基于政策视角下的高等教育不公平

对高等教育公平的追求是人们的天性所使然,当前我国高等教育政策制定过程中,政策制定主体偏重"效率"的价值选择倾向;高等教育政策目标忽视对公平的追求;高等教育政策程序公平性不足等问题直接导致我国高等教育政策的不公平性,更谈不上推进我国高等教育的持续健康发展和高等教育公平的实现。只有进一步发挥高等教育政策在高等教育公平实现过程中的积极指导作用,才能有力推进我国高等教育公平的实现。     

The policy reassembly of Afghanistan's higher education system

ABSTRACT

This paper explores how a national higher education sector can be assembled upon a relatively narrow ideological foundation during and in the aftermath of violent conflict. It analyses the case of Afghanistan's higher education system, and argues that the violent disintegration of this system during the 1980s and 1990s created the conditions for a neoliberal reassembly and subsequent expansion of higher education from 2001. This paper draws on data gathered from document analysis, and semi-structured interviews with key policy actors. It identifies an ideological grounding in neoliberalism within higher education policies which are responsible for directing the sector's growth since 2010. I argue that this neoliberal agenda, largely driven by globalised influences, has exploited Afghanistan's conflict-affected context to position higher education primarily as a driver of economic growth, thus limiting policy emphasis on higher education's non-economic dividends. The paper concludes by critiquing the underlying assumption that this role is sufficient if higher education is to serve as a key institution in Afghanistan's ongoing national development.     

异地高考政策对随迁子女高等教育机会的影响——比较乡-城、城-城两类流动人口的差异

大多数学者认为异地高考政策更加有利于家庭条件较好的随迁子女,少数学者则认为该政策能有效保障农村随迁子女的教育权益,但已有文献仍缺乏关于异地高考政策对两类流动人口高等教育机会影响差异的比较研究。基于2017年中国流动人口动态监测调查数据,本文探讨了异地高考政策对城乡随迁子女高等教育机会的影响,并探究了该政策的调节作用。研究发现,异地高考政策对农村随迁子女高等教育机会的促进作用显著高于城镇随迁子女,且这种效应仅在高政策门槛地区存在,低门槛地区不存在。从政策的调节作用来看,异地高考政策有助于提高农村流动人口子女随迁的意愿,且对农村随迁子女高等教育机会的促进作用要显著高于农村留守子女。同时,异地高考政策可显著降低农村随迁子女家庭社会经济地位对其子女高等教育机会的影响。为此,各地方政府应坚持并完善异地高考政策,充分发挥该政策促进高等教育公平的杠杆作用;流入地政府要进一步提高本地高中教育服务能力;中央政府要进一步推进、完善高考录取制度改革。     

加强我国高等教育政策研究的若干思考

随着高等教育在国家经济和社会发展中地位的日益提高 ,高等教育政策研究的重要性也日显突出。通过加强高等教育政策研究来提升政府在高等教育领域的决策能力 ,是当前高等教育发展中面临的一个十分重要的问题。在此基础上 ,作者提出了加强我国高等教育政策研究的几点建议     

国外政府干预私立高等教育方式初探

国外私立高等教育历史悠久,在整个高等教育体系中占有极为重要的位置,发展也日趋成熟;我国的民办高等教育在高等教育大众化进程中扮演着重要角色.一些国家采取了多种途径和方式支持私立高校的发展,这为我国政府出台相关政策、促进民办高等教育的发展提供了有益的经验.     

The role of mass media in education policies: a Chinese case study

The role of mass media in education policy processes is increasingly complex, but research on its contribution is far from adequate. This study uses the higher education quality assurance policies issued in China at the beginning of this century to explore the roles played by mass media in the creation and implementation of education policies. Mass media’s current influence on Chinese education policies mainly includes promoting policy agenda setting, enhancing policy legitimacy and monitoring the process of policy implementation. However, its role in constructing a platform for public discussion and improving policy design needs to be strengthened.     

Participation and equity in higher education: are we going back to the future?

The December 2008 special issue of the Oxford Review of Education provided a review of education policy during Tony Blair’s tenure as Prime Minister. This paper forms a response to the ten contributions to that special issue and discusses some of the issues raised in them. While a few positive aspects of education under New Labour were identified in the special edition, it focused more on the failures of New Labour than its achievements. A common theme to emerge from the papers included the government’s pursuit of neo‐liberal market policies at the expense of its professed commitment to social justice. While accepting that the government’s failure to tackle the differences in educational outcomes between advantaged and disadvantaged pupils constitutes a major failing, the present author argues that significant achievements, such as early years provision, were neglected in the special issue. He also discusses the electoral considerations facing New Labour and the personal role of Tony Blair in determining policy. The paper goes on to consider whether New Labour’s education policy has changed since the departure of Blair and identifies some hints of a potentially more progressive approach developing under Brown. It concludes by suggesting that contributing towards a debate about alternatives to Blairite policies should now become a priority for the ‘educational establishment’.     

