Trends in school psychology as demonstrated by content analysis of school psychology textbooks

This investigation was undertaken to determine if there were general and specific trends within school psychology between the years 1960 and 1975 as reflected by both the content presented and the chaning amount of emphasis given to specific topics within school psychology texttooh. Content analysis was chosen as the method of analysis. Seventeen school psychology textbooks separated into three consecutive time periods of five years each, were used in the research. The data indicated that trends in publication emphasis were present. While the types of content presented remained relatively constant, the overall trend was toward decreasing publication of text type materials. Assessment had remained consistently the highest emphasized category of content, whereas clinical issues and personality have shown clear trends toward decreasing emphasis. Both special education and therapy issues maintained high and stable levels of emphasis. Neither consulting activities nor community activities demonstrated trends toward increasing emphasis. Ethics and legal issues were discussed in less than half the textbooks examined. Group assessment, curriculum development, sex education, teaching psychology, and group therapy received very little content emphasis. Behavior modification future trens, and remediation activities demonstrated clear trends toward increased emphasis, whereas areas of administration and organization, research issues, and working with special populations demonstrated clear trends toward decreasing emphasis.     

中学生英语阅读策略的培养与应用

阅读是英语学习的重要技能之一。本文概述了中学生阅读应达到的水平,以及需要掌握的阅读策略。在教学实践中,教师应注意影响学生阅读理解的一些因素,并采取必要的教学方法帮助学生提高英语阅读能力。     

A national survey investigating consultation training occurring in school psychology programs

The 203 school psychology training programs in the United States were surveyed regarding their approaches to consultation training, and responses were obtained from 60% of these programs. Forty percent of the programs offer at least one course devoted solely to consultation, while 60% do not offer such a course; more of the doctoral programs responding offer consultation training than do the nondoctoral programs; and practicum experience is considered an important aspect of consultation training. It is concluded that a greater emphasis on consultation training may help to promote implementation of this role.     

Family systems theory and school psychology: Implications for training and practice

The purpose of this article is to: (a) present an overview of family systems perspectives as they relate to the functioning of the school psychologist, (b) review briefly current available levels of family intervention, and (c) present guidelines for training school psychologists in family dynamics and family therapy. The position is taken that a family systems approach is complex and necessitates extensive coursework in family theory and therapy approaches, practica, and field supervision. As a result, while a family systems perspective is essential, family therapy will not in all probability be standard in entry level training programs, but should be a specialty level or doctoral level option.     

心理训练在跳高训练中的应用

跳高训练不仅包括技术与身体素质的训练,还包含心理训练.而心理训练对运动员水平的提高具有重要作用.笔者从放松、呼吸、集中注意力、表象、运动诱导、自我暗示等方面阐述了心理训练的作用.     

论声乐中的歌唱心理及其培养

在声乐艺术中,人体作为一种特殊而复杂的歌唱乐器,决定了歌唱者的心理素质与歌唱技能必然成为有机统一体。具有扎实的歌唱技能,同时培养科学的歌唱心理是歌唱者在声乐学习与声乐实践中取得良好效果的保障。本文从技能与技巧、个性培养、身心投入、情绪的调节、正确的歌唱观等几个方面来探究歌唱者的歌唱心理素质的培养。     

Obtaining consumer feedback as a means of evaluating school psychology intern performance

A systematic procedure for gathering accountability data on interns is described. The consumer feedback system for interns was used to supplement other accountability procedures already in place in the internship. The system involved soliciting feedback, through a questionnaire, from teachers, parents, and students with whom interns worked. The development, implementation, and utilization of such a system are explained, and the drawbacks of consumer satisfaction methods are explored. The benefits of this system to interns and trainers are presented. An illustration is provided to show how group and individual intern data can be used to improve skill development during the internship experience.     

试谈中学生的情感教育与心理教育

注重在教育教学过程中实施情感教育、心理教育、平等教育，并不断提高自身素质，这是提高教学实践的重要环节。     

Validity of school history as a diagnostic criterion for reading disability

In order to assess the validity of school history information as a diagnostic criterion for reading disability, reading performance data from 304 children with a positive history for reading problems were compared to those from 319 children with a negative school history. These children are members of twin pairs who are participants in the Colorado Reading Project (DeFries 1985). A multivariate analysis of variance of Reading Recognition, Reading Comprehension, and Spelling subtest scores from the Peabody Individual Achievement Test (Dunn and Markwardt 1970) yielded a highly significant (p <0.001) difference between groups for both the multivariate and univariate comparisons. The difference between the unweighted mean scores of the school-history positive and negative groups for Reading Recognition was 2.1 standard deviations. Moreover, when discriminant weights estimated from an independent sample of 140 reading-disabled and 140 control nontwin children were used to reclassify the sample of twins, 75% of those with a positive history for reading problems were classified as being reading disabled and 95% of those with a negative history were classified as unaffected. Thus, results of this study establish the validity of school history information and suggest that such information may have considerable utility for ascertaining samples of reading-disabled children.     

浅谈体育教学中如何培养学生良好的锻炼习惯

《全国健身计划纲要》中指出:“各级各类学校要全面贯彻党的教育方针,努力做好学校体育工作。要对学生进行终生体育教育,培养学生体育锻炼的意识、技能和习惯。”我们知道兴趣是人类认知事物和从事各项活动的心理倾向,实际教学中发现,影响学生参加体育锻炼的一个最主要的原因是学生对参加体育运动的兴趣不高,针对学生学习的特点,提高学校体育课的教学质量和效果,增强学生对体育的兴趣,培养学生良好的锻炼习惯。     

The diagnostic of social relationships in school

The social relationships between the persons in a school setting may be seen as a central element of school learning. Educational research has been intensively occupied with the teacher-pupil relationship, and has described the processes influencing these relationships (Hofer, 1979; Nickel, 1978) as well as their determinants (Betzen and Nipkow, 1973; Döring, 1975). On the other hand, the relationships between the pupils have been analysed less intensively and consequently, although an important function regarding socialization has been attributed to these relationships. Even though catalogs for social learning objectives exist, necessary information concerning social interaction, the determinants of such interaction and the characteristics of pupil groups can only be found in an inadequate form. Therefore, many teachers must depend on subjective theories when attempting to employ appropriate pedagogical measures concerning social contact within a group of pupils. Adequate means to diagnose aspects of the pupils' social field, to determine learning results and to give behavior-related feedback, are lacking.In the first part of our article, we intend to describe and systematize the most important components of social relationships between pupils, so that the diagnostic instruments at hand may be analyzed utilizing this grid.     

Congruence and typology of diagnoses in school psychology: An empirical study

Focus is directed upon the logic and import of the assumption that effective preventative and remedial mental health service demands reasonable agreement among service providers as to the nature and course of psychological problems. The study proceeds to test the belief that school psychologists improve in diagnostic agreement as a function of increased training and experience. Seventy-two randomly selected members of groups of novice, intern, and expert school psychologists were presented with three child case studies containing a full breadth of information and were subsequently asked to render diagnoses. It was found that diagnostic agreement was absent at all levels of experience, and further, a trend was noted wherein school psychologists tended to demonstrate increasing disagreement with one another as they acquired more training and experience. The findings were examined in the context of comparative research from allied mental health and educational specialties, with a special concern for discovering prevailing patterns of decision-making errors that result in reduced diagnostic agreement and validity.     

提高实训中心教学资源使用效益的对策

结合工业实训中心在开展实践教学改革、提高教学资源使用效益方面所进行的探索与实践,探讨了提高高校实践教学资源使用效益的对策,提出了构建教学资源良好使用环境的方法。