Classroom-based elementary school affective education programs: A critical review

Twenty-three studies on the effectiveness of classroom-based, elementary school affective education programs were selected by predetermined criteria from published and unpublished research dating from 1970. The resulting research evidence was evaluated by methodological rigor, program type, grade level, program length, and leader's profession. The lack of positive significant findings in the more carefully designed studies provides little support for the effectiveness of affective education programs in promoting positive changes on either behavioral or affective measures, especially for programs with an internal focus. Studies of social-cognitive problem-solving programs produced promising results, but require further evidence of effectiveness. The results provide important implications for future research and professional practice.     

The Long,Wide View of Biology

Significant life experience research suggests that outdoor experiences foster proenvironmental outcomes. Time spent outdoors is more frequently identified as the source of proenvironmental behavior than is education, suggesting that cognition may be less important than affect. Yet, environmental education field programs are often evaluated on cognitive outcomes alone. The authors piloted a mixed-methods evaluation, measuring both cognitive and affective responses to a field education program. Quantitative responses suggest that field-based participants demonstrated greater cognitive understanding than classroom-based participants. Qualitative responses suggest that field programs foster different affective reactions than do classroom programs. These results have critical implications for field-based programming, classroom instruction, and evaluation.     

Politics of inclusive education policy‐making: the case of Cyprus 4784 (excluding references)

ABSTRACT

There has been little empirical study within low- and middle-income countries on how to effectively prepare teachers to educate children with disabilities. This paper reports on the impact of an intervention designed to increase teaching self-efficacy, improve inclusive beliefs, attitudes and practices, and reduce concerns around the inclusion of children with disabilities within the Lakes region of Kenya. A longitudinal survey was conducted with in-service teachers (matched N?=?123) before and after they had participated in a comprehensive intervention programme, delivered in the field by Leonard Cheshire Disability. Results showed that the intervention increased teaching self-efficacy, produced more favourable cognitive and affective attitudes toward inclusive education, and reduced teacher concerns. However, there was little evidence regarding the impact on inclusive classroom practices. The increase in teaching self-efficacy over the intervention period was also found to predict concerns over time. Results are discussed in terms of implications for international efforts, as well as national efforts within Kenya to promote inclusive education.     

More Lessons From Aptitude--Treatment Interaction Theory

Peterson successfully links compensatory education program evaluations to aptitude-treatment interaction (ATI) theory and research. This commentary locates AT1 theory and research in the context of the broader framework of instructional adaptation (i.e., perspectives on how instruction can be adapted to individual differences among learners) and discusses related program evaluation issues from this point of view. The discussion calls into question the appropriateness of the term compensatory education (CE) as a catchall for Chapter 1 and other so-called remedial programs.     

Combining cognitive and affective support in order to promote learning

The present study investigated the impact of cognitive and affective support intervention on the learning outcomes of learners working with a simulation in economics. Cognitive support was given by statements in order to increase reflection and self-explanation in learners. Affective support was given by a goal-based scenario. Participants were 104 students of social science classes who were randomly allocated to a variant with cognitive and/or affective support as well as a basal variant without affective and cognitive support. Perceived germane cognitive load was increased by cognitive support but not by affective support. Understanding, as measured by posttest performance, was significantly increased by a combination of affective and cognitive support as compared to the basal variant without any support, while a single support intervention had no significant impact. The need for an augmented Cognitive Load Theory by the inclusion of affective factors is applied.     

Initial Results of a New Clinical Practice Model: Impact on Learners at Risk

The last several years have seen a dramatic increase in interest surrounding the role of clinical experiences in enhancing the learning of teacher candidates. Further, pressure has intensified to demonstrate the impact of teacher candidates on P–12 learners. With these goals in mind, a model alternative school/university partnership was created, based on Korthagen's “Realistic Teacher Education” framework. This article is an evaluation of the impact of this intervention on student outcomes from the program's first three years. A convergence of evidence reveals significant improvements in grade point average and credits earned; furthermore, significant improvements in total disciplinary incidents emerged in some of the analyses. These results suggest that this teacher education intervention has promise for documenting impact on P–12 learners. This outcome is significant for accreditation purposes, for bolstering the image of teacher education programs within the broader community, and for establishing a common research agenda.     