世界银行对非洲的高等教育政策及其影响

对援助的依赖是非洲高等教育发展的显著特征。世界银行作为非洲最大的多边教育援助机构,其教育政策影响了非洲高等教育的兴衰。非洲高等教育的衰退与世界银行不断变化的政策密切相关,既有直接的影响,也有间接的影响。影响路径多样,包括附加贷款条件、提供发展建议、影响其他援助机构、参与决策、召开国际会议、招募非洲专业人员等。21世纪非洲高等教育的复兴需要在外部依赖与自主发展之间寻求适当的平衡。     

我国高等教育重点建设政策的历程与省思

纵观新中国70余年我国高等教育重点建设政策演进,政府角色、资源配置方式、建设路径、制度运作模式等都发生了重大转变。制度自信日益凸显,但渐进式政策制定模式、政府主导的政策执行过程、效率优先的政策价值基础仍是我国高等教育重点建设政策的总体特征。由此,在政策实践过程中,呈现出关于“谁是主角、谁是配角、谁是参与者”、高等教育发展效率与公平以及制度运作的适度性等问题。未来,提高重点大学政策决策的民主与科学性,进一步明晰国家、地方政府和高校在重点大学建设中的权责,完善重点建设的制度体系与配套政策,处理好重点与特色的关系,平衡重点与非重点、公平与效率等关系问题将成为“双一流”建设推进的关键。     

中国大众化高等教育财政政策及其改革问题探讨

社会主义市场经济体制建立以来，中国的社会经济发展进入了快车道，GDP持续稳定增长。社会经济发展对高层次人才的需求推动着高等教育由精英教育向大众化教育发展，高等教育财政状况、财政政策和管理体制也随之发生了显变化。高等教育财政改革为高等教育发展提供了重要的财力支持和政策保障，但也存在一些亟待解决的问题。本从公共财政角度，分析评价中国当前高等教育财政政策、经费筹措情况及存在的主要问题，并提出公共财政框架下促进大众化高等教育发展的一些财政政策建议。     

University rankings as a zoning technology: a Taiwanese perspective on an imaginary Greater China higher education region

This paper argues that global university rankings can be understood as a mechanism upholding Taiwan's interests in light of cross-national analysis of university ranking and recent discussion on regionalisation of higher education in Asia. To draw an analytical framework, it begins by delineating a conceptualisation of university ranking, in which ranking exercises are seen as a form of institutions in the globalised field of education politics and policy. In anticipation of the emergence of the Greater China higher education region, the paper suggests that global university ranking can be used as a zoning technology to form an imaginary line of cultural and academic sovereignty, and to affect university strategies and government policies. This analysis not only explains how global university rankings can be used to uphold interests of Taiwan's higher education, but also sheds light on the way to constitute subjectivity in the process of regionalisation of worldwide higher education.     

澳大利亚私立高等教育机构监管政策 变迁的历史沿革与特点分析

澳大利亚政府对私立高等教育机构监管政策变迁的历史轨迹与公立高等教育占主导地位的国家有诸多相似之处，都经历过从“排斥”或者说“边缘化”到“被动接受”再到“标准化引领”的过程。该文从历史演进的视角慎思澳大利亚政府对私立高等教育监管政策变迁的动因与导向，进而总结澳大利亚政府监管政策的特点：通过间接管理方式控制私立高等教育机构逐利行为的度；通过诱致性制度强化公私立高等教育机构的竞争与合作；通过分类资助引导私立高等教育机构质量优先发展。     

高等教育、国际化与民族国家

在 2 0世纪 90年代 ,国际化在高等教育政策讨论和研究领域都成为核心议题。与此相伴随的是欧洲高等教育的非国家化政策的出现 ,高等教育机构自身责任感的增强 ,管理主义的日益流行。关于高等教育在国际化与民族国家方面的作用历来有争议 ,本文通过比较欧洲大陆和盎格鲁 撒克逊国家的做法对高等教育的这一作用进行了探讨。国际化是对欧洲和德国高等教育的一种挑战 ,本文在评价其所带来的不同影响的同时 ,分析了欧盟和波伦尼亚进程的作用 ,以及德国高等教育国际化改革的原始推动作用。对复杂和充满活力的多层次欧洲高等教育国际化体系的进一步考察表明 ,它不仅使不断增加的跨国界活动日趋多样化 ,而且更为重要的是发生了实质性的变化 ,即出现了系统性的国际化政策 ,全球化高等教育市场的国际间合作和竞争意识也不断增强     

