青脚麻鸡腿骨发育规律的观察

400只青脚麻鸡分别于21、28、35、42、49、56日龄随机抽取样鸡8只(公、母各半)称重,分离股骨和胫骨,称重并测量长度,分析骨指数、相对生长和累积生长,观察青脚麻鸡3~8周龄腿骨的发育规律。结果表明:公、母鸡股骨的绝对长度生长峰期出现落后于绝对增重,即49日龄对42日龄,而公、母鸡的胫骨绝对长度生长峰期出现先于绝对增重。截至56日龄,公、母鸡的股骨和胫骨长度没有差异,而公鸡的股骨和胫骨重均大于母鸡,与股骨比较,公、母鸡的胫骨均在早期生长较快,胫骨指数大于股骨指数。不同性别的股骨和胫骨重均与其日龄的增加呈高度正相关。     

罗斯308肉鸡Gompertz生长模型的建立

为掌握罗斯308肉鸡生长发育的特点和规律,测量了0～5周龄罗斯308肉鸡的体重,计算了标准差、变异系数和均匀度等指标,建立了Gompertz生长模型,获得了生长发育参数和生长发育指标。结果表明:Gompertz生长模型能很好地模拟罗斯308肉鸡的生长过程,模型参数A、B、k分别为6 098.92、4.68、0.26,R^2为0.999 5;根据该模型计算的拐点周龄为5.94周,拐点日龄为41.55 d,拐点体重为2 243.67 g,最大周增重为583.35g,最大日增重为83.34 g;累积生长、绝对生长和相对生长都符合肉鸡生长发育的一般规律。此研究结果可以作为合理饲养和优化管理的重要参考。     

海兰褐蛋鸡雏鸡生长发育规律研究

为了了解海兰褐蛋鸡生长发育的特点,掌握其生长发育规律,以河南省杞县某蛋鸡场4080只海兰褐蛋鸡雏鸡为材料,用Logistic、von Bertalanffy和Gompertz三种数学模型对其生长发育过程进行拟合,找出最佳生长模型,计算拐点日龄、拐点体重、最大日增重等生长参数,进一步计算绝对生长率和相对生长率等生长发育指标,以揭示其生长发育规律。结果表明:三种模型中von Bertalanffy模型的模拟效果最好,拟合度为0.9970;该模型参数A、B、k分别为7959.78、0.82、0.05。海兰褐蛋鸡的生长拐点日龄为139.92d,拐点体重为2358.45g,最大日增重为22.84g。绝对生长率指标随周龄增长逐渐增大,相对生长率指标随周龄增长呈下降趋势。此研究结果可作为海兰褐蛋鸡饲养管理的依据。     

日粮精粗比对育肥湖羊生产性能和经济效益的影响

为研究日粮精粗比对湖羊羔羊早期育肥生产性能和经济效益的影响，采用完全随机区组设计，选择日龄相近(80±2 d)、体重相近(21.91±0.64 kg)、健康状况良好的湖羊公羔80只，随机分为试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ4个组，每组20只，分别饲喂精粗比为40∶60、50∶50、60∶40、70∶30的日粮，试验期为40 d,分析短期育肥阶段各组羔羊的生产性能和经济效益.结果表明，采用不同精粗比日粮对湖羊羔羊进行短期育肥，育肥效果存在极显著差异(P<0.01);精粗比为50∶50(试验Ⅱ组)日粮的饲喂效果最佳，可有效提高湖羊的生产性能和经济效益.     

羽速性状对番鸭生长速度的影响

羽速性状对公番鸭生长速度影响不显著 ,快、慢羽公番鸭 0～ 84日龄体重差异不大 (P >0 .0 5) ;慢羽母番鸭 14～ 56日龄体重显著大于快羽母番鸭P <0 .0 1) ,70日龄后 ,两羽型母番鸭体重差异不显著 (P >0 .0 5) .慢羽番鸭饲料利用率略高 ,至 70日龄 ,快、慢羽公番鸭的料肉比为 2 72和2 64,母番鸭为 3.0 4和 2 .92 .     

