我国轨道制造的系统创新与转型路径——跨越式发展与创新转型实践

轨道制造是中国改革开放以来通过系统创新,实现产业转型与战略重组的成功典范。本文通过对我国轨道制造创新发展的回顾,总结了我国轨道制造实现跨越式发展的轨迹;解析了基于国内外创新资源及体制比较优势,构筑系统创新平台,形成战略重组布局与独特转型发展路径,以提升中国制造的创新能力、整合能力和协调能力,并由此获得若干有价值的启示和结论。     

Uses of information and communication technologies in HIV self-management: A systematic review of global literature

Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has been applied increasingly in supporting human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevention and treatment. The technological advances have extended to the field of HIV self-management. The objectives of this paper are to examine the design and use of ICTs in HIV self-management programs, to identify the knowledge gaps in existing practice, and to provide recommendations for future research and program development. A systematic review was conducted to search all English literature published prior to August 2016 in six electronic databases. The inclusion criteria also included either quantitative or qualitative assessments of HIV self-management programs that utilized at least one ICT platform in the program protocol. The search identified six studies conducted in Australia and the United States. The studies were diverse in sample size and enrollment criteria of study population. The major functionalities of ICT platforms (mobile phones and websites) included delivering information modules, sending medication reminders, supporting self-monitoring for medical adherence and risk behavior reduction, enhancing communication among participants, and providing easy access to HIV self-management information. The major challenges faced by self-management programs utilizing ICTs were lack of interaction and concern of privacy. The HIV self-management programs that employed ICT platforms were limited in number and geographic coverage. Most of the programs were also tested at an initial stage with small size samples and minimum technical innovation. The lack of explicit guiding theories and models on information behavior or technology use was observed in all studies. Use of ICTs in HIV self-management interventions is an emerging field. Future research would benefit from paying more attention to technical innovation and interactive features in applying ICT platform in self-management programs. The ICTs platforms, with increasing innovation in connecting people and places, can serve as a powerful tool to reduce the disparities in health care and health promotion. Future research is also needed to explore the feasibility of applying ICT platforms in self-management programs that serving populations from diverse socioeconomic background and in resource-poor settings.     

The use of information by environmental planners: A qualitative study using Grounded Theory methodology

The purpose of this study was to examine the use of information by environmental planners. The study used the Grounded Theory method to develop a theoretical model that explains the reasons for using information and the factors that motivate such use. Forty-four semi-structured interviews were conducted in workplace environments to collect data on the way the respondents used information in projects that they had done before. Data were analysed in accordance with the Grounded Theory techniques of constant comparison. The study found that the planner’s perceptions of: their own competences, resistance of the stakeholders, role requirement; and the impressions on the enabling effect of the information environment drive the self-empowerment behaviour of the planners. This behaviour is characterised by actions involving information acquisition, packaging as well as giving information to stakeholders during the facilitation of the environmental planning process. The experiential knowledge levels of individuals enhance the self-empowerment behaviour exhibited by environmental planners. Based on the informational power derived from the self-empowerment activities, the planners select a strategy for participation that they deem appropriate for an environmental planning project, consequently facilitating the process to develop widely accepted environmental plans.     

高校科技成果转化的实践与探索综述

论述了我国高校科技成果转化的3个发展阶段,分析了不同阶段的特点及问题所在,并在我国多年的科技成果转化实践与探索基础上,总结了高校科技成果转化所取的经验。     

Codification vs personalisation: A study of the information evaluation practice between aerospace and construction industries

In the emerging digital economy, the management of information in aerospace and construction organisations is facing a particular challenge due to the ever-increasing volume of information and the extensive use of information and communication technologies (ICTs). This paper addresses the problems of information overload and the value of information in both industries by providing some cross-disciplinary insights. In particular it identifies major issues and challenges in the current information evaluation practice in these two industries. Interviews were conducted to get a spectrum of industrial perspectives (director/strategic, project management and ICT/document management) on these issues in particular to information storage and retrieval strategies and the contrasting approaches to knowledge and information management of personalisation and codification. Industry feedback was collected by a follow-up workshop to strengthen the findings of the research. An information-handling agenda is outlined for the development of a future Information Evaluation Methodology (IEM) which could facilitate the practice of the codification of high-value information in order to support through-life knowledge and information management (K&IM) practice.     

情报学三动论探析:序化论、转化论与融合论

通过对老三论、新三论以及认知三论等理论在情报学的不完全适应性引出情报学的理论应该来源于情报学本身,进而引出序化论、转化论、融合论这3个以信息、知识、情报为对象,以过程处理为重点的三动论.论述了序化论、转化论与融合论的研究进展、核心要素等内容,并对它们在情报学科中的应用与发展前景进行了探讨.     

