高山滑雪初学者教学浅析

高山滑雪是适合于不同年龄段人参加冬季健身运动的娱乐体育项目，深受广大滑雪爱好的喜爱。对于滑雪初学来说，如何较快地掌握滑雪运动技能，预防运动损伤，培养滑雪乐趣，达到健身娱乐的目的，是人们非常关注的问题。对高山滑雪的教学内容、教学组织形式、预防运动损伤及教学指导要点加以分析和探讨，旨在培养滑雪的兴趣和积极性，进一步普及高山滑雪运动，吸引更多的滑雪运动爱好。     

关于高山滑雪运动损伤的调查与分析

在高山滑雪运动中,容易发生运动损伤,通过对黑龙江省部分滑雪者的调查,找出造成运动员损伤的原因,建议采取一系列相应的预防措施,尽量把运动损伤降低到最低限度.     

Biomechanical aspects of new techniques in alpine skiing and ski-jumping

There have been considerable changes in equipment design and movement patterns in the past few years both in alpine skiing and ski-jumping. These developments have been matched by methods of analysing movements in field conditions. They have yielded new insights into the skills of these specific winter sports. Analytical techniques have included electromyography, kinetic and kinematic methods and computer simulations. Our aim here is to review biomechanical research in alpine skiing and ski-jumping. We present in detail the techniques currently used in alpine skiing (carving technique) and ski-jumping (V-technique), primarily using data from the authors' own research. Finally, we present a summary of the most important results in biomechanical research both in alpine skiing and ski-jumping. This includes an analysis of specific conditions in alpine skiing (type of turn, terrain, snow, speed, etc.) and the effects of equipment, materials and individual-specific abilities on performance, safety and joint loading in ski-jumping.     

对黑龙江省高山滑雪指导员的现状调查与研究

滑雪运动已成为冬季大众健身、休闲的最佳选择,通过对黑龙江省高山滑雪指导员(下简称“指导员”)的需求,以及他们的个人档案等问题进行调查与研究。目的是为黑龙江省主管部门今后对高山滑雪指导员的培训和管理工作提供依据,同时,促进滑雪产业的良性发展。     

Biomechanical aspects of new techniques in alpine skiing and ski-jumping

Abstract

There have been considerable changes in equipment design and movement patterns in the past few years both in alpine skiing and ski-jumping. These developments have been matched by methods of analysing movements in field conditions. They have yielded new insights into the skills of these specific winter sports. Analytical techniques have included electromyography, kinetic and kinematic methods and computer simulations. Our aim here is to review biomechanical research in alpine skiing and ski-jumping. We present in detail the techniques currently used in alpine skiing (carving technique) and ski-jumping (V-technique), primarily using data from the authors’ own research. Finally, we present a summary of the most important results in biomechanical research both in alpine skiing and ski-jumping. This includes an analysis of specific conditions in alpine skiing (type of turn, terrain, snow, speed, etc.) and the effects of equipment, materials and individual-specific abilities on performance, safety and joint loading in ski-jumping.     

谈高山滑雪指导员的素质与能力

大众健身体育的兴起,使高山滑雪逐渐成为人们所喜爱的人。从体育营销学和体育社会学的视角,对高山滑雪指导员应具备的素质、能力进行阐述,进一步分析高山滑雪指导员的素质、知识、能力的内涵,使得我国高山滑雪指导员整体素质逐步达到规范化、制度化和社会化。     

高山滑雪多媒体网络课件制作与应用

介绍了高山滑雪多媒体网络课件设计思想和具体的制作过程,阐述了网页界面、素材收集、分横块设计等观点,对课件内容的制作做了全面的描述.对脚本的制作、素材制作、课件网上发布等,给出了一个完整的多媒体网络课件总体设计和制作的蓝图.     

对我国业余高山滑雪运动员赛前准备活动的研究

通过对业余高山滑雪运动员的赛前观察与赛后访问调查的分析,论述了准备活动 的作用和赛前准备活动过程中应用科学系统.准备活动方法的重要性.在高山滑雪运动项目中,运动员做准备活动时要依据运动项目及技术特点、运动能力、生力和心理的个别差异进行练习,决不可以盲目模仿他人的准备活动.应通过比赛和训练总结出适合自己的准备活动,以适合比赛的需要,为比赛的发挥奠定基础.     