熟地黄和山药药渣替代湖羊部分粗饲料饲喂效果

目的:在生长环境相同的情况下,研究熟地黄和山药药渣替代部分粗饲料对湖羊生长性能和血清生化指标的影响,考察其饲喂效果。方法:选用生长状态相同、体重相近的湖羊公母各30只,随机分为5组,即对照组(CON)、试验组1(T15)、试验组2(T30)、试验组3(T45)和试验组4(T60)共5组,其中各组中药渣湿重占比分别为0%、15%、30%、45%和60%,每组公母各6只。在每天饲喂干物质相同的情况下,将药渣换算为干物质按比例替换试验组湖羊的粗饲料,对照组不添加药渣进行试验。预试验7d,正式试验为期60d。结果:统计显示,T30的体重高于其他各组;T30的平均日增重高于其他各组;T30的经济效益高于其他各组;试验前后试验组和对照组湖羊的体尺差异不显著(P0.05);试验组葡萄糖(GLU)指标明显高于对照组,且差异显著(P0.05);对照组甲状腺球蛋白(TG)含量指标明显高于试验组,且差异显著(P0.05)。结论:使用熟地黄和山药药渣替代湖羊部分粗饲料能够提高湖羊的生长速率,增加湖羊的体重,同时还能够降低饲养成本提高经济效益,且以总量的30%药渣湿重添加试验组2(T30)再以干物质形式替换部分混合粗饲料能达到最佳效果;能够增加湖羊的管围,使湖羊的骨架变粗;还能够提高血糖水平,有利于脂肪的积累,增加湖羊自身抵抗力。     

豫北小尾寒羊部分体尺生长规律模拟

为了掌握豫北小尾寒羊部分体尺的生长规律,以3~24月龄豫北小尾寒羊的体高、胸围、管围和十字部高等4种体尺为材料,运用Logistic和von Bertalanffy这2种典型的非线性数学模型分别对4种体尺的生长发育过程进行拟合与分析。结果表明：Logistic和von Bertalanffy模型均能很好地描述豫北小尾寒羊体尺的实际生长情况,拟合度均在0.96以上,但von Bertalanffy模型更符合实际生长情况,模拟效果更好。体高、胸围、管围和十字部高4种体尺的生长模型的R2值分别为0.973、0.973、0.965和0.977,相应的体尺极限参数A分别为95.932、115.826、13.060和91.896,调节参数B分别为0.168、0.190、0.205和0.149,瞬时相对生长率k分别为0.098、0.069、0.039和0.112,最大周增长量分别为4.157、3.557、0.225和4.554cm · w-1,最大日增长量分别为0.594、0.508、0.032和0.651cm · d-1。von Bertalanffy模型在模拟3~24月龄豫北小尾寒羊4种体尺生长规律方面为理想的数学模型,绝对生长和相对生长均符合生长发育的一般规律。此研究结果可用于指导生产实践,也可为后续研究提供参考。     

考力代单双羔母羊主要经济性状的差异性及相关性分析

本文根据大柳种羊场1988年126头母羊的周岁鉴定资料,分析了单双羔母羊之间的差异性。结果表明,二者在初生重(x_1)、断奶重(x_3)、周岁体重(y_1)、周岁毛长(y_2)和周岁剪毛量(y_3)5个性状之间存在着显著差异;而断奶日令(x_2)的差异不显著。进而分析了上述性状之间的相关性,结果显示断奶重与周岁体重以及周岁剪毛量之间有显著相关,为生产实践中以断奶重作为早期选择的主要指标提供了理论基础。作者建议:充分重视羔羊哺乳期的饲养管理以增加断奶重,对提高群体的经济效益具有重要意义;在育成期采用单双羔分群培育的方法,将有利于尽早消除二者之间的差异性。     

