影响我国撑竿跳高运动成绩的主要因素

运用科学方法就许刚现有能力和水平,从运动素质、身体形态、握竿高度、腾越高度、助跑速度、体重与撑竿磅级差额等方面同世界优秀选手布勃卡的有关指标进行了对比分析,找出了许刚的劣势和优势,为科学化运动训练提供了依据.     

阻滞增长模型在奥运会撑杆跳高冠军成绩预测中的应用

采用数学建模理论对历届奥运会男子撑杆跳高运动员的金牌成绩进行统计分析,运用拟合模型和常微分方程模型对未来撑杆跳高竞赛项目的最好成绩进行预测,以期为拓宽数学建模在体育领域的应用范围提供一定的依据。     

A two-segment simulation model of long horse vaulting.

The optimum pre-flight characteristics of the Hecht and handspring somersault vaults were determined using a two-segment simulation model. The model consisted of an arm segment and a body segment connected by a frictionless pin joint, simulating the vault from the Reuther board take-off through to landing. During horse contact, shoulder torque was set to zero in the model. Five independent pre-flight variables were varied over realistic ranges and an objective function was maximized to find the optimum pre-flight for each vault. The Hecht vault required a low trajectory of the mass centre during pre-flight, with a low vertical velocity of the mass centre and a low angular velocity of the body at horse contact. In contrast, the optimum handspring somersault required a high pre-flight trajectory, with a high angular velocity of the body and a high vertical velocity at horse contact. Despite the simplicity of the model, the optimum pre-flights were similar to those used in competitive performances.     

The continuous measurement of the springboard reaction force in gymnastic vaulting

Abstract

A new method was established for the continuous measurement of force applied from a springboard to a gymnast in vaulting (board reaction force). Male gymnasts performed a handspring vault using a springboard mounted on force platforms. A high-speed video camera sampled the springboard motion at 500 Hz. The springboard was initially partitioned into 29 segments. The force due to the accelerative motion of the springboard was determined by summing the forces of the individual segments. The board reaction force acting on the gymnast was calculated by subtracting the force due to the accelerative motion of the springboard and weight from the force recorded by the force platform. The new method succeeded in illustrating transient changes of the board reaction force. The horizontal and vertical components of the peak values of the board reaction force were three and two times greater respectively than the average values. A series of tests was conducted to determine whether the number of segments of the springboard model could be reduced without affecting accuracy. A model consisting of only four segments produced almost the same accuracy as the 29-segment model. The simplified model is recommended as a more efficient method to measure board reaction force.     

Target-directed running in gymnastics: a preliminary exploration of vaulting

Research to date has demonstrated the importance of running speed and an accurate take-off on gymnastics vaulting performance (Krug et al., 1998; Bohne et al., 2000). Current training practice for gymnastics vaulting is to stereotype the 15-25 m run-ups to the board, which assumes that a fast and reliable approach is best controlled predominantly without visual feedback. Incidences where gymnasts make errors during their run-ups, often landing onto the back of the board, occur frequently, even at the international level. The standard deviation method (e.g. Lee et al., 1982) for identifying visual regulation in long jump run-ups was employed in this first exploration of gymnastics vaulting to examine whether visual regulation processes are utilised. Secondly, the question of how a small number of gymnasts can run fast during the approach and perform more difficult vaults was addressed. Five elite female gymnasts aged 13-15 years performed five round-off entry vaults. One panning 50 Hz video camera recorded each trial from an elevated platform to evaluate the approach step, hurdle, and round-off characteristics, whilst two 250 Hz cameras recorded vaulting performance. Two qualified judges viewed each vaulting trial and provided a performance score. A precursor for a fast take-off from the board when vaulting is to utilise vision early to control the approach kinematics (p = 0.02). High take-off velocity was directly related to judge's score (p = 0.03). Coaches need to supplement gymnasts' vault training to include exercises that improve the gymnasts' ability to visually regulate their gait pattern whilst running.     