性向—教法互动教学理论

性向—教法互动理论在教育过程中是存在的,而且在教育评价中,运用该理论是必要的而可行的,在教学实践中,也可以达到使教学分别适应不同的学习者的目的。统计学角度的研究致力于根据学生的性向水平,为学生安排最佳的教学模式,取得最好的效果。性向——教法互动教学理论今后的研究重点是：对学习风格的发展进行评估研究;研究学生在学习时使用的不同策略;分析性向成分及研究测量手段;特定的性向教法相互结合的研究。     

Model of affective learning for nonformal science education facilities

Objective setting and evaluation for learning in the affective domain are often neglected in educational programs, largely because affective learning is a poorly understood phenomenon. This is particularly problematic in nonformal science education facilities, which are uniquely suited to facilitate affective learning. To address this problem, a heuristic model of affective learning in nonformal educational facilities was developed. The model, referred to as the Meredith Model, displays a sequence of events occurring in the affective responses of learners in nonformal educational experiences and identifies factors which may influence individual events within this sequence. The model is proposed as a conceptual framework for gaining an increased understanding of affective learning and for making recommendations for practice of nonformal science education and for further research. J Res Sci Teach 34: 805–818, 1997.     

美国中学后教育的早期干预项目研究

美国社会各界深信教育在消除贫穷和不平等中的基础作用,美国采取积极的教育干预态度、对策和行动,相继出台并实施了一系列旨在帮助"社会代表名额不足"群体学生准备并升入大学的中学后教育早期干预项目.目前全国此类项目已达数千个之多,在制约社会-教育利益和财富分取资格、机会和结果不平等的状况方面,取得了积极的效果,充分显示了美国全社会关注和力争社会不利群体的教育权利与公平的社会责任意识、公益精神和参与行动.     

Teaching problem solving: An ATI study of the effects of teaching algorithmic and heuristic solution methods

This paper begins by characterizing typical training programs on “learning to think,” in terms of: their breadth, generality and specificity; the types of tasks and solution methods; and the guidance to students (assigning them to alternative programs; registering and reacting to their mistakes, requests for help, etc.). The paper then outlines some strengths and weaknesses of past research and sets out criteria appropriate for an aptitude-treatment interaction (ATI) study of the relationship between tasks, training methods and student attributes. Finally, an account is given of exemplary ATI experiments, administered via a computer, on the immediate and delayed effects of teaching algorithmic and heuristic solution methods. The tasks involve inductive reasoning (the extrapolation of number series) and deductive reasoning (the evaluation of syllogisms).     

The effects of a teaching development institute for early career researchers on their intended teaching strategies,course design,beliefs about instructors’ and students’ knowledge,and instructional self-efficacy: The case of the Teaching Institute at Johns Hopkins University

Despite the importance of both research and teaching, doctoral and postdoctoral programs tend to focus on research. One approach to address the lack of teaching development for early career researchers (ECRs) is to train them on instruction. The purpose of this two-year study was to examine the effects of a Teaching Development Institute (TDI) on ECRs’ intended teaching strategies, course planning, beliefs about instructors’ and students’ knowledge, and instructional self-efficacy. We used the Approaches to Teaching (ATI) and the College Teaching Self-Efficacy (CTSE) instruments in a one-group pretest-posttest design. The sample was 109 and 140 ECRs who participated at the Teaching Institute at Johns Hopkins University in 2018 and 2019, respectively. The results of the Wilcoxon signed-ranks test indicated that the TDI intervention was effective. The theoretical implications of the paper include (a) reinterpreting the ATI according to the interactive, constructive, active, and passive (ICAP) cognitive engagement framework, and (b) proposing the professional development to student achievement (PDSA) model.     

New Publics in the Spectrum of a Conservation Agency

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to identify major areas of concentration that have an impact on state hunter education programs. The study specifically attempts to identify and analyze areas that prevent hunter education programs from being implemented to their fullest. The major reasons for this research include: to improve the awareness, knowledge, and skills of hunters, to help ensure that hunter education programs are utilized to their maximum, and to identify specific program strategies to help overcome major barriers to the successful implementation of state hunter education programs. Based on data collected, areas of significant concern that have profound effects on program implementation were identified and analyzed. The major concerns and constraints identified by the study were in the areas of program instruction, course content, program communication, program funding, and program evaluation. Each of the identified program constraints was analyzed with recommendations put forth which could lessen its impact on program implementation.     

Sexuality in school: the limits of education

This paper reports on aspects of an Australian study into the factors and conditions that make it possible for secondary school health education teachers to include and affirm gender and sexual diversity in their teaching. The study examined the impact of a two-day intervention designed to prepare teachers to use a major new government-funded teaching and learning resource called Talking Sexual Health. The study found that whilst there was a range of personal and structural barriers inhibiting change, professional development and access to teaching and learning resources could indeed impact positively on teachers’ willingness and ability to include and affirm diverse sexualities in their health education programs.     