不同日粮对荷斯坦公犊瘤胃组织的影响

探讨不同结构日粮对1～3月龄荷斯坦公犊瘤胃组织结构的影响。选择30头、初生重（36.19±3.21）kg的荷斯坦奶公犊,屠宰刚出生的荷斯坦公犊3头,其余27头随机分为3个试验组（Ⅰ组：全乳组;Ⅱ组：全乳＋精料组;Ⅲ：精料组）,在1、2和3月龄时从每组中随机抽取3头（共9头）进行屠宰试验。结果表明：犊牛体重随日龄的增加而增加,且日粮成分影响犊牛体重。在1～3月龄时Ⅰ组犊牛体重极显著高于Ⅲ组（P〈0.01）,说明全乳饲喂犊牛生长发育优于其它两组。在1～3月龄时犊牛日增重随日龄的增加而增加,在3月龄时到最大值,为1.11kg。不同日粮对犊牛日增重有影响,1和2月龄时Ⅲ组犊牛日增重显著低于Ⅰ、Ⅱ组（P〈0.05）,3月龄时Ⅲ组犊牛日增重显著高于Ⅰ、Ⅱ组（P〈0.05）,说明饲喂精料组（Ⅲ组）犊牛后期的生长发育好于全乳组（Ⅰ组）。不同日粮类型显著影响瘤胃黏膜的发育,1～3月龄时全乳饲喂（Ⅰ组）的犊牛瘤胃黏膜发育情况明显低于其它两组。不同结构日粮对1～3月龄荷斯坦公犊瘤胃的发育有显著的影响（P〈0.05）。     

胎次对湖羊同期发情效果的影响

目的:比较不同胎次对母羊同期发情及繁殖性能的影响。方法:选择断奶2 d的健康湖羊母羊,其中第2胎次14只,第6～7胎次12只,同期发情参照Ovsynch方案,其LHRH-A3剂量为12.5μg/只,PG-CL剂量为0.1 mg/只,不再进行第2针GnRH处理,在PG-CL处理同时以PMSG肌肉注射,公羊试情直至发情结束,测定母羊发情率、发情持续时间等指标。在发情后20 h和间隔12 h 2次输入子宫颈内鲜精,测定发情母羊分娩率、窝产羔数、初生羔羊重等指标。结果:不同胎次母羊发情率均为100%,发情持续时间、PG-发情间隔、Gn-发情结束、窝产羔数和妊娠期等指标均无显著性差异(P>0.05),第6～7胎次母羊发情指标数据离均差均大于第2胎次。第2胎次初生羔羊体重高于第6～7胎次(P<0.01),分娩率高出14.28%(P<0.01)。结论:同期发情处理对不同胎次湖羊母羊的发情率和发情持续时间等发情指标无显著影响,产羔性能差异显著。     

黑线姬鼠内脏器官的生长研究

笔者对浙江省临海市郊区农田的黑线姬鼠内脏器官的生长进行了研究。结果表明,根据内脏器官相对重量、绝对重量与胴体重和体长之间的相关性,可将内脏器官的生长方式分成四类。     

Failure-to-thrive, maltreatment and the behavior and development of 6-year-old children from low-income, urban families: a cumulative risk model

OBJECTIVE: A cumulative risk model was used to examine the relationship among failure-to-thrive (FTT), maltreatment, and four aspects of children's development: cognitive performance (standardized testing), adaptive functioning at school, and classroom behavior (teacher report), and behavior at home (maternal report). METHOD: The sample included 193 6-year-old children and their families, recruited from pediatric clinics serving inner-city, low-income, primarily African-American families, who were part of a longitudinal investigation of child development and maltreatment. Four risk groups were formed based on their growth and maltreatment history: neither FTT nor Maltreatment, FTT Only, Maltreatment Only, and both FTT and Maltreatment. FTT was defined as a deceleration in weight gain (weight-for-age below the 5th percentile) prior to 25 months of age among children born at term with birth weight appropriate for gestational age. Maltreatment was defined as having at least one report to CPS for neglect, physical abuse and/or sexual abuse. RESULTS: Risk status was negatively associated with each of the four developmental outcomes. Children with a history of both FTT and maltreatment had more behavior problems and worse cognitive performance and school functioning than children with neither risk factor. Children with only one risk factor (either FTT or maltreatment) achieved intermediate scores. CONCLUSIONS: Findings support a cumulative risk model as being more detrimental to children's development than the presence of a single risk factor alone, consistent with theories linking the accumulation of environmental risks to negative consequences. These results underscore the importance of interventions to prevent both FTT and maltreatment during children's early years.     

Attachment and attention: protection in relation to gender and cumulative social-contextual adversity

Data from 918 children from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Study of Early Child Care were examined to test the interrelation of attachment and attentional performance and 2 known risks for poor attentional performance: male gender and social-contextual adversity. Attachment was measured using the Strange Situation at 15 months, attentional performance by a Continuous Performance Test (CPT) and maternal questionnaires at 54 months, and social-contextual adversity by a variety of measures from birth to 54 months. Findings indicated (a) that children with secure attachment were less susceptible to the effects of cumulative risk and gender on CPT attentional performance than their insecure counterparts and that (b) no such differential risk susceptibility was evident for maternal reports of attention-related behavior problems.     