当今世界男子跳马发展趋向的断想

采用录像跟踪与数理统计法 ,对’ 99世界体操锦标赛男子四个种类比赛中的跳马动作起评分与完成情况进行分析。结果表明 :运动员选择 10分起评动作呈集中化趋向。比赛中 ,努力完成高起评分动作并力求使完成情况少失分是运动员提高完成动作效能获取高分的直接思考点。跳马单项决赛中 ,跳“双 10分”起评动作 ,注重“保一争二”的训练策略是当今世界男子跳马夺牌或夺冠的必然选择。     

The influence of the vaulting table on the handspring front somersault

The traditional “horse” was replaced by a new vaulting “table” in artistic gymnastics competitions in 2001.The aim of this study was to determine whether the table led to a change in vaulting technique. This was achieved by comparing three-dimensional video-based analyses (50 Hz) of selected biomechanical discrete and continuous variables across four elite male gymnasts performing a series of handspring front somersault vaults on the traditional horse and the new table. Individual joint and inter-segment coupling (continuous relative phase) were used to quantify techniques used on the two apparatuses. Differences were attributed in part to the design and construction of the new table. No differences were observed for the approach and take-off from the board. Significant differences in hip flexion at board take-off and strike angle on the table were observed. One of the effects of the latter was an increase in vertical take-off velocity compared with the horse. Individual strategies were observed in hip and shoulder coordination patterns that were obscured when group data were considered. Close monitoring of the evolution of skill on this new apparatus is paramount for gymnastics coaching, and further studies of current elite competitive vaulting techniques are required.     

Hitting the vault board: implications for vaulting take-off--a preliminary investigation

Gymnastics vaulting relies on a specialized take-off board for propulsion during the take-off phase of the vault. There is little information on the vault board and its behaviour. The aim of this study was to characterize the behaviour of the vault board during handspring drill take-offs of young male gymnasts (n = 36). The side of the top surface of the vault board and the wooden base were marked with three reflective markers, placed at the end of the vault board nearest the vault table and the centres of the two rearmost coil springs. The vault board surface was divided into two areas, rear and middle, based on marker location. The gymnasts' groups were determined from the location of the gymnast's lateral malleolus at vault board contact. Landings with the malleolus directly above or behind the rearmost marker were considered rear landings; landings with the malleolus forward of the rearmost marker were considered middle landings. Marker movements were automatically digitized and the right malleolus was hand digitized at 120 Hz. The maximum vertical displacement, vertical deflection time, and vertical velocity at take-off of the vault board markers did not differ statistically between board contact groups (all p > 0.05). The lateral malleolus velocity components also did not differ between board contact groups. Some low to moderately strong correlations were observed between the various marker displacements, durations and take-off velocities. Modest correlations were obtained between board markers and right malleolus velocities. The results indicate that foot contact on the vault board, as defined here, did not result in differences in board marker behaviour or right lateral malleolus velocities. This information does not support the idea that vault board contacts at the rear of the vault board are worse than contacts near the middle of the vault board. More research is needed to ascertain the role of the vault board's vibration characteristics to whole body actions that are observed in the subsequent preflight phase.     

The continuous measurement of the springboard reaction force in gymnastic vaulting

A new method was established for the continuous measurement of force applied from a springboard to a gymnast in vaulting (board reaction force). Male gymnasts performed a handspring vault using a springboard mounted on force platforms. A high-speed video camera sampled the springboard motion at 500 Hz. The springboard was initially partitioned into 29 segments. The force due to the accelerative motion of the springboard was determined by summing the forces of the individual segments. The board reaction force acting on the gymnast was calculated by subtracting the force due to the accelerative motion of the springboard and weight from the force recorded by the force platform. The new method succeeded in illustrating transient changes of the board reaction force. The horizontal and vertical components of the peak values of the board reaction force were three and two times greater respectively than the average values. A series of tests was conducted to determine whether the number of segments of the springboard model could be reduced without affecting accuracy. A model consisting of only four segments produced almost the same accuracy as the 29-segment model. The simplified model is recommended as a more efficient method to measure board reaction force.     

Finite element modelling and experimental study of oblique soccer ball bounce

In this study, we develop a finite element model to examine the oblique soccer ball bounce. A careful simulation of the interaction between the ball membrane and air pressure in the ball makes the model more realistic than analytical models, and helps us to conduct an accurate study on the effect of different parameters on a bouncing ball. This finite element model includes a surface-based fluid cavity to model the mechanical response between the ball carcass and the internal air of the ball. An experimental set-up was devised to study the bounce of the ball in game-relevant impact conditions. Ball speed, angle, and spin were measured before and after the bounce, as well as ball deformation and the forces during the impact. The finite element model has been validated with three different sets of data, and the results demonstrate that the finite element model reported here is a valuable tool for the study of ball bounce. After validation of the model, the effect of the friction coefficient on soccer ball bounce was studied numerically. Simulation results show that increasing the friction coefficient may result in reversal of the horizontal impact force.     

