through the traditional Ph.D, the extended 'American model', to the professional doctorate. A university case study charts how these global changes impacted on a specific UK university as it attempted to position itself in the changing market for doctoral study.     

Changing from a special school to an inclusion service

Members of the Somerset Inclusion Project and Gary Thomas (professor and reader in education at the University of the West of England, Bristol) discuss the need for schools to become more inclusive in response to the Government's recent Green Paper (DfEE, 1997), which emphasises that special schools need to work in different ways and to provide services to local mainstream schools. The notion that inclusion is right and segregation is wrong led the staff to convert the Princess Margaret School (PMS) in Taunton, Somerset to an inclusion service.     

从知识型教学向智慧型教学转变的思考

21世纪是创造教育世纪,适应创造教育的是现代智慧型教学而不是传统的知识型教学。智慧型教学要处理好教法与学法的关系、传授知识与开启智慧的关系。智慧型教学的最佳教学形式是活动教学,即学生主体参与活动的教学。对活动的设计要遵循主体性原则、创造性原则、整体性原则、情境性原则。     

从叙述学角度看《大浴女》对人性的探讨

笔者试从叙述学角度对《大浴女》进行一番探访,分别从情节结构、不可靠叙述、评论性干预三方面来考察作者与作品之镜所观照出的“第二自我”之间隐秘而持久的对话,以求更深入地探讨作品的内涵及其价值。     

塔吉克人的文化变迁：从牧民到农民的身份转变

塔吉克阿巴提镇牧民搬迁工程在政府的主导下有条不紊地进行,塔吉克牧民逐步适应了新型的生计方式,进行着文化转型的历程。在这一过程中,各方面不仅要关注牧民物质生活水平的提高,还应关注塔吉克牧民传统文化的保护和变迁。     

《孟子》由子学到经学的变迁

《孟子》最初以子学的形式出现,历经汉、唐至宋,由子而传而经,与《论语》、《大学》、《中庸》并列为“四书”,最终取得了经学的形式。其地位的变迁,从政治层面看,是后儒息邪说、尊孔子、立道统的需要;从学理方面看,是由于其和后儒的诸多理论观点颇有相合之处。     

Changing adult learning in Japan: the shift from traditional singing to karaoke

Lifelong learning in Japan involves various cultural and/or sporting activities for personal enjoyment rather than for individual or national economic benefit. Currently the study of karaoke at a variety of public and private organizations is very popular among older Japanese and housewives. This article explores the emergence of karaoke as a newer form of adult learning, discussing students’ learning objectives and the consequences thereof. It also explores how karaoke differs from traditional forms of singing and why students are more interested in the newer form of learning. Fifteen months of fieldwork included participant observation, interviews and a quantitative survey. Karaoke learning offers freedom and simplicity and is less expensive than traditional singing. The structure of karaoke is flexible, generative and egalitarian. These characteristics perfectly match current Japanese adult interests and make the learning of it popular.     

《释名》单音词扩展成双音词的途径与特点

双音化是汉语词汇发展的显著特点,现在的研究还不够深入。《释名》的独特训释体例为探索双音化提供了新的视角。     

从忘却自我到心灵告白 --中国当代文学管窥

时代共名下的“十七年学”、“个人化的隐性创作”，从拷问历史到肩负社会责任的“新时期学”和“体现个人话语和心灵告白”的九十年代学，比较明确地在学本中显露出了在时代共名状态下和个人化的作家创作中体现出的作家心路历程-从忘却自我到心灵告白。     

从文学性到娱乐性:一种解构文学本质观的策略

随着消费时代临近以及文学边界的消蚀,文学性越来越受到文艺学研究者的青睐.其实,并不存在所谓的文学性,无论是作为本质的文学性或作为功能的文学性.文学性概念是现代化过程中理性冲动所导致的成果,是本质主义的思维方式在作祟.文艺学研究应该放弃对文学性的探寻,将研究的逻辑起点从文学文本转向文学活动,结合历史语境对文学活动的样态做出描述.由此,我们就可以用娱乐性来概括文学活动所共享的特征.     