自我效能理论在初学者滑雪运动技能形成中的应用

针对高山滑雪运动的特点及滑雪运动初学者的特征,以自我效能理论为基础,提出了运用自我效能理论的基本观点促进高山滑雪运动技能的学习,为爱好滑雪运动的人们及教授高山滑雪的体育工作者提供可参考的建议。     

谈中国高山滑雪的现状和整改措施

对中国高山滑雪的现状进行分析,并具体地提出了一系列整改措施,旨在找出差距、改善高山滑雪现状,提高全民普及率,尽早提高专业队整体素质.     

高山滑雪初学者运动损伤原因调查分析

运用文献资料法、实地观察法和数理统计法等,对沈阳白清寨高山滑雪的初学者运动损伤情况进行调查,分析其损伤的原因,以期为大众初学者安全地进行滑雪提供参考。     

对辽宁省首届高山滑雪社会指导员现状的研究

采用文献资料法,观察法等对辽宁省首届高山滑雪社会指导员的现状进行研究,旨在为推动滑雪运动的发展提供参考。     

The effects of ad libitum fluid ingestion on fluid balance during alpine skiing in recreational skiers

The aim of this study was to assess the influence of ad libitum water ingestion, using a back-mounted hydration system (BMHS), on fluid balance during alpine skiing. Fourteen skiers skied on two different days. On one day, seven skiers ingested water during skiing via the BMHS and the other seven skiers refrained from fluid ingestion during skiing until the midday break (NW trial). On the second day, the trials were reversed. Results indicated that when skiers used the BMHS they drank significantly more water than during the NW trials (2.0 +/- 0.9 vs. 0.78 +/- 0.4 litres). However, skiers drank significantly more at the midday break during the NW trials than during the BMHS trials (0.78 +/- 0.4 vs. 0.4 +/- 0.2 litres). Percent change in plasma volume was less during the BMHS trials than during the NW trials (-0.1 +/- 5.3 vs. -4.9 +/- 5.2%), urine osmolality was maintained in the BMHS trials but rose from 295 +/- 80 to 818 +/- 168 mOsm . kg(-1) at midday during the NW trials, and body mass loss was minimized during the BMHS trials compared with the NW trials (0.4 +/- 0.4 vs. 1.1 +/- 0.2 kg). Skiers reported that they felt significantly better when they ingested water during the BMHS trials. In conclusion, a back-mounted hydration system allowed the skiers to maintain hydration status.     

Determination of the centre of mass kinematics in alpine skiing using differential global navigation satellite systems

In the sport of alpine skiing, knowledge about the centre of mass (CoM) kinematics (i.e. position, velocity and acceleration) is essential to better understand both performance and injury. This study proposes a global navigation satellite system (GNSS)-based method to measure CoM kinematics without restriction of capture volume and with reasonable set-up and processing requirements. It combines the GNSS antenna position, terrain data and the accelerations acting on the skier in order to approximate the CoM location, velocity and acceleration. The validity of the method was assessed against a reference system (video-based 3D kinematics) over 12 turn cycles on a giant slalom skiing course. The mean (± s) position, velocity and acceleration differences between the CoM obtained from the GNSS and the reference system were 9 ± 12 cm, 0.08 ± 0.19 m · s^-1 and 0.22 ± 1.28 m · s^-2, respectively. The velocity and acceleration differences obtained were smaller than typical differences between the measures of several skiers on the same course observed in the literature, while the position differences were slightly larger than its discriminative meaningful change. The proposed method can therefore be interpreted to be technically valid and adequate for a variety of biomechanical research questions in the field of alpine skiing with certain limitations regarding position.     

