Syntactic movement in orally trained children with hearing impairment

This study explored the comprehension and production of sentences derived by syntactic movement, in orally trained school-age Hebrew-speaking children with moderate to profound hearing impairment, aged 7;8-9;9 years. Experiments 1 and 2 tested the comprehension of relative clauses and topicalization sentences (with word orders of OVS [object, verb, subject] and OSV [object, subject, verb]) using a sentence-picture matching task. Experiments 3 and 4 tested the production of relative clauses using two elicitation tasks. Experiment 5 tested the comprehension of relative clauses with and without resumptive pronouns. As a group, the children with hearing loss failed to understand object relatives and OVS topicalization sentences. In the production tasks they either avoided producing a sentence with syntactic movement, by using a relative clauses with a resumptive pronoun instead of a gap or by producing a sentence without a relative clause, or produced ungrammatical sentences. They understood correctly object relatives with resumptive pronouns, which are not derived by movement. Both comprehension and production of the hearing-impaired group was significantly different from that of the hearing control group. Individual performance was strongly correlated with the age of intervention: only children who received hearing aids before the age of 8 months performed well in the comprehension tasks. Type of hearing aid, duration of use of a cochlear implant, and degree of hearing loss did not correlate with syntactic comprehension.     

Language Impairment in Less Skilled Comprehenders: The On-Line Processing of Anaphoric Pronouns in a Listening Situation

The purpose of this experiment, conducted with second-grade children (mean age: 7;8), was to examine the hypothesis that less skilled comprehenders in a reading situation suffer an impairment in spoken language comprehension and, more specifically, in the on-line processing of anaphoric pronouns. Skilled and less skilled comprehenders performed a cross-modal naming task investigating the effects of pronoun gender and pragmatic inference from the verb on the integration of two successive sentences. Results revealed different patterns of effects in the two groups. The skilled comprehenders integrated on-line sentences by relying on pronoun gender and verb meaning. Pronoun gender appeared to exert a dominant influence relative to verb bias. In the less skilled comprehenders, on-line integration was not systematic, being dependent on the meaning of the verb and the proximity of the referent. Complementary analyses revealed similar patterns of effects among less skilled comprehenders, whether they were good decoders or poor decoders. These results show that less skilled comprehenders are developmentally delayed compared with their skilled peers, and extend the language impairment hypothesis to cover discourse-level processes.     

Birth Order Effects on Early Language Development: Do Secondborn Children Learn from Overheard Speech?

The language development of 16 firstborn and 16 secondborn children of English-speaking families was compared at the age of 21 months in order to investigate whether secondborn children benefit from overheard conversations between caregivers and older siblings in learning personal pronouns. The child's spontaneous language data as well as controlled tasks were used to measure production of first- and second-person pronouns. The mean length of utterance, total number of intelligible utterances, total vocabulary (types), and total number of words (tokens) were calculated as measures of general language development. A follow-up study was conducted 3 months later to examine the subsequent language development of 10 firstborn and 10 secondborn children using the same procedures and measures as used at 21 months. The results indicated that secondborn children were more advanced than firstborn children at both ages in pronoun production, while not differing in general language development. It is argued that overheard conversations between caregivers and older siblings in addition to child-directed speech are important resources for secondborn children learning personal pronouns.     

现代汉语语料库中感叹句使用情况的统计分析

以国家语委研制的现代汉语语料库中的感叹句为研究对象,对检索出的20世纪20-30年代和70-80年代的感叹句进行了定量分析。结果显示:第一,感叹句以无标记感叹句为主,所占比重超过一半以上。第二,在有标记的感叹句中,标记之一是感叹成分,其中语气词的感叹程度最高,典型的感叹语气词是"吧"、"啊"、"呀"、"啦"、"呢";标记之二是标记词,典型标记词是副词"多么、真"和疑问代词"什么"。第三,标记词中的代词标记词又以疑问代词为主,在感叹句中,疑问代词比指示代词占优势。     