转变实验教学方式 提升生物核心素养

生物学学科核心素养作为《普通高中生物学课程标准(2017年版)》(以下简称《课程标准》)的课程宗旨,由生命观念、科学探究、科学思维和社会责任4个方面构成。按照《课程标准》的要求,学生应具有在真实情境中提出问题、作出假设、制定实施计划、分析并解决实际问题的能力。这种理论到实践的转化并不是通过学习教材知识或者做练习题就可以达到的,最好的转化方式要在实验教学中体现。不少教师在实验教学时采用“照方抓药”或者“不抓药”的方式,很难培养学生的生物学学科核心素养。可见,转变生物实验教学方式势在必行。     

School Response to a Changing Labour Market

The presumed link between schooling and the economy has been a prime force in motivating educational reform proposals in many countries. Educators feel caught between expectations by many that schools will play a key role in labour market success for young people and the reality that their influence on labour market outcomes is relatively weak. Solving the problem is not possible, but neither is ignoring it. Schools face an intractable yet compelling problem.This paper looks at the way in which school districts in a Canadian province understand and try to respond to changes in the labour market and the nature of work. The paper is based on collaborative case studies of five school districts and surveys of school board members and chief superintendents. We conclude that people in school systems are aware in a general way of labour market changes, and see them as having negative implications for students. However the changing job situation seems to be an important but largely unanalyzed issue. There is relatively little discussion of school-work issues in schools and districts. Administrators and school board members rely on informal sources of information rather than gathering data about their own situation. Schools and districts are using various programmatic devices to address labour market needs, such as partnerships, work experience, or co-operative education, but all of these operate within the confines of a traditional model of schooling. None of the districts has a strategy for this issue or has made it a priority.We conclude with some suggestions for measures schools could reasonably take to respond more effectively to the impact of changes in work.     

Changing primary teacher trainees' attitudes to science

A study of primary teacher trainees' perceptions and attitudes to science in 1990, has been useful in designing a semester unit aimed at increasing the confidence and interest of first year students at Victoria College. This paper outlines the background survey and discusses some, of the results and how they were used to develop the Professional Readiness Study-Understanding Science. This unit attempts to change attitudes by focussing on metacognition and encourages students to understand and control their own learning. Discussion involves teaching and learning strategies and alternative assessment approaches including the student's journal-the Personal Record. Specializations: technology for learning, health education. Specializations student understanding of biology, particularly genetics, evaluation. Specializations: children's learning in science, language in science.     

陈独秀:由党内合作到“右倾投降主义”的历史考察

史学界一般认为大革命失败的根本原因是陈独秀的右倾投降主义。这一说法是最值得史学界商榷的问题。实事求是地分析历史 ,当时的共产国际与国民党共同制订的国共“党内合作”政策 ,应算是右倾投降主义的开始与根源 ,实事上陈独秀对“党内合作”政策是持反对意见的 ,并积极主张国共两党的“党外联合”政策 ,以保证中共自身的积极性     

小麦中产变高产的主攻目标及关键技术

针对周口小麦生产连年出现中产徘徊的问题,研究了小麦中产到高产过程中三要素变化特点,相对贡献及主攻目标.     

论梁漱溟的思想发展过程

中国近现代著名学者、思想家和社会实践家梁漱溟思想复杂多变,从西方功利主义到佛家,再由佛家到中国儒家,也就是说其思想由世俗人生观转变到出世主义,最后又回到虽是世俗而又超俗的人生观。这些变化既有社会的影响,也有时代的因素。     

从汉武帝与赋家的关系看汉赋的流变

由于武帝对辞赋的喜爱与对赋家的擢拔,文学家纷纷麋集在汉武帝周围,赋家的身份都有了很大变化,赋家们有的为润色鸿业的言语侍从,有的被武帝视为诙谐类俳倡,还有的赋家悲叹士不遇。更由于武帝的个人好恶,汉初赋中弥漫的战国纵横余习、屈宋赋中的哀怨情绪,此后渐渐淡化;润色鸿业、体物写志的汉大赋流行,赋风、赋旨及赋体都有了变化。