对2003年全国体操锦标赛男子跳马比赛的情况分析研究

通过对2003年"东渡杯"全国体操锦标赛男子跳马比赛情况的技术统计、分析与研究,揭示了我国运动员在跳马项目上的长处,同时也指出了存在问题,尤其是与第37届世锦赛跳马前8名相比还有一定差距.因此,提出了几点积极建议,为教练员和运动员在训练中提供参考.     

德拉古莱斯库和陆斌跳马前手翻动作技术的分析与比较

运用三维DLT法，对2004仙桃国际体操精英邀请赛跳马冠军德拉古莱斯库和亚军陆斌的前手翻动作技术的速度指标、时间指标、高度和远度指标进行对比分析，得出陆斌在踏跳和推手环节上与德拉古莱斯库存在差异，并对该环节的技术细节进行了对比分析，找出问题所在，以期为陆斌以及我国跳马前手翻类动作的训练和技术改进提供参考依据。     

女子跳马运动评分过程中裁判员的眼动研究

运用角膜反射技术,测定注视点停留次数、停留时间以及移动速度等指标,揭示女子跳马运动评分时,裁判员的注视运动特征及不同等级裁判员注视运动的变化规律,为竞技体操运动评分过程的客观性研究提供理论依据.     

撑竿跳高计算机模拟数学模型

基于有些生物力学专家对撑竿跳高作的计算机模拟实验结果,存在着不能确定运动员为了完成模拟动作,各关节中应该提供的肌力矩等不足,本文提出将撑竿处理为以铰链连接并在铰链中具有扭力弹簧的多体竿件,这样,根据方程的推导,就可得到人体各关节中斯应提供的肌肉力矩。     

漂竿钓野鲤

我家从佳木斯搬到勤得利后的第二年夏天,当时我正在农场中学念书。一个星期天的早晨,父亲把我从床上叫起来,说要带我到江边去钓鱼。     

武术之乡--武术产业发展的增长极

文章运用文献资料法、逻辑分析法、专家访谈法、实地考察等研究方法对武术之乡已经具备了的发展武术产业的生产要素进行分析,认为武术之乡较国内其他地区在发展武术产业上有较大的资源优势。从区域经济的增长机制上看,武术之乡是发展武术产业极具价值和现实意义的增长极,是开发武术产业第一选择的区域切入点。     

对撑竿跳高运动训练新动向的探究

依据我国撑竿跳高运动员现有能力和水平，对撑竿跳高与其它田径跳跃及体操项目特征进行分析比较，认为撑竿跳高不但反映出体能类项群的特征，而更多反映出技能类项目的本质属性，并提出借鉴技能类项群的训练理论和方法，重新规划我国撑竿跳高项目的训练方向。     

心理暗示在撑杆跳高训练过程中的应用

对撑杆跳高训练过程中心理暗示的作用、操作程序，以及运用心理暗示应注意的问题进行了探讨，认为在撑杆跳高训练的过程中合理地使用心理暗示，能及时地调整运动员的心理状态，克服不良情绪的影响，有利于运动技术的形成和发展。     

撑竿跳高腾越高度的主要构成

通过对中外运动员的分析，发现推离撑竿瞬间身体重心距上握点的高度（H1）是腾越高度的主要构成分量，使用玻璃钢撑竿后腾越高度得以提高的主要原因是H1的增加。讨论了影响H1的技术因素和我国运动员所存在的问题，阐明了金属竿和玻璃钢撑竿跳高技术在“拉引”方面的明显不同，并解释了玻璃钢撑竿的弹性作用对于腾越高度的主要贡献。     

撑竿跳高专项特征新论

以5名世界优秀男子撑竿跳高运动员为研究对象,采用效果测度灰色关联分析的方法,对其运动素质、运动技术与专项成绩进行关联分析,从定量的角度揭示撑竿跳高的专项特征;以确定专项特征的标准为理论分析的逻辑起点,运用生物力学和运动学理论,从定性的角度对撑竿跳高的专项特征进行分析。研究表明：撑竿跳高是运动员体能与技能协调发展的快速力量性运动项目。