《文心雕龙》的不纯粹语境观与动态语境观

以往对《文心雕龙》语境思想的研究多关注其语境适应论和静态语境的构成要素,但不可否认的是,刘勰的语境思想是多维的而非单一的。在关注其语境适应论即纯粹语境观的同时应该结合《诏策第十九》和《谐隐第十五》等篇发掘其不纯粹语境观,即文化语境变异观。刘勰的动态语境观既指语境是语用过程中的动态变量,又指语境构成因素的情境变异;既指语用主体对言语交际诸因素综合体的认知状态,又指言语交际中主体客体交融过程中的语用综观。     

语境理论发展概述——静态语境观与动态语境观评介

静态语境观把语境视为一种客观存在,且先于交际而存在的、固定不变的常项,交际主体只是被动的参与者。动态语境观将语境看作是一个动态生成的概念,语境会随着交际的发展而不断更新。     

语境理论的发展渊源

传统语境观把语境视作静态的事物,是交际之前就确定的常项,交际双方被视为被动的参与者。认知语境观把语境视为动态的,在言语交际中是一个变量,以解释话语动态理解过程为主要目的。若将二者有机结合,能从宏观、微观、静态、动态的角度全面理解话语的意义。     

语境理论发展历史回顾

传统语境观把语境视为静态的事物，将交际双方视为被动的参与者。认知语境观以解释话语，动态理解过程为主要目的。动态语境观与新兴的教育手段相联系。     

认知语境及其构建

认知语境不同于传统语境 ,它是以命题、知识草案和心理图式为基本单位的动态语境观。认知语境的构建对提高话语释义效率和交际能力具有指导意义     

认知关联视角下语境在言语交际中的动态研究

从认知语言学的视角出发,以斯佩伯和威尔逊（Sperber＆Wilson）关联理论为基础,分析了语境要素在言语交际中的作用,强调语境研究的视角应转向语境的认知研究。通过对动态语境的概念、动态语境在言语交际中的特点等作初步的分析,指出语义受语境的制约,而语境本身就处于动态的变化当中。交际的核心不在于言语,而在于意义的理解,语义分析法只能在初步语境中实现．而言语分析及交际分析应该在动态语境中完成。在言语交际中强调动态语境突出了动态的语言形式,从而对言语交际的分析更加深入。     

跨文化交际语境中语境要素的认知激活

简要介绍跨文化交际语境及其主要特征后,结合实例从语境的功能出发探讨了跨文化交际语境下四个要素-语言语境、交际语境、认知语境、文化语境的动态认知激活;以期人们建立更好的跨文化交际语境意识,取得成功的交际。     

语境动态处理的心理机制及其现实意义

语用学的语境研究既重视对语言的静态、稳定的研究，也重视对语言的动态、变化的研究，一方面人对交际语境施加能动影响，使语境的不稳定呈现更多的主观特征；另一方面语境具有自生功能，语言本身使语境的语用解释作用更加细微。语境的动态观给语言教学提供了更多的可能。     

语境的要素研究与话语认知互动分析

从语境要素中的上下文、言语交际发生的行为环境及场景和认知环境三个方面来探讨话语的语境意义及其动态特征，并证实语境在语言中是动态的而不是静态的，对理解和推导话语含义具有指导作用。     

语境的要素研究与话语认知互动分析

从语境要素中的上下文、言语交际发生的行为环境及场景和认知环境三个方面来探讨话语的语境意义及其动态特征,并证实语境在语言中是动态的而不是静态的,对理解和推导话语含义具有指导作用。     

语篇翻译中的语境分析

翻译是一种特殊的跨文化交际活动,处理好语篇翻译的关键在于把握语篇实体和语境三要素的关系。在英汉互译中,正确的解码和编码都依赖于语境,因此,译者必须始终考虑语境诸要素对语言形式及其意义的影响。在翻译理解过程中,译者应当对原语语篇的语境因素进行分析,充分考虑到影响翻译过程中的各种语境因素,即上下文语境、情景语境和文化语境的作用。得当的语境分析有助于克服文化因素的干扰,有利于取得功能对等的翻译。     

On Speaker's Adaptation of Utterance to Situational Context

Each utterance occurs in different situational context.Situational context imposes constraints on communication by providing a common ground for uttering.Owing to it,speaker is limited to make contextual appropriate utterances according to the environment in which the communication is going on.     