Gender Cue Effects in Children’s Pronoun Processing: A Longitudinal Eye Tracking Study

ABSTRACT

Children struggle with the resolution of pronouns during reading, but little is known about the sources of their difficulties. We conducted a longitudinal eye tracking experiment with 70 children in the final years of primary school. The children read sentences with a contextual resolution preference in which gender was either an informative resolution cue for the pronoun or not. We were interested in children’s processing of the pronoun and their resolution preferences, as well as the effects of individual differences of Grade level and reading skill. Children’s resolution ability improved with age, and good readers were more accurate than poor readers. In the eye-tracking measures, we found strong individual differences related to reading skill: Children with good reading skill took more time to read the pronoun region when pronoun gender was informative, suggesting that good readers make better use of the available information at the pronoun than poor readers.     

自闭症儿童代词使用训练个案研究

研究采用情景对话、重复、强化等方法,对一名自闭症儿童进行了为期三个月的代词使用训练,以培养其对代词的理解与运用能力,发展其口语表达能力。研究结果发现：经过针对性的训练,自闭症儿童能够获得代词运用能力;自闭症儿童对“我”、“你”等需要转换成“你”、“我”等来回答的代词及对“怎么样”、“谁”等需要判断才能回答的代词掌握起来相对缓慢,对“他”、“这”、“那”等不需转换可直接使用的代词则掌握较快;自闭症儿童对人称代词、疑问代词及指示代词的掌握是同步的。     

精读教学中疑难句分析和理解探讨

文章就精读教学中教师如何引导学生提高其阅读理解和阅读速度进行了探讨；列举了使学生理解受阻的一些常见句型，剖析了学生理解受阻的原因，提供了讲解这些句型可以通过寻找介词搭配、代词识别、认知及还原倒装句和强调句以及辨别无if的虚拟句并使之公式化等教学法，说明了在精读教学过程中句型认知及读解方法的重要性。     

仫佬语表达"三物"的代词与英语相应代词用法比较简析

仫佬族关于动物、植物和事物等名词的替代表达方式有其独特的形式。本文仅就仫佬语中对这三"物"的替代表达和英语中相应的代词进行一些比较分析,得出仫佬语无"它"亦是"它"的独特的表达形式。     

浙江临海方言的人称代词

临海方言属于吴语台州片,人称代词系统较为复杂,口语中包含兰身人称代词12个,话题人称代词6个;并且临海方言第一人称人称代词复数形式基本不区分排除式和包括式,其复数标记“侬”来源于“人”义语素,而其他适用于三身人称代词的复数标记则与表大量的量词成分有关。     

反身代词的强调特征

反身代词又称自身代词,它由人称代词所有格或宾格加后缀－self构成,在句子中作宾语、表语、同位语。本文从语义学和句法学的角度,着重分析了反身代词充当某一句子成分时的强调特征。这一特征在一些习语中尤为突出。     

Development of self-recognition, personal pronoun use, and pretend play during the 2nd year

This study examined the relation of visual self-recognition to personal pronoun use and pretend play. For a longitudinal sample (N=66) at the ages when self-recognition was emerging (15, 18, and 21 months), self-recognition was related to personal pronoun use and pretend play such that children showing self-recognition used more personal pronouns and demonstrated more advanced pretend play than did children not showing self-recognition. The finding of a relation among these measures provides additional evidence that in the middle of the 2nd year of life a metarepresentation of self emerges in the human child.     

An Assessment of Pronouns as Linguistic Cues for Predicting Work Attitudes

Former Secretary of Labor Robert Reich (Reich, 1993) proposed that the pronouns employees use to describe their organization reveal information about their levels of engagement and affective commitment at work. In particular, he predicted that employees who describe their organization using the pronoun “we” are more engaged and committed than those who use the pronoun “they” in describing their organization. Reich's proposal has intuitive appeal and has been repeated in popular press accounts, but the accuracy of his prediction has not been empirically evaluated. In this article, we systematically examine the “Reich test” and find that the gender of the respondent is an important boundary condition to Reich's prediction. That is, our findings suggest that use of the pronoun “we” may serve as a predictor of work engagement and affective commitment for men, but not for women. We discuss the implications of these findings and the promise of exploring employees' linguistic indicators to understand social, affective, and cognitive psychological processes.     