关于我国高等教育财政效率原则的悖论——效率原则下的低效

在教育资源有限的条件下,我国高等教育财政拨款一直倾向于效率优先的原则,以加快重点大学和一流学科的建设,带动整个高等教育的发展。然而,这种效率原则在高等教育财政拨款中的应用在微观上并未带来高校资源利用率的提高,在宏观上也并未实现财政资源收益的最大化。以“身份”为基础的过分倾斜的财政拨款机制在一定程度上制约了效率的提高,使得竞争机制未能在高校发展过程中真正起到作用。     

Designing effective educational policies: what can we learn from an Italian case study

We discuss the design and implementation of educational programmes aimed at increasing university enrolment. We focus on a means-test policy introduced in the Italian province of Trento, which consists of a monetary incentive in the form of a grant. To reduce inequalities in access to higher education, aid is awarded according to merit and financial need. Previous research has shown that this programme has no effect on the university enrolment. Therefore, our aim is to understand, through examination of a unique data set, why the policy failed; we also argue that the most effective design of educational policies considers the targeted population's demand for higher education, as well as socioeconomic context. In this way, we provide insight into the formalisation and efficacy of the eligibility conditions. Though our research is concerned with a province, our findings have important implications for how educational programmes should be designed and implemented nationwide and abroad.     

高校信息化进程中的大学CIO体制建设研究

大学CIO体制的建设是近年来国外高校信息化发展的一个重要特点和趋势。该对CIO的起源与发展、CIO在美国大学中的发展情况、我国高校建设CIO体制的尝试及其进展作了分析和讨论,并就建立我国高校CIO领导下的信息化建设管理体制、发挥CIO在学校管理中的作用等问题进行了探讨。     

Japanese flagship universities at a crossroads

The increasing pace and scope of global structural change has left Japanese flagship universities at a crossroads. Reflecting upon historical trends, current policy changes and respective institutional strategies for global marketing among Japanese top research universities, the author discusses possible future directions for these institutions and how key decisions may be influenced by selected national policies. By taking a more active role in building flagship universities and making use of higher education for social and economic development, the Japanese government has already taken concrete measures to keep apace with higher education policies of neighboring Asian countries. However, in the author’s view, whether or not Japan can truly develop and maintain world-class universities ultimately depends on an overall improvement in the status of East Asian higher education.     

政策执行视角下的我国高等教育中外合作项目研究

中外合作办学开展至今,已成为"我国高等教育的重要组成部分"。其政策发展经历了三个阶段,取得了一定的成效也存在一些执行偏差。鉴于此,通过分析2012年全国中外合作办学项目数据,以政策执行的视角,透视了中外合作办学项目执行中存在的问题,并提出针对性的建议。     

日本高等教育国际化政策：演进与趋势

随着高等教育国际化的不断深入, 日本政府制订了一系列发展政策来应对高等教育国际化带来的挑战,在提高高等教育国际化水平的同时形成了日本高等教育的发展模式。近年来日本意识到大学个性的重要性以及留学生政策的独特作用,逐渐完善本国高等教育国际化发展的政策。目前我国高等教育国际化正处于快速发展阶段, 日本高等教育国际化政策的制定与实施对我国高等教育国际化的发展有着重要的借鉴意义。     

Bringing the State Back In: restoring the role of the State in Chinese higher education

In the last few decades, in the wake of three major crises in political faith and the overall instability that followed the end of the Cultural Revolution, the post-Mao Chinese government has sought to improve the lives of its citizens and to restore political legitimacy through rapid economic growth that has focused almost exclusively on GDP. This strong focus has brought about rapid, widespread economic growth to China, and has, by classical market standards, been a success. At the same time, issues of social development and human well-being have received less attention. Before the Hu-Wen leadership's formal accession to power, the Jiang-Zhu administration sought to adopt neo-liberal ideas and practices to reform the delivery of social services and the implementation and funding of social policy. In this context, major fields of social policy such as health, education, and housing have been going through the processes of marketisation and privatisation, which have placed much of the financial burden of meeting these social welfare needs on China's citizens. After several decades of privatisation and marketisation in the educational system, the Chinese government has been the subject of repeated criticism for failing to tackle what is popularly known as the ‘new three mountains phenomenon’, namely, the rising cost of health, education, and housing in recent years. Against the wider policy context described above, this article examines the social and political consequences of the privatisation and marketisation of education. It also discusses the major policies and strategies recently adopted by the Chinese government to restore the role of the State in the education system in order to address the negative consequences of the privatisation of education. Finally, it critically examines the main implications of major reforms undertaken in higher education in Mainland China.