Technical possibilities for optimising the ski-binding-boot functional unit to reduce knee injuries in recreational alpine skiing

This review study focuses on knee injuries in recreational alpine skiing. The objectives of this study were (1) to provide selected knowledge derived from current and past knee injury epidemiology; (2) to outline the most important knee injury mechanisms; and (3) to review and discuss how modifications of the skiing equipment might alleviate the risk of knee injuries. This review represents the essence of a comprehensive research report and considers the content of more than 230 scientific papers, further “grey literature”, patents, international standards and other publications. Knee injuries are the most frequent injuries in alpine skiing and their incidence rate remained high despite a decline of the incidence of other skiing injuries in recent years. Women have a higher knee injury risk, but age and tiredness appear not to be significant factors. Apart from the commonly described injury mechanisms “phantom foot” and “boot-induced anterior drawer” other more sophisticated injury categorisations are given. The ski radius, the ski length and the standing height on the ski may be relevant ski parameters. For the binding, the release mechanisms in different mechanical degrees of freedom, the impact tolerance and the maintenance frequency are discussed. In the ski boot, the height of the upper, the boot liner, the shaft stiffness, and the position on the ski may play a role. The biggest challenge, but probably also the biggest opportunity for a reduction of knee injury rates seems to be the development of a mechatronic binding. The current strategies to develop these types of bindings are explained and illustrated by one example. Some of the possible parameters which may be essential for the necessary control algorithms are described. Finally, considerations regarding the strategic and operational implication of the analysed technical measures are given.     

A new time measurement method using a high-end global navigation satellite system to analyze alpine skiing

Accurate time measurement is essential to temporal analysis in sport. This study aimed to (a) develop a new method for time computation from surveyed trajectories using a high-end global navigation satellite system (GNSS), (b) validate its precision by comparing GNSS with photocells, and (c) examine whether gate-to-gate times can provide more detailed information about alpine skiing performance. The results demonstrated small mean time differences with no systematic bias, with a velocity dependent scatter of time differences, which diminished at higher velocities. Furthermore, the multiple gate-to-gate and lag times demonstrated that the GNSS enabled a more detailed analysis compared to photocells. The measurements using GNSS showed high validity and potential as a tool for more specific analysis of performance in skiing.     

Grade and speed have greater influence on HR and RPE than ability,sex, and age in alpine skiing

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of ski slope grade, skiing speed, skiing ability, sex, and age on HR, RPE, and energy expenditure responses during recreational alpine skiing. Thirty-eight participants were divided by age, sex, and skiing ability. Instructor- and self-paced skiing conditions were conducted on 10° and 19.8° slopes. Skiing HR was recorded, RPE collected at the end of each run, and energy expenditure calculated. The pertinent results of this study demonstrate that the interactions of grade × speed, speed × age, and grade × age and the main effects of speed and grade significantly influenced %HRmax, mean HR, RPE, and energy expenditure during skiing. When %HRmax is taken into account, the older skiers skied at a greater relative intensity than the young skiers. The sex, age, and skiing ability main effects did not have a significant influence on mean HR, RPE, and energy expenditure. These data demonstrates that increased speed and grade results in increased physiological stress. Using mean, HR data may not be the best option for assessing physiological stress during exercise in the older athlete as it does not account for the influence of the ageing process.     

The impact of start strategy on start performance in alpine skiing exists on flat,but not on steep inclines

Here, we explored the relationship between incline and start strategy during alpine skiing. Eight FIS skiers performed starts on a flat (3°) and steep (21°) incline employing five different strategies. Their times, trajectories and velocities were monitored with a GNSS system and video. A significant interaction was observed between slope incline and start strategy with respect to the skier’s exit velocity (p < 0.001, ?²_p = 0.716), but not for the start section time (p = 0.732, ?²_p = 0.037). On the almost flat incline, both section time (p = 0.022, ?²_p = 0.438) and exit velocity (p < 0.001, ?²_p = 0.786) were influenced significantly by start strategy, with four V2 skate-pushes being optimal. On the steep incline, neither section time nor exit velocity was affected significantly by start strategy, the fastest section time and exit velocity being attained with four and two V2 skate-pushes, respectively. In conclusion, these findings demonstrate that the start strategy exerts considerable impact on start performance on almost flat inclines, with strategies involving three or more V2 skate-pushes being optimal. In contrast, start performance on the steep incline was not influenced by strategy.     

雪上运动项目裁判员的素质及其培养

由于滑雪比赛项目多、参赛人数多、所需的裁判员多、使用的仪器设备多,因此,对裁判员基本素质的要求也越来越高.采用行之有效的途径与方法,全面提高裁判员的素质,以适应迅速发展的国际、国内大赛需要,就显得尤为重要了.