非语言语境与语义理解

语义理解离不开语境,语境因素是无限的,包括文化语境、情景语境以及交际参与者相互关系等非语言语境,非语言语境在语义理解中同样起着重要的作用。     

语境研究的几种态势透析

纵观语境, 其研究呈现出几种重要态势, 即多元化、动态化与认知化。1 、多元化经历了一元化(上下文) 、二元化(语言语境、情景语境) 与三元化(语言语境、情景语境、知识语境) 的过程, 语境的多元化(或者说语境特征的细化) 有助于系统而详细地描述语境与意义之间的关系; 2 、动态化是指以动态的观点去分析与解释语境, 它反映了言语交际的实际, 也是当前的语境研究不同于传统语境研究的一个重要方面; 3 、认知语境不是指任何具体的语境, 而是具体语境的内在化、认知化, 人们在言语理解中所依赖的, 往往是这种认知语境。语境的虚拟化研究, 即视听意义上的动态语境的研究, 是一个很有潜势的课题, 但“语境学(contextology) ”建立的必要性与可能性尚待探讨。     

International comparative studies in teaching and teacher education

This review of eight papers published in Teaching and Teacher Education over the past twenty years shows how the profession has been impacted by the forces of globalisation. The impact varies in different contexts, according to local factors. The review looks at papers that use explicit international comparisons as a means to bring local contextual characteristics into sharp relief, and discusses the values and pitfalls of this approach. The review concludes by suggesting a possible future agenda for international comparisons, one that seeks answers to the domestic challenges of the Millennium Development Goals and Education for All by looking for solutions overseas. However, international appropriation needs to remain highly sensitive to the cultural context of implementation.     

寓于语境的听力教学

语言的理解与语境是密不可分的。在英语教学中,听力理解作为一项输入性技能,它是实现用英语进行交际的基础,听力水平也成了衡量外语学习者总体语言能力的一个重要因素。然而在实际的课堂教学中,许多老师会发现尽管听力材料简单,语法、单词都没有障碍,但是学生却只能获得一些零散的信息,无法利用这些零散的语素组合出完整的意义。由于不知如何解读组合所得的信息,而常常使学生听力结束后陷入一种＂混沌＂的状态。为了解决这一问题,在研究听力教学及语境理论的基础上,教学者应结合自身教学经验,将听力教学巧妙地寓于语境之中。     

语境、词汇衔接与语篇连贯

词汇衔接作为一种非结构性衔接手段,是实现语篇连贯的多种衔接机制之一,也是创造篇章织体的主要手段.判断篇章中的词汇是否具有衔接力,不仅依靠词汇本身的语义关联、指代和搭配,还要借助语境的作用.而用来判断分析词汇衔接的语境诸因素应该是具有整体性和统一性的,词汇衔接只有在统一的语境中才能实现语篇的连贯.     

重合与分野：比喻和基于比喻的拈连

拈连是基于语境的临时活用。语境支撑和超常搭配是构成拈连的基本要素。比喻可以为拈连提供语境支撑,因此比喻和基于比喻的拈连就有可能出现形式上的重合。超常搭配的发生与否,为具体语料的归类提供了依据。从比喻到基于拈连的比喻,比喻的原型构式受到了不同程度的压缩,其本质是比喻构式对语境的自我适应和调整。     

Attention toward contexts modulates context-specificity of behavior in human predictive learning: Evidence from the <Emphasis Type="Italic">n</Emphasis>-back task

According to the attentional theory of context processing (ATCP), learning becomes context specific when acquired under conditions that promote attention toward contextual stimuli regardless of whether attention deployment is guided by learning experience or by other factors unrelated to learning. In one experiment with humans, we investigated whether performance in a predictive learning task can be brought under contextual control by means of a secondary task that was unrelated to predictive learning, but supposed to modulate participants’ attention toward contexts. Initially, participants acquired cue-outcome relationships presented in contexts that were each composed of two elements from two dimensions. Acquisition training in the predictive learning task was combined with a one-back task that required participants to match across consecutive trials context elements belonging to one of the two dimensions. During a subsequent test, we observed that acquisition behavior in the predictive learning task was disrupted by changing the acquisition context along the dimension that was relevant for the one-back task, while there was no evidence for context specificity of predictive learning when the acquisition context was changed along the dimension that was irrelevant for the one-back task. Our results support the generality of the principles advocated by ATCP.     

Context characteristics and their effects on students’ situational interest in chemistry

ABSTRACT

Many studies in science education acknowledge the positive effects of context-based learning on students’ interest and attitudes. However, little is known about the design criteria of contextual situations generating these effects and how facets of students’ situational interest are affected while learning in a contextualised setting. This paper ties in with this initial situation and reports results of two projects analysing the influence of context characteristics on students’ situational interest, referring to contexts as task parameters in the first project and as learning activities in the second. In the first project, everyday related and unique contexts are compared, and the effects of different contextual topics on student learning are investigated. Particularly, regarding the feeling- and value-related valence of situational interest, the results of different studies will be compared and interpreted. The second project investigated structures of interest related to activities along an adapted version of the ‘RIASEC’-model for different content areas and age groups. The chosen contents were embedded in personal as well as societal and professional context settings. Finally, we summarise the relevance of the different models, results and instruments to better understand different notions of interest and outline implications for further studies about teaching that improves student learning.