刍议"行政区经济":理论阐释、实践应用与发展前景

20世纪90年代初我国区域地理学家刘君德教授发现"行政区经济"现象,并提出其概念、特征与理论框架。十多年来,越来越多的学者用"行政区经济理论"分析研究我国区域经济问题,区域经济发展的现实也不断验证该理论的有效性。"行政区经济"理论在行政区划、区域规划、区际利益协调、都市圈建设,在新兴产业旅游、金融发展等现实问题中越来越显示出其"生命力",成为深入分析与解决这些问题的必经之路,从学科发展的角度看,"行政区经济"成为区域经济学研究领域富有中国特色的分支学科。本文就此进行了理论上的回顾与阐述,最后对"行政区经济"的发展前景作了深入探讨。     

Electronic Commerce: Definition, Theory, and Context

Electronic commerce is a relatively new concept that crept into the business vocabulary during the 1970s. A picture of electronic commerce is emerging in which the Internet will become the essential dial-tone for conducting business by the year 2000. This contribution addresses definitional, theoretical and contextual issues including the nature, drivers, enablers, and the magnitude of electronic commerce. The author discusses the role of electronic markets, the effects of information technology on electronic commerce, interactivity, and the evolution of disintermediation to reintermediation. A definition and typology of electronic commerce are offered. Theoretical and conceptual approaches to electronic commerce are advanced in terms of (1) transaction cost theory, (2) marketing, (3) diffusion, (4) information retrieval, and (5) strategic networking. Lastly, the author poses the question of how electronic commerce adds value.     

中国创新发展的区域关联及空间溢出效应研究——基于中国经济创新转型视角的实证分析

随中国经济创新转型的大力实施及市场化改革的不断深入,当创新服务需求因转型而不断加大时,一省区极有可能因满足外部的创新服务需求而获得自身的创新发展。论文不仅使用探索性空间数据分析工具研究了1999-2010年中国各省区创新专利产出的空间分布格局与特征,并以一个表征市场潜能对地区创新发展影响的新经济地理学模型为基础,运用空间误差面板数据方法,考察了外部潜在的创新服务需求即市场潜能给地区创新发展带来的直接空间溢出效应。结果发现,中国创新发展存在随时间推移而日益加大的正向溢出性,并且市场潜能因素对中国各省区的创新发展及相互溢出具有重要影响,只不过由市场潜能所引致的创新空间溢出存在随地区间隔距离增大而减小的地理特性。     

Business services as actors of knowledge transformation: the role of KIBS in regional and national innovation systems

Over the last years, there has been a significant increase in the attention paid to the activities of knowledge-intensive business services (KIBS). KIBS produce and diffuse knowledge, which is crucial for innovation processes. The paper gives an overview of the role and function of KIBS in innovation systems and their knowledge production, transformation and diffusion activities. Focusing on innovation interactions between manufacturing small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and KIBS, the empirical analyses grasps KIBS position in five regional contexts. The analysis leads to the conclusion that innovation activities link SMEs and KIBS through the process of knowledge generation and diffusion.     

Review of “Search Engines: Information Retrieval in Practice” by Croft,Metzler and Strohman

Despite the common public use of Web search engines, their internal design details mostly remain as a black art. The speculation is that there is a significant knowledge gap between what is published by academia and what is guarded behind the doors of large-scale search companies. “Search Engines: Information Retrieval in Practice” is one of the few books that make an attempt to cover issues involved in search engine design and is probably the most comprehensive book published so far on this topic. Unfortunately, the book fails to be a complete search engine guide as its content is dominated by the topics from information retrieval, text processing, and statistics. More precisely, the focus of the book is biased towards the “search” rather than the “engines” as, in most places, discussions on effectiveness dominate those on efficiency by a great margin. However, the book stands as a very solid IR book.     

Financial signaling by innovative nascent ventures: The relevance of patents and prototypes

External finance is a central issue for innovative nascent ventures. In this study, we argue that innovative nascent ventures may use patents to signal appropriability and prototypes to signal feasibility to potential investors. Using new data on 906 nascent ventures, we find that nascent ventures with patents or patent applications as well as prototyped innovations are more likely to obtain equity finance. However, nascent ventures that can solely signal appropriability by patenting are not more likely to obtain equity finance. This result may indicate that venture capitalists and business angels assign higher value to the appropriability signal when coupled with feasibility and vice versa.     

基于共同演化的专业市场与产业集群互动机理研究:理论与实证

专业市场与产业集群互动发展,是一种重要的区域经济增长现象。近年来逐渐兴起并不断发展的共同演化理论,为经济社会发展研究提供了开创性的理论与工具,成为主流经济学均衡分析范式的有益补充或挑战。基于共同演化理论分析范式,本文尝试性地构建了专业市场与产业集群多层级多阶段共演型互动的理论分析框架及简化模型,并利用计算机仿真模拟技术,揭示了专业市场与产业集群互动发展的普遍规律与特殊演化机制。分析结果表明,专业市场与产业集群之间的互动是一个微观、中观、宏观层级相互影响、相互适应的多阶段共演型过程。不同层级的互动者在知识增长扩散机制、学习机制及选择机制的协同作用下,内生性地推动专业市场与产业集群互动的模式从有规则、中间型向随机型转换,由此促使两者的互动过程经历了萌芽形成期、成长发展期到成熟再发展期的转换和跃迁。最后,运用上述理论分析框架与模型,分析了义乌商圈的历史演进过程,并据此提出了推进其转型提升的若干逻辑要点。     

概率论与数理统计课程的教学改革——以创新创业教育为导向

在大众创业、万众创新的背景下,创新创业教育是高校教学改革的突破口。案例教学法是将理论与实践相结合的重要教学方法,对培养创新型人才有积极意义。文章以创新创业教育为导向,应用案例教学法开展概率论与数理统计课程的教学实践。通过深入分析概率论与数理统计课程的教学现状,探讨案例教学法的教学优势,提出教学改革思路——建立完整的案例库、理论与实践并重,在教学实践中取得了良好的教学效果。