英语代词的格重叠现象解析

人称代词和疑问代词who（又作关系代词）存在格的重叠现象。格重叠的合理性既可以从所属语体正式程度得到解释，同时也应该结合该代词所依附的语境来考察。格重叠的偏向表现为在主格、宾格合用场合下，人称代词宾格取代主格，who大举取代whom的宾格功能，而在日常口语中格重叠呈现一种泛化趋势。     

现代汉语第二人称代词人称泛化探讨

现代汉语第二人称代词称代对象并不稳定，容易引起人称的泛化，主要有单称泛化、对称泛化、任指泛化、虚指泛化四种类型。第二人称代词在句法上与祈使句关系密切，不同人称在构成祈使句的可能性上存在一个明显的层级系统；另外，人称与祈使对象的关系，也是祈使句构成的重要因素。     

幼儿语言习得过程中代词习得的个案研究

代词习得在儿童语言发展中是儿童进行言语交流的重要环节,但由于其概括性和相对性,在幼儿语言习得过程中,往往比名词、动词甚至副词等都要困难的多,尤其是人称代词和指示代词,其真正理解和掌握都要经历很长一段时间.     

古文献施受名谓语体词间之"于"考

古文献施受句谓语体词间之“于”的性能,语法学者大都视“于”为被动式之标志。笔者考察古文献则发现,在传世典籍中,被动句虽常有“于”而亦或无“于”,主动句虽常无“于”而亦或有“于”。甚或对举的选择问句。有“于”者为主动态,无“于”者为被动态;并列的“于”字结构,其一为被动态,另一为主动态。由此看来,“于”之出现于施受句谓语体词间,并非决然为被动语态之体现者。     

Critical reflection through personal pronoun analysis (critical analysis) to identify and individualise teacher professional development

A central part of teacher education is critical reflection. To engage with the new – embrace change – is inherently difficult. The solution is teacher control of change. Those who embrace change, or not, are identified in their language. Pronoun analysis situates a teacher and determines areas of discomfort for change. Particular personal pronouns are evident when one is connected to, or distanced from, an artefact. This provides an avenue to individualise and pinpoint professional development (PD) requirements. Compared to traditional PD, this is efficient as it targets areas of discomfort for professional learning. Ideally, a teacher experiments with the new, indicates confidence and presents expertise to enable transmission into teaching. In this article, I illustrate how pronoun analysis was applied through interview data where science teachers were engaged in a discourse of Information Communication Technology integration. From this prior research data, a case is presented for individualised language analysis to direct PD. When a teacher is the active agent who self-analyses his or her own discomfort, an ownership pathway for directed proactive learning is created that goes beyond critical reflection into the new domain of critical analysis.     

《吴越春秋》中的人称代词研究

考察《吴越春秋》中的人称代词,有助于全面认识《吴越春秋》的语言面貌。《吴越春秋》有三类人称代词,这三类人称代词既继承了上古汉语人称代词的某些功能,同时又有了新的发展和变化,反映了上古汉语向中古过渡时期人称代词演变中既继承又发展的特点。     

论西周汉语第一人称代词有无谦敬功能的问题

洪波先生认为上古汉语第一人称代词之间的根本区别在于有谦敬功能的不同。但从西周时代有关的语料来看，至少在西周时代，汉语第一人称代词之间没有谦敬功能的差异。     

谈关系代词that,which,as在定语从句中用法的异同

文章对that，which，as在定语从句中的语法功能及特殊用法进行了分析，详尽地论述了它们在中学英语教材中应该注意的有关问题。