The firstborn's adjustment to the birth of a sibling: a longitudinal assessment

41 middle-class families were interviewed at 1 month prepartum and 1, 4, 8, and 12 months after the birth of a second child to assess the reaction and adjustment of firstborn children to this event. Family members were also observed in a semistructured play session in order to obtain information concerning changes in familial interaction patterns. A log linear analysis was conducted to fit a hierarchical model to a 2 (child gender) X 2 (infant gender) X 4 (time of measurement relative to birth of infant) X 2 (presence or absence of problematic regressive behavior) X 14 (type of problematic behavior reported) matrix. A model with 2 statistically significant effects was found to fit the observed frequency matrix quite well, goodness-of-fit (GF) chi 2(312, N = 2,296) = 97.47, p less than .99. This model suggests (1) that the type of response displayed by the firstborns varied as a function of time since the birth; that their initial responses were either imitations of the infant or confrontations with the mother or infant, whereas responses at 4 months postpartum were characterized by numerous anxiety behaviors but fewer imitations or confrontations, and later responses were primarily confrontations with the increasingly intrusive and independent infant; and (2) that a greater frequency of problematic behavior was reported by the mothers of same-sex sibling dyads, especially at the 1- and 8-month postpartum assessments. Observational data indicated that mothers dramatically decreased their interactions with the firstborn children over time but that fathers tended to remain relatively stable in their frequencies of interaction.     

文本与现实中的性别境遇——以治理出生性别比失调宣传倡导征文活动为例

作为治理出生性别比失调的一项公众宣传倡导活动,应具有较强的社会性别敏感性。通过对124篇几乎无法脱离现实的征文文本的社会性别视角分析发现：性别歧视的话题聚焦于受教育差异、家长偏爱、出生性别比失衡等;在反对性别歧视的同时,也含有部分混同性别歧视与性别平等的内容,部分对女性的成见聚焦于四类刻板印象。与征文创作者座谈发现：活动的参与者多为女性,家庭和校园里仍存在男性偏好,对性别平等的未来喜忧参半。治理出生性别比失调的宣传活动,更深远的宣传倡导目标应是：改善教育环境下的性别不平等,改变日常生活重男轻女的情结。     

Infant Temperament: Stability by Age,Gender, Birth Order,Term Status,and Socioeconomic Status

Two complementary studies focused on stability of infant temperament across the 1st year and considered infant age, gender, birth order, term status, and socioeconomic status (SES) as moderators. Study 1 consisted of 73 mothers of firstborn term girls and boys queried at 2, 5, and 13 months of age. Study 2 consisted of 335 mothers of infants of different gender, birth order, term status, and SES queried at 6 and 12 months. Consistent positive and negative affectivity factors emerged at all time points across both studies. Infant temperament proved stable and robust across gender, birth order, term status, and SES. Stability coefficients for temperament factors and scales were medium to large for shorter (< 9 months) interassessment intervals and small to medium for longer (> 10 months) intervals.     

论扎拉嘎胡《红路》中“知识分子”的革命成长叙事

《红路》是少数民族文学在“十七年”间唯一一部描写知识分子成长为主题的作品,其以内蒙古工业专科学校学生会主席——胡格吉勒吐矛盾复杂的精神成长为主线。然而,他的成长路线相较于一般“知识分子”革命成长叙事的范本,又显现了相当意味的独特性,体现在主人公胡格吉勒吐逐步成长的方式、内容,以及纠缠于其中的爱情叙事等方面。     

Inter-parent agreement on four preschool behavior rating scales: Effects of parent and child gender

This study investigated inter-parent agreement on four preschool behavior rating scales. Sixty-four cohabiting biological parents rated their four and five year-old children's positive and negative behaviors. Results indicated low to moderate inter-parent correlations across all four preschool behavior rating scales for the total sample. Although mean score differences were not significantly different by parent or child gender, absolute differences between pairs of mothers' and fathers' ratings were large and consistent across instruments, as well as by gender of child and gender of parent. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.