Early Investment in Cognitive Development as a Strategy for Reducing Poverty

This paper reviews the possibilities and limitations of programs aimed at promoting early investment in child development programs and early childhood education as a strategy for reducing poverty. It sets modern theories of intellectual development within a broader Eriksonian conception of the whole child. This highlights the links between the cognitive and the affective. Sternberg's "triadic model of intelligence" serves as the organizing framework for this discussion. Having made this case, the paper examines a series of hypotheses regarding essential components of early intervention and educational programs designed to succeed with poor, high risk, underclass families. The results of this review are sobering, and make it clear that superficial efforts and other business-as-usual approaches will not meet with success. Nonetheless, it is also clear that the social and economic costs of the underclass for the community as a whole as well as for those caught within its cycles of poverty and social pathology can justify expensive interventions and still be cost effective and cost efficient. "Succeeding with those who cost the most saves the most in the long run" becomes a principle to complement the well established principle that "those who have the most, gain the most."     

Another Look at Research on the Adaptation of Instruction to Students Characteristics

This article reviews some problems in aptitude treatment interaction (ATI) research, which is the knowledge base for adaptive instruction. Inconsistent ATI results were attributed to findings indicating that varying instructional methods do not necessarily invoke different types or frequencies of cognitive processing of instruction nor are individual difference measures consistently related to such processing. It is suggested that more consistent processing, and more replicable ATIs may be found by training students in the cognitive processes presumed to be invoked by instructional methods. Finally, it is suggested that the inclusion of affective variables in research on cognitive processing of instruction may lead to findings of more effective and consistent processing by students and to more reliable ATIs.     

Fostering educational participation in pastoral communities through non-formal education: the Ghanaian perspective

This paper is an investigation of the impact of the Shepherd School Program, a non-formal basic education program implemented in seven pastoral communities in northern Ghana. The paper argues that non-formal basic education programs can have an important impact on the educational development of a community. However, for this to be possible, the context of such programs must answer to communities’ social, cultural, economic and other immediate needs.     

Case studies of gifted kindergarten children: Profiles of promise

Early life experiences can powerfully impact attitudes toward learning and later achievements in education. The chances for optimal development of children with special needs, including the gifted and talented, can be enhanced with identification and intervention at an early age. Current research on the young gifted has overlooked the delineation of developmental characteristics and specific educational experiences applicable to this population. In an effort to bridge this gap in the literature, this paper will report on investigations into the lives of five gifted kindergarten students utilizing a case study methodology, which yielded themes relating to intellectual, achievement, social, affective, physical, aesthetic and creative domains.     

Case studies of gifted kindergarten children part II: The parents and teachers

Early life experiences can powerfully impact attitudes toward learning and later achievements in education. The chances for optimal development of children with special needs, including the gifted and talented, can be enhanced with identification and intervention at an early age. This paper reports on investigations into the lives of five gifted kindergarten students utilizing a case‐study methodology, which yielded themes relating to intellectual, achievement, social, affective, physical, aesthetic, and creative domains (discussed in Part I, published in Roeper Review, volume 26, pp. 192‐207). This paper, Part II, will discuss parental and teacher influences.     

Using the Aptitude--Treatment Model to Improve Compensatory Education: A Call for More Observational Research

Professor Peterson's article makes a major contribution to the field of educational psychology by using the aptitude-treatment interaction (ATI) approach to examine the compensatory education (CE) literature. Peterson persuasively argues that aptitude-treatment interactions will occur and that researchers need to be sensitive to these possibilities. Her article stimulates readers to consider the differential needs of various students and also reminds us that some of the structural goals of compensatory education are presently not being achieved. In contrast to the many things I like about this article, I do discuss some concerns. My most basic disappointment was that not enough emphasis was placed on a call for new observational research that examines extant practice in CE programs.     

Early Investment in Cognitive Development as a Strategy for Reducing Poverty

This paper reviews the possibilities and limitations of programs aimed at promoting early investment in child development programs and early childhood education as a strategy for reducing poverty. It sets modern theories of intellectual development within a broader Eriksonian conception of the whole child. This highlights the links between the cognitive and the affective. Sternberg's “triadic model of intelligence” serves as the organizing framework for this discussion. Having made this case, the paper examines a series of hypotheses regarding essential components of early intervention and educational programs designed to succeed with poor, high risk, underclass families. The results of this review are sobering, and make it clear that superficial efforts and other business-as-usual approaches will not meet with success. Nonetheless, it is also clear that the social and economic costs of the underclass for the community as a whole as well as for those caught within its cycles of poverty and social pathology can justify expensive interventions and still be cost effective and cost efficient. “Succeeding with those who cost the most saves the most in the long run” becomes a principle to complement the well established principle that “those who have the most